12. Present continuous (длительное настоящее)

to be + PI (IV форма глагола)

(am, is, are) + (ing)

Утвердительная форма

I am writing a test now.

Вопросительная форма

• Are you writing a test now?

• Отрицательная форма

He is not writing a test now.

Past Continuous (прошедшее длительное)

• To be (was\were) + PI (ing)

• The child was sleeping at this time yesterday.

• Вопросительное предложение Was the child sleeping at this time?

• Отрицательное предложение The child was not sleeping at this time.

Примеры

• 1. This man … at our office.

• work , works, working

• 2. There … a new house in our street.

• is , are , to be

• 3. He … a new suit.

• is , have , has

• 4. His dog … … like bread.

• do not , does not , is not

• 5. The plate … on the table.

• are , was , were

• 6. He … … to her at the tram stop at 6 o’clock yesterday.

• were talking , is talking , was talking

• 7. The woman didn’t say …. .

• anything , something , nothing

• 8. Is … sister at home?

• his , him , he

• 9. The … name is Ann.

• girls , girl’s , girls’

• 10. Do you know … about Chinese art?

• any , something , anything

• 11. Have you ... Friends in America?

• some , anything , any

• 12. He has … mistakes in his test.

• some , any , nothing

13. She wrote us … letters from the country.

much , many , little

14. I know very … about this writer.

little , few , many

15. Have you … work to do today? No, not … .

many , few , much

16. When we walked … farther down the road we met another group of students.

a few , a little , little

17. They returned in … minutes.

much , a few , little

18. You (to watch) TV tomorrow?

Will you watch, are you watch, did you watch

Часть II

Present Simple (простое настоящее)

They write a test. He writes a test. (3 л., ед.ч.)

Вопросительное предложен: do,does- 3л., ед.ч.Do you write tests? Does he write tests? Отрицательное предложен: Do not (don’t) Does not (doesn’t)

They don’t write tests. He doesn’t write tests.

Past Simple (простое прошедшее)

I worked at this plant last year

Вопрос. предлож: - did Did you work at this plant? Did he work at this plant 3 years ago?

Отрицательн. предложен: Did not (didn’t) They did not work at this plant 3 years ago.

Future Simple (Будущее простое)

I shall work at this plant next year. (shall, will)

Вопросит. предложен: Will you work at this plant in 2 years? Will he work at this plant?

Отрицат. предлож: Shall not, will not (won’t) They will not work at this plant in 2 years.

Present Continuous (длительное настоящее)

to be (am, is, are) + PI (IV форма глагола)

I am writing a test now.

Вопросительное предложение: Are you writing a test now?

Отрицательное предложен: He is not writing a test now.

Past Continuous (прошедшее длительное)

To be (was\were) + PI (ing)

The child was sleeping at this time yesterday.

Вопросительное предложение Was the child sleeping at this time?

Отрицательное предложение The child was not sleeping at this time.

Present Perfect (настоящее совершенное)

have/has + PII (III форма глагола)

I have already translated the text. He has lived here for 10 years.

Вопр. предложен: Have you seen him lately?

Отриц. предложен: She hasn’t come yet.

Past Perfect (прошедшее совершенное)

had + PII(IIIформа глагола)

I had translated the text when my friend came.

Had the lesson begun when he entered the class?

She hadn’t come home when you phoned her yesterday.

Страдательный залог

to be + PII

New books are published by them regularly.

Many letters were written by them last year.

The plan will be discussed tomorrow.

Are new books published by them regularly?

The plan will not be discussed tomorrow.

Perfect Passive - have/has been

A mouse has been caught by my cat.

Many remarks have been made by the manager.

Have many mistakes been made in the test by him?

The bill hasn’t been paid by them.

Согласование времен

He said that he worked at this office.

He said that he had worked at this office the year before.

He said that he would work at this office the next year.

Модальные глаголы

Can –could- мочь, уметь;

May–might- мочь, иметь разрешение;

Must - должен

She can speak English. May I come in? You must do it.

You mustn’t go there. They can not type. (can’t)

Can – to be able to do smth They will be able to finish this work next week.

Will they be able to finish this work? They will not be able to finish this work

May – to be allowed to do smth He will be allowed to walk in a month.

He was ill last week and was not allowed to go out. Was he allowed to go out?

Must – to have to - должен, вынужден;

to be to- должен, по плану;

should - следует

He will have to explain everything to us when he returns.

They were to come at 4 o’clock yesterday but they didn’t come at all.

You should go to the doctor.

Причастие

PI – IV форма глагола (ing) reading, translating

PII – III форма глагола (ed) opened, written

Формы: Translating being translated

Having translated having been translated

Функция определения: (какой)

PI – ущ, ющ, ащ, ящ leading - ведущий, consisting -состоящий, making - образующий

The teacher delivering lecture is Professor N. (читающий)

PII– емый, имый, нный, тыйsurrounded– окруженный,called– называемый,

Professor N. invited to give a course of lectures arrived yesterday. (приглашенный)

Функция обстоятельства (как, когда)

PI – translating – переводя, reading – читая

When (while) reading articles I usually make notes. Читая статьи, я обычно делаю пометки.

(Когда я читаю статьи … При чтении статей я …. )

Having translated the articles the student learned some new procedures. - После того как студент перевел эту статью, он узнал о нескольких новых методиках.

When translated the paper was read by many scientists. Когда статья была переведена, ее прочли многие ученые.

Герундий

hisreading – его чтение;theboy’sreading– чтение мальчика

Переводится: Существительным, Инфинитивом, Деепричастием, Придаточным предл.

Reading is necessary. Чтение необходимо. I like reading. - Я люблю читать.

I got new facts by reading the article. - Я получил новые факты, читая статью.

His having madetheexperimentsisknown. - То, что он провел эксперимент, известно.

Сложное дополнение

He believes them to be experts in this field. Он считает, что они эксперты в этой области.

They proved the hypothesis to be correct. Они доказали, что гипотеза правильная.

We consider him to be a good specialist. Мы считаем, что он хороший специалист.

We watched the scientist make the experiment. Мы следили за тем, как ученый проводит эксперимент.

Сложное подлежащее(Существительное/местоимение + инфинитив)

She is said to be a good specialist.

Говорят, что она хороший специалист. (Она, как говорят, хороший специалист.)

Сказуемое может быть выражено: 1) глаголом в страдательном залоге:

Is known (известно), is said (говорят), was seen (видели), was heard (слышали), is supposed, is believed (полагают), is expected (ожидают), is found (обнаружено), is thought (думают)

They are known to study English. Известно, что они изучают английский.

2) Глаголами в действительном залоге: seem,turnout,prove,appear– казаться, оказываться;happen,chance– происходить, случаться

His office turned out to be in one of the back streets. Оказалось, что его офис находится …

He appeared to have forgotten of his promise … Казалось, что он забыл о своем обещании …

3) сочетаниями: be sure, be certain – быть уверенным; be likely (unlikely), be probable (improbable) – быть вероятным (маловероятным); be possible (impossible) – быть возможным (невозможным) He is sure to come. Он обязательно придет.

The article is likely to be published in the next issue of the journal. Вероятно, что статья будет напечатана в следующем номере журнала.

Sheis unlikelytochangeheropinion. Маловероятно, что она изменит свое мнение.