Sbornik_IEP

THE HISTORY OF ENTERPRISE IN RUSSIA

Миронычева Е. Г.,

магистрант 1 курса специальности «Финансы и кредит»

It has been shown by history that enterprise is the basis of economic system in a civilized society. Passing to market society is accompanied by many tasks and the entrepreneurship development plays the main role.

Ancient Russian state was created at the close of the IXth century by the union of tribes. And it was the trading that was the basis of economic life. The growth of trading was followed by the development of credit relations. Some of merchants were both the trader and money-lenders at the same time. Merchants were grouped in artels. The disputes were solved in Commerce Court.

In the XVI-XVII centuries Russia has developed trading network. It was Peter the First who made good conditions for entrepreneurs. He paid special attention to creative initiative and independence.

On the 19th of February, 1861 the serfdom was cancelled and then some reforms followed.

The tempos of Russian enterprise growth were impressive. From 1802 to 1881 the quantity of fabrics increased by 13 times and the quantity of workpeople by 8 times.

The heart of Russian enterprise is the tradition of fairs because fairs were kind of the market for Russia.

The special stage of Russian enterprise is the end of XIX – the beginning of XX centuries. It was the period of enterprise upgrading. The leadership in the textile and farming industries started to pass to machine-building and metal-working.

From the time of cancelling serfdom to 1913 the industrial output increased by 10 times. Russian trading and catering were the most developed in the world.

October, 1917 completely changed Russia. The situation worsened with the beginning of civil war. But new Russian authorities had no economic program and their economic policy was based on the denial of private property.

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In March1921 new economic policy was introduced in Russia. It was the way to restore the economy of the country and pass onto socialism.

In 1985 after the long years of stagnation and extensive economy, the Soviet Union began the policy of perestroika. It was supposed to help pass to the market principles of economic management.

In 1987 the Law of individual labor activity was passed and it was the start of new Russian entrepreneurship.

Conclusion:

Nowadays the enterprise is a major factor in the rise of Russia. And modern entrepreneurs should take the Russian merchant class traditions as an example. Our businessmen have to take care of economic and spiritual prosperity of our motherland, not only of their own enrichment.

REFERENCES:

1.Fundamentals of foreign economic knowledge / edited by smb. Faminsky I.P. – M., International relations, 1995.

2.Leontyev V.V. Economic essays. – M.: Republic, 1992.

3.Dolgov S.I., Vasilyev V.V., Goncharov S.P., Fundamentals of foreign economic knowledge: vocabulary-reference book. – M.: Higher School, 1990.

LANGUAGE INFLUENCE IN BUSINESS

COMMUNICATION SITUATIONS

Назарова А.А.,

студент 2 курса СПО специальности «Коммерция»

All the entrepreneurs as well as all the business people have to take part in meetings which can be conducted in English. The language of such meetings follows definite patterns. Sometimes, changing one or two words can change the meaning, or the strength, of the phrase considerably [1]. Moreover, even if your English is good, not everything of the language of meetings is obvious.

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The language you use participating in meetings can make your communication more effective and productive or vice versa. There are lots of ways to be a success when speaking. You use the necessary tone of voice, the exact body language, as well as the actual words.

Generally, tactful language is less direct. A case in point is the following situation. Two entrepreneurs are making an appointment.

-Mr. Brown thinks, ‘I want to meet on the 24th!’ But he says, ‘I was wondering if we could meet again on the 24th.’

-Mr. Smith thinks, ‘That’s not suitable. I want the 31st.’ But he answers, ‘As a matter of fact, I’m afraid that might be a bit difficult as I have to contact one or two colleagues who I do know are out of the country at the moment. So that wouldn’t be very convenient. Perhaps we could give ourselves an extra week. It is quite important that I have a word with them. Wouldn’t the following Thursday, the 31st , be better?’ [2]

You can see how the speakers have changed the way they express themselves to make their message more effective. This language may seem ridiculous when you read it, but in a diplomatic or business discussion it is perfectly normal, and only takes a few seconds to say. So each sentence or expression in tactful language is usually longer than its more direct, less tactful equivalent [3].

Thus, the selection of the language to use during a meeting is very important to achieve certain objectives.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

1.De Freitas J.F., Арбекова Т.И. // Survival English. Practice in everyday communication. – The Macmillan Press London. – 1982. – P. 7.

2.Malcolm Goodale // The language of meetings. – 1994. – P. 5–128.

3.Kenna Bourke and Amanda Maris // Business Grammar. Intermediate. Oxford, 2010. –

P. 68–69.

4.Longman dictionary of contemporary English. // The Complete Guide to Written and Spoken English. – 1995. – P. 1–1687.

5.Oxford Russian Dictionary. Fourth edition // Oxford University Press. – 2007. – P. 1–1324.

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SOME ASPECTS OF THE HISTORY OF

ENTERPRENEURSHIP IN RUSSIA

Потуткин Е.

студент 1 курса направления «Экономика»

The issue of entrepreneurship is believed to be actually burning and open to discussion in today’s Russia. Different articles published in Russian press prove it. A great number of authors think that the key factor of business success is proper understanding and implementing of business culture.

The history of Russian entrepreneurship shows that this point of view deserves attention. It was entrepreneurship that played a significant role in forming our state. Trade and craft activity flourished in Kiev Russia and Russian merchants were the first representatives of Russian business life.

One could see how Russian merchants joined in different companies and associations. A well-known example, of such a company, was the Stroganovs. They not only processed salt but also built a lot of factories. One of the characteristic features of Russian business was and has always been charity activities. The names of Stroganov, Shorin, Sveteshnikov, Nikitnikov won great fame in Russia. The examples of their charity work still exist in Russia (hostels, fair buildings and the like).

About five million people did business in Russia in early years of the 20th century. However, Russian business experienced a great damage when the October Revolution broke out. The Russian entrepreneurship lost its importance and the number of business people was really small. Nevertheless, today’s Russia is facing the rebirth of entrepreneurship. Its fruitful activity is sure to be more successful if Russian business traditions will be recalled and reimplemented all over our country.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

1.Андриянов Ю.А. Старый Нижний. Историко-литературные очерки / Ю.А. Андриянов, В.А. Шамшурин. – Нижний Новгород: СММ, 1994. – 230 с.

2.Предпринимательство и предприниматели России. От истоков до начала ХХ века. –

М.: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН) 1997. – 344 с., илл.

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nologies, a large aerospace and defense manufacturer, made a lot of changes in their work thanks to the employees’ complaints [2].

Nowadays, Russian entrepreneurs are trying to formulate some ethical standards in their business too. Many people in Russia now reject the notion that a corporation’s only role is to make money. A new view of corporate social responsibility is replacing the classic view in the minds of many people. Many companies come to understand that doing good for society helps companies do well for themselves improving their profits [3]. In other words, ethics pays. This line of thinking is best captured by the headline: “Do Good? Do business? No, do both”. A good example is Gazprom. They invest into children’s sport, build playgrounds and do other things.

Not only the ethics but law itself states the responsibilities of entrepreneurs to the society. For example, Russian Federal law “Ecological protection” formulates fines for air, land and water pollution.

In conclusion, it is necessary to say that entrepreneurs should be responsible to society according to both law and ethics. It is important to have certain moral positions that help business people think not only about themselves but also about others.

REFERENCES:

1.Казаев И. И. Блиновы: предприниматели и благотворители // Нижегородский пред-

приниматель: информац. иллюстрир. журн. 1998. http://www.innov.ru/np/98_1/ (retrieved:12.05.2014).

2.Crowther D. Social and Environmental Accounting. London: Financial Times Management, 2000. P.20.

3.Friedman M. The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits // The New

http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html (retrieved: 14.05.2014).

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СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ «КУЛЬТУРА РЕЧИ В ДЕЛОВОЙ СФЕРЕ: ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ОШИБКИ В НАРУЖНОЙ РЕКЛАМЕ»

Чепикова А.В.,

студент 2 курса СПО специальности «Информационные системы (по отраслям)»

Традиционно в понятии «речевая культура» в любой сфере деятельности выделяются три аспекта: нормативный (ортологический), коммуникативный, этический. Для делового человека важно соблюдать все принципы правильного речевого поведения. Остановимся подробнее на грамматических нарушениях в наружной рекламе. Многочисленные орфографические ошибки наиболее заметны в рекламном пространстве города, являющемся неотъемлемой частью языкового существования предпринимательской деятельности. Вот небольшая часть примеров, которые каждый житель Нижнего Новгорода может лично увидеть в «outdoor» (наружной рекламе):

а) «Распродажа алюминевых радиаторов» (вместо алюминиевых) – вывеска на магазине по адресу: пр. Ленина, д. 29;

б) «Магазин АЛЛАДИН. Кольяны. Курительные смеси» (вместо Аладдин, кальяны) – ул. Черный пруд, трамвайное кольцо;

в) «Масло киргизкое» (вместо киргизское) – ценник в магазине «Магнит»; г) ателье «АСОЛЬ» (возможно, это оригинальное название заведения, но у

всех грамотных людей оно ассоциируется с героиней повести А. Грина «Алые паруса», которую звали АССОЛЬ) – ц. Сормово, ул. Культуры;

д) «Изготавливаем буклеты, визитки, БОРШУРЫ» – надпись на рекламном щите на Комсомольском шоссе (напротив автосалона «Тойота»);

е) рекламные щиты телеканала «Пятница» с текстом «Давайте РАДОВАЦА», размещенные по всему городу, содержат намеренную ошибку (рекламный трюк для привлечения внимания), что, на наш взгляд, недопустимо, т.к. программирует сознание потребителя на подобные орфографические «вольности»;

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ж) вывеска над магазином: «Соки. Напитки. КОКТЕЛИ» (вместо коктейли). Наибольшее количество ошибок наблюдается в устной речи при постановке ударения. Приведем примеры трудных в орфоэпическом отношении слов из сферы торговли и производства (правильное ударение показано большой буквой): асимметрИя, афЕра, бАрмен, базИроваться, бизнесмЕн /нэ/, /мэ/, (доп. /не/, /ме/), бракОвщик, бракОвщика, булочная /шн/ и / чн/, бухгАлтеры, вербОвщик, верстАльщик, гравирОванный, грунтовщИк, директорА, диспЕтчеры, доЯр, дуршлаг,

закУпорить, заплЕсневеть, инженЕры, шофЁры.

Несколько десятков грамматических ошибок на вывесках и магазинных ценниках представлены в соответствующем разделе на нашем сайте «Этикет в этикетках».

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

1.Аниськина Н.В. Русский язык и культура речи / Н.В. Аниськина, Л.В. Ухова. – Ярославль, 2010.

2.Введенская Л.А. Русский язык и культура речи / Л.А. Введенская, Л.Г. Павлова, Е.Ю. Кашаева. – Ростов-на-Д., 2005.

3.Гольдин В.Е. Речевая культура / В.Е. Гольдин, О.Б. Сиротинина // Русский язык. Эн-

циклопедия. – М., 1998. – С. 413–414.

4Ладилова М.В. Рекламный и PR-дискурс в современном информационном пространстве // Межвузовский сборник научных трудов «Человек в информационном пространстве». – Ярославль, 2010.

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ «ВЕЛИКИЙ И МОГУЧИЙ: ПРИЧИНЫ НАРУШЕНИЯ РЕЧЕВОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ»

Черезов А.Е.,

студент 2 курса СПО специальности «Информационные системы (по отраслям)»

Актуальность проблемы: нарушение правил коммуникации в деловой сфере ведут к потере личностного имиджа, к финансовым потерям, к моральным трав-

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мам, к разрушению перспектив. Целью проекта мы ставили анализ речевого поведения публичных людей (журналистов, чиновников, артистов), продемонстрированного в СМИ. К нарушениям коммуникации ведут агрессия, лживость и манипулятивность высказываний в диалоге, грамматические ошибки и дикционноорфоэпические (нечеткость дикции, неправильные ударения, неудачный выбор темпа речи или громкости голоса, нарушения этических норм).

Агрессивное поведение и «демократическая опрощенность» языка часто используются для создания разговорного стиля и заигрывания с собеседником и аудиторией. Такие приемы снижают речевой имидж публичного человека и нарушают нормальную коммуникацию. С другой стороны, правильность языка не гарантирует успешности в коммуникации, т.к. не исключает возможности составления путаного, лживого или манипулятивного высказывания. Требование соблю-

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дения этических норм становится тоже все более актуальным, так как их нарушение ведет к административной (в некоторых случаях – уголовной) ответственности. Коммуникативная составляющая речевой культуры, по мнению лингвистов, психологов, социологов, выходит на первый план.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

1.Аннушкин В.П. Предмет русской риторики в составе современного научного знания

//Риторика и культура речи в современном информационном обществе: Материалы докладов XI Международной конф. – Ярославль – Москва, 2007. С. 28.

2.Введенская Л.А. Русский язык и культура речи: учебное пособие для ВУЗов. – 5-е изд. / Л.А. Введенская, Л.Г. Павлова, Е.Ю. Кашаева. – Ростов-н/Д: Феникс, 2003. – 537 с. – С. 4.

3.Русский язык и культура речи: Учебник. – 2-е изд., перераб, и доп. / Под ред. проф.

О.Я. Гойхмана. – М.: ИНФРА-М, 2009. 240 с. – С. 6.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD: ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Широкова А.В.,

студент 1 курса направления «Юриспруденция»

This topic is important because entrepreneurship is the backbone of market economy. Nizhny Novgorod is becoming the centre of entrepreneurship development.

Leaders of Nizhny Novgorod have sometimes dreamed of making their historic city on the banks of the Volga into the third capital of Russia; - after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is known that agriculture in the Nizhny Novgorod region still employs half the workforce, although it accounts for only 1 per cent of production. However, the priorities are now to boost small business and the regional budget.

Small business companies are starting up in Nizhny Novgorod. One of the reasons is our traditions. Small business flourished in our city before the October revolution. Nowadays, it is well-known that small business is the backbone of market economy as it gives every chance to people to show their abilities. Business people should

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