Part II

Once oil is found it must be extracted. After the drilling site has been prepared the rig is to be constructed. The rig is known to consist of surface equipment and a derrick which houses drilling tools. The derrick is used to lift sections of pipe which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. To get oil and gas out of the ground is not easy.

Sophisticated techniques and equipment must be used to extract the most out of every oil and gas deposit. Experts consider oil recovery to depend in much on natural pressure. Under natural pressure oil flows freely and it is called the natural flow. It is the most economic period of a well life. If oil wells have too little energy to produce oil efficiently, additional energy must be supplied by pumps or other artificial means.

Crude oil must be transported from the fields where it is produced to the places where it is consumed. Pipelines are likely to be the main means of oil transportation. But tankers, barges, tank trucks, and railroad tank cars are thought to be of no less importance. The latest discoveries of welding methods, construction practices and new materials have extended pipeline transportation into harsh environments and deep waters. All the means of transportation carry oil from wells to storage tanks or directly to refineries. Pipelines also carry petroleum products from refineries to markets. Some of the largest pipelines are to carry more than a million barrels of oil daily.

The basic job of a refinery is to convert petroleum into useful products. As mentioned above, crude oil consists chiefly of hydrocarbons. Refineries are to separate oil into various hydrocarbon groups, or fractions, distillation being the first step of refining. The fractions are then chemically changed and treated with other substances. The refining processes may be classified as separation, conversion and chemical treatment. The latest improvements in refining maybe said to have saved billions ofbarrels of crude.

Distribution and marketing appear to be the final links in the petroleum industry chain that begins hundreds of meters below the ground and ends in your home.

ЛЛ

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2

l ransiaie me pairs 01 woras. ivuna tnt de-, dis-; un-; non-, ir-, in-, im-, il-.

Ex.16 Translate the pairs of words. Mind the negative prefixes

composition—decomposition regular—irregular

to form—to deform rational—irrational

to color—to decolorize responsible—irresponsible

to prove—to disprove organic—inorganic

to appear — to disappear accurate—inaccurate

ability—disability human—inhuman

successful—unsuccessful possible—impossible

favourable—unfavourable permeable—impermeable

broken—unbroken moral—immoral

homogeneous—non-homogeneous logical—illogical

porous—non-porous legal—illegal corrosive—non-corrosive

Ex.17 Find synonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text.

1. prospecting n 8. geophysical investigation in the well

2. oil explorer 9. instrument

3. keep 10. exploratory well

4. come from 11. place n

5. bed 12. produce

6. oil accumulation 13. man-made

7. investigation 14. enlarge

Ex.18 a) Find English equivalents in the text.

1. специалисты нефтегазового профиля

2. еще млн. лет назад

3. в свою очередь

4. воскообразные вещества

5. разведчики недр

6. значительные скопления

7. вышележащие пласты

8. снижать стоимость поисково-разведочных работ

9. разведочная скважина, пробуренная без предварительной съемки Ю.составлять план промышленной разработки месторождения

11.буровая площадка

12.сложные методы

13.во многом зависеть от

14.естественное давление

15.фонтанирование

16.срок эксплуатации скважины

17.возможности транспортировки по трубопроводу

Petroleum Engineering

45

Unit 2

18. резервуары для хранения нефти

19. последние звенья

b) Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

1. downstream 8. cap rock

2. source rock 9. a derrick

3. sulphur containing compounds 10. a development well

4. to fulfill the following conditions 11. welding methods

5. permeable and porous rocks 12. pipeline transportation

6. to be trapped in a reservoir 13. refining processes

7. well logging 14. final links

Ex. 19 Translate the following word combinations. Pay attention to different meanings of the given verbs.

1. to treat —a problem 4. to recover —oil

— a substance — pressure

2. to develop —a method 5. to process —data

—an oil field — gas

— economy 6. to survey —the situation

3. to produce —oil —an area

—metals — a well * —electricity —films

Ex. 20 Change the word combinations according to the model. Translate both versions.

e. g. the conditions of a well - well conditions

1. exploration for oil

2. the layer of mud

3. the investigation in the exploratory well

4. chemical treatment of oil

5. the discovery of an oil field

6. the storage of gas

7. the analysis of the petroleum industry chain

8. a newly developed method of welding

46

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2

Ex. 21 Make up the sentences combining the group of words from the left and right columns.

1. The objective of a well logging		1. prove the presence of oil.
2. The aim of prospecting		2. carry oil from wells to storage tanks or refineries.
3. The purpose of drilling		3. determine the reservoir and oil
	IS TO	properties.
4. The function of pumps		4. convert petroleum into useful products.
5. The function of pipelines		5. find hydrocarbon accumulations.
6. The basic job of a refinery		6. provide additional energy for oil recovery.
1. The knowledge of oil origin		1. no less importance than pipelines.
7. Petroleum sedimentary basins		2. economic value in reducing finding costs.
3. Tankers, barges, tank trucks	IS (ARE) OF	3. great importance for petroleum geologists.
4. Seismic prospecting		4. great use at the refineries.
5. Sophisticated techniques		5. prime interest for the oil hunters.
and equipment

Ex. 22 Say the following in one word. The words below will help you.

1. the lateral or vertical movement of water, oil or gas through the pores within the reservoir rock.

2. a distinct, generally parallel bed of rock.

3. a reservoir rock capped by an impermeable formation, where oil is usually found.

4. the capacity of rocks to pass fluids.

5. the framed tower over the bore-hole of an oil well.

6. any well that doesn't produce oil or gas in commercial quantity.

7. the derrick and surface equipment of a drilling unit.

8. the exploration and production sector of petroleum industry.

9. an area where oil is found.

10. a well drilled in a structure or location without sufficient geological data.

11. to process a material for making it usable.

12. the standard unit of measurement of liquids in the petroleum industry.

13. a plant for manufacturing finished or semi-finished products from crude petroleum.

14. the refining and marketing sector of the petroleum industry.

(Barrel, downstream, dry hole, derrick, trap, layer, migration, oil field, permeability, refinery, rig, treat, upstream, wildcat.)

Petroleum Engineering

47

Unit 2

Ex. 23 Translate the sentences. '

a)

1. To recognize the presence of oil in the formation it is necessary to use various exploration techniques such as mapping and different types of surveying.

2. To look for and find petroleum the knowledge of such sciences as geology, physics, chemistry, mathematics and some others should be applied.

3. To make geophysical surveying geophysicists use complicated tools not only on land, but in the air as well.

4. Now oil is found not only on land, but in the sea. To produce oil from offshore (морские) fields special platforms of different types are to be constructed.

5. To recover more oil from existing formations and traps oil companies are turning to sophisticated secondary and tertiary (третичный) techniques.

6. We need oil to power our factories, to run our cars, ships, aircrafts and railways, to heat and light our homes and offices - its uses are innumerable.

7. To satisfy pipeline economy steel for pipelines should possess strength properties and the pipe should have optimal geometry.

8. To transport oil from oil fields to consumers one can use pipelines, tankers, barges, tank tracks and railroad tank cars.

9. To satisfy the growth in energy consumption renewable sources of energy should be developed.

b)

1. Чтобы доказать присутствие нефти, необходимо провести разведочное бурение.

2. Чтобы пробурить скважину, нужно установить вышку с необходимым буровым оборудованием.

3. Чтобы экспортировать нефть и газ, нужна широкая сеть трубопроводов.

4. Чтобы получить различные виды топлива, нефть отправляют на перерабатывающие заводы.

5. Чтобы найти оптимальное решение при сооружении современных трубопроводов, необходимо сотрудничество проектировщиков, нефтедобывающих фирм (operators), подрядчиков по прокладке трубопроводов (laying contractors), а также производителей труб.

6. Чтобы значительно уменьшить стоимость трубопроводов, следует использовать современные материалы.

7. Чтобы сооружать морские (offshore) трубопроводы, требуются очень сложные меха­низмы и оборудование.

8. Можно сказать, что нефтехимическая промышленность возникла, во время второй мировой войны, чтобы производить синтетическую резину (rubber) для шин (tires).

с) Answer me questions. Use the Infinitive.

1. What conditions must be fulfilled to form oil and gas pools?

2. What must be done to prove the presence of oil?

3. What must be constructed over the well to extract hydrocarbons from the underground?

4. What means of transportation can be used to carry oil from the place of production?

5. Where is oil sent to be separated into various fractions?

48 Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2

Ex. 24 Translate the sentences. Mind the Infinitives.

1. At the very beginning this method was too expensive to be used as a production tool.

2. To remove sulphur from petroleum feedstock is of great importance in refining.

3. A model to predict the change of octane numbers expected in naphtha hydrotreating process is presented.

4. Pipelines are reported to have been protected from the corrosion attack by a system of protective coatings and cathodic protection.

5. To avoid external corrosion the pipeline was coated with asphalt-containing material.

6. To avoid external corrosion is to prolong the life of a pipe line.

7. Eight areas of the region are considered by the geologists to have the best potential for additional discovery of oil, gas, and helium.

8. The experts reported the reservoir rocks to have been identified in the Paleozoic formations.

9. The purpose of the company is to finance and construct a refinery. The government has supported this refinery proj ect to reduce the country's dependence on foreign petroleum products. The refinery to be built will provide its own power, generating 3.5 Mw.

10. People engaged in petroleum industry believe energy to continue to fuel Russia's as well as the world's economic growth.

11. The rig was to be moved a mile from the discovery well to the appraisal well.

12. The 86 mile pipeline to transport as much as 330 MMcfd of gas will originate in 5,300 ft of water at Red Hawk field.

13. Russia's crude oil output is expected to reach as much as 335-400 million tonnes (6.7-6.8 million b/d).

14. One can use numerical models to calculate permeability, porosity, and other quantities.

15. A corrosion-control program doesn't seem to be a big problem for natural gas pipelines.

16. The pipeline inspection program is a very good program to find time-dependent defects, such as corrosion. But this program doesn't appear to improve pipeline quality to any significant degree.

17. Geologists suppose the similar systems to form good source rock reservoirs in the deepwater frontier.

18. Shallow marine sands are likely to be the most productive reservoir rocks, these rocks having excellent porosity and permeability.

19. To estimate the petroleum potential of several deepwater sedimentary basins one should apply geophysical data processing.

20. Drillers and derrickmen consider a new generation of rigs to include programmable systems to achieve more efficient, safe and precise equipment control.

21. The subsea system is reported to have been designed for high pressure (15,000 psi) and temperature (350°F).

Ex. 25 Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from the text "Oil Business".

1. Большинство геологов полагают, что нефть происходит из органических остатков морских животных и растений.

2. Температура и давление должны быть достаточно высокими, чтобы превратить остатки морских животных в органическое вещество.

Petroleum Engineering

49

Unit 2

3. Установлено, что химический состав нефти представляет собой сложную смесь углеводородов.

4. Чтобы найти потенциальные залежи углеводородов, геологи используют комплекс геологических и геофизических методов.

5. Известно, что в пористых породах нефть проходит большие расстояния от материнских пород до пород-коллекторов.

6. Подсчитано, что почти 60% крупных нефтяных месторождений находятся в осадочных бассейнах.

7. Для правильного определения места бурения скважин необходимо провести геологическую и геофизическую съёмку местности.

8. Пробурить скважину — значит получить наиболее полную информацию о наличии углеводородов.

9. Каротажные работы проводятся в скважине для того, чтобы определить физические свойства пород и нефти.

10. Оборудование, которое применяется при бурении скважин, состоит из наземного оборудования и вышки, в которой находится колонна бурильных труб (a drilling string).

11. Нефтяники считают, что добыча нефти зависит от пластового давления.

12. Если пластовое давление недостаточно для подъёма нефти на поверхность, то применяются различные реагенты.

13. Чтобы доставить нефть с места добычи к месту потребления, используются различные виды транспортировки.

14. Средства транспортировки, которые могут доставлять УВ в нефтехранилища или непосредственно на НПЗ, как известно, включают в себя трубопроводы, танкеры, баржи.

15. Для контроля за правильной эксплуатацией трубопровода используются различные автоматизированные системы.

16. Чтобы сырая нефть стала полезным продуктом, она подвергается переработке на НПЗ.

17. Переработка нефти подразумевает разделение УВ на фракции, изменение одного вещества в другое и химическую обработку.

18. Считают, что первичные, отрасли нефтяного бизнеса включают в себя разведочно-поисковые работы, буровые операции и добычу.

19. По-видимому, вторичные отрасли нефтяного бизнеса охватывают транспортировку УВ, хранение УВ и переработку газа.

20. Можно сказать, что отраслями, завершающими комплекс нефтегазового дела, являются переработка нефти и маркетинг.

Ex. 26 Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasoning. Use the introductory phrases from ex. 11 Unit 1.

1. Most geologists consider oil to be of inorganic origin.

2. Petroleum consists principally of two elements: hydrogen and carbon.

3. A source rock is the place where oil is generated.

4. Drilling cannot prove the presence of oil in the formation.

50

Petroleum Engineering

Unit 2

5. Well logging gives a true picture of the subsurface.

6. The first wells to be drilled in the field are development wells.

7. Under normal pressure in the formation oil flows freely to the surface.

8. Pipelines are unlikely to be the main means of oil transportation.

9. The basic job of a refinery is to convert petroleum into useful products.

10. Porosity and permeability of rocks are the main physical characteristics of a reservoir rock.

Ex. 27 Choose the connectors from В to join the sentences from A and С

	A	В		С
1.	Successful exploration is based on geological and geophysical information.		1.	Only drilling can prove the presence of oil.
2.	Most geologists believe oil to be of organic origin.		2.	It originates from decomposition of marine animals and plants.
3.	The chemical composition of petroleum is principally		3.	A few sulphur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen- containing compounds
	hydrocarbons.	and		are also present.
4.	Sedimentary basins are a prime	although	4.	Sedimentary rocks are porous
	aim for the oil hunters.	while so		and permeable to hold hydrocarbons.
5.	A cap rock is an impermeable	as	5.	It stops migration of oil in a
	layer.	but		reservoir.
6.	A successful wildcat is a	however	6.	An unsuccessful one is a dry
	discovery well.	then		hole.
7.	To get oil and gas out of the ground is not easy.	because	7.	Sophisticated techniques and equipment must be used.
8.	The natural oil flow stops.		8.	Artificial means of oil recovery are to be used.
9.	Pipelines are the main means of oil transportation.		9.	Tankers, barges and others are of no less importance.
10	. Oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.		10	. Refineries are to separate oil into various hydrocarbon fractions.

Ex. 28 Fill in the following diagram.

i

Oil Business

Upstream

—►

transpor­tation

—►

refining

_][__

Petroleum Engineering

51

Unit 2

Ex. 29 Speak on: 1) upstream 2) midstream 3) downstream operations.

Ex. 30 Render me text "Oil Business'' in English using the following expressions:

1. The text is about...

2. The text (paper) starts with...

3. The main idea of the text is to...

4. It should be noted (said) that...

5. The author describes (shows)...

6. The text ho Ids (goes) that...

7. In conclusion...

Ex. 31 Translate in writing. Use a dictionary.

Finding oil and getting its products to market have intrigued us for about 150 years. The search, however, was not always as high-tech as it is now. Our industry began, of course, with Col. Drake and his famous well in 1859. The first wells were drilled near oil seeps because, obviously, oil was there. But after the oil seeps were covered, new methods of finding it had to be found. Some of the early "science" is worth looking at.