III. Перепишіть речення, випишіть з кожного дієслово-присудок та вкажіть його час та стан. Перекладіть речення.

1. How many companies will take part in the exhibition?

2. Soyuzexport couldn’t deliver the tractors in the first half of October.

3. He bought some envelopes at the post-office a few minutes ago.

4. Mr. Brown promises to deliver the machines promptly.

5. Why did Mr. Fox want to establish personal contacts with Soyuzexport?

IV. Перепишіть речення, випишіть з них Participle I та Participle II, вкажіть їх функції в реченні (тобто чи є він обставиною, означенням чи частиною дієслова-присудка). Перекладіть речення.

1. Exhibits arriving from many European countries will be on display in Olympia.

2. The firm sent us some booklets describing the new method of production.

3. Entering the conference room, Mr. Hunt saw Mr. Brown, the President of Blake & Co.

4. Having written the letter, the secretary went to the post-office.

5. He is a well-known businessman and a distinguished person.

V. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у них Gerund. Вкажіть його функції в реченні та перекладіть речення.

1. Instead of correcting the defects they replaced the whole unit.

2. We are experiencing great difficulties in dispatching the last shipment.

3. They objected to making modifications.

4. Excuse my interrupting you.

5. I object to packing the goods in separate crates.

VI. Перекладіть речення, вживаючи Gerund.

1. Ми проти того, щоб відправляти його на конференцію.

2. Ви повинні уникати змін в умовах поставки.

3. Вибачте, що турбую вас.

4. Я пропоную обговорення умов платежу.

5. Перед тим, як підписати контракт, ми повинні вивчити всі його умови.

VII. Перепишіть наступні речення та перекладіть їх, вкажіть функцію герундія або герундіального зворота.

1. We heard of alchemists having made many important discoveries.

2. Heating the gas increases the speed of the molecules.

3. Scientists having used the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry and metallurgy, they are finding new ways of using plastics, metals and other materials.

4. Translating from one language to another has been accomplished by an automatic computer.

Variant 3

I.Прочитайте та перекладіть текст письмово:

PLANNED ECONOMICS

There are three main economics systems: planned economics, market economics and mixed economics. Every economic system has many economic problems - poverty, inflation, unemployment, etc.

The great American economist Paul Samuelson said that every economic system has to answer three main questions: 1. What to produce? 2. How to produce? 3. Who gets the product? These questions are universal and true for any economic system. So, every economic system has three functions.

Planned economics are sometimes called “command economics” because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce at its own factories, lands and natural resources. Planned economics are economics with a large amount of central planning and direction. The government takes all the decisions, decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is very difficult and very complicated to do. As a result there is no society, which is completely a command economy.

Command or planned economics have a number of common features: firstly, the state decides what the nation must produce. It usually plans five years ahead. Secondly, each industry and factory is set a production target. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its target.

Planned economics has a number of advantages:

1. Everyone in society receives enough goods and services.

2. Nation does not waste resources.

3. The state can use its control of the economy.

As a result, the state can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health care or that transport is available.

Several disadvantages also exist:

1. There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economics.

2. Any profits are paid to the government.

3. Citizens cannot start their own business.

As a result industries in planned economics can be very inefficient.