Kerosine
Kerosine,
or
paraffin
oil as it is often called in the UK, was for fifty years the most
important petroleum product. Although it has long lost its
leading place to gasoline, it is still in considerable demand. Its
use as an illuminant persists in many parts of the world, the
development of clean, efficient burners has increased its demand for
domestic heating and cooking and still more recently the development
of turbo-prop and turbo-jet aircraft has resulted in a considerable
increase in consumption.
Kerosine,
as produced in the refinery, is a colourless liquid, but commercial
grades are sometimes dyed. It is less volatile and less inflammable
than gasoline, boiling between 140-300o
C (285-570o
F), thus overlapping the gasoline range.
Kerosines
with a high content of aromaties are unsuitable in lamps or
while-flame appliances with wicks since they cause -smoking. For such
uses the kerosine is treated to reduce the aromatic content, leaving
a. predominantly paraffinic product (p. 90). The sulphur content must
also be kept as low as possible.
For
use as a tractor fuel kerosine must have as high an octane number as
possible, and the inclusion of aromaties, which have high ON, is
advantageous. Grades suitable for use in tractors arc marketed as
tractor vaporizing oil and preferably have a high aromatic content.
For
aviation purposes two widely different grades are used, a
low-freezing point kerosine and a wide-range distillate (a
kerosine including gasoline fractions). Both are rigidly controlled
by official British and USA specifications.
Тема
для устной работы.
My specialty
Our
University trains specialists for oil
and gas industry. As we know oil and gas play
a very important role in the development of industry and our everyday
life. They are used both as fuel and as raw
materials for chemical industry. Metallurgy,
machine building, chemical, industry,
power engineering, transport and other branches can not do without
oil and
I
will be a mechanical engineer (an oil and
gas processing engineer). I think I will work
at a refinery or at a research institute. A refinery is a petroleum
processing
plant. It consists of 1) stills (перегонный
куб)
in which oil is distilled; 2)
condensers (coolers) to cool the product after
it comes off the stills; 3) agitators
(мешалки)
for the treatment(обработка)
of the condensed products
to remove bad odours (запахи)
and impurities;
4) filters are used to filter oil
; 5) tanks - to store the final products after
treatment in the agitators.
The
process of oil refinery is based on
the fact that different oil runnings (фракции)
have different boiling points . Crude oil is run (поступает)
into the still, heated
and vaporized.
After
graduation from the university our
task will be to design new equipment for refineries,
improve the existing equipment or maintain it.
