13. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)

Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, называющая действие, но не указывающая лицо, число, наклонение. Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица toперед ним.

Togo– идти, ехатьtoread– читать

Инфинитив имеет формы вида и залога.

	active	passive
Indefinite	to speak	to be told
Continuous	to be speaking	–
Perfect	to have spoken	to have been told

Инфинитив группы Indefinite(ActiveиPassive) называет действие, происходящееодновременнос действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым.

I am glad to speak with you. – Я рад поговорить с вами.

Iamgladto be toldthenews. – Я рад, когда мне рассказывают новости.

Инфинитив группы Continuousтакже называет действие, происходящееодновременнос действием, выраженным сказуемым, но подчеркиваетпроцесс совершения действия.

I am glad to be speaking with you. – Я рад, что разговариваю с вами.

Инфинитив группы Perfectназывает действие, котороепроизошло раньше, чем действие, названное сказуемым.

He is glad to have spoken with you. – Он рад, что поговорил с вами.

They are glad to have been told the news. – Они рады, что им рассказали новости.

Инфинитив может выполнять следующие функции в предложении.

1) Подлежащее.

To read isuseful. – Читать полезно (чтение полезно).

2) Часть сказуемого.

The purpose of the work is to evaluate our results.

Цель работы – оценить результаты.

3) Дополнение.

The researchers decided to continue their experiments.

Исследователи решили продолжитьэксперименты.

4) Определение.

We have every reason to be proud of our achievements.

У нас есть все основания гордиться нашими достижениями.

5) Обстоятельство.

Man works to buy goods and services.

Человек работает, чтобы покупатьтовары и услуги.

Companies produce goods to sell them.

Компании производят товары, чтобы продавать их.

To haveenough money he works a lot.

Чтобы иметь достаточно денег он много работает.

Способы перевода инфинитива на русский язык

1. Неопределенной формой глагола.

2. Существительным.

3. Придаточным предложением.

4. Инфинитив в функции определения часто переводится на русский язык придаточным определительным предложением или причастием.

Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet.

Природа хранит много секретов, которые еще предстоит открыть.

Инфинитив, выполняющий функцию определения, (чаще в форме страдательного залога) может передавать оттенок модальности (т.е. различной степени долженствования) или отнесенности действия к ближайшему будущему.

Exercises

I. Определите форму инфинитива.

To lead, to receive, to be used, to manufacture, to have sold, to be done, to be doing, to have done, to do, to have been done, to be speaking, to have developed.

II. Дайте все возможные формы следующих инфинитивов.

To work, to produce, to provide, to come, to use, to tell, to go, to sell, to ask, to carry.

III. Проанализируйте предложения и определите, какую функцию выполняет инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The government uses protective tariffs to support domestic producers. 2. To start business a manufacture must buy the necessary means of production. 3. All areas of study are designed to focus on the international aspects of business. 4. The aim of the meeting is to consider the proposals to cut costs. 5. He was the first scientist to discover this phenomenon. 6. Most experts predict that sports will continue to generate an increasing supply of job. 7. What skills and qualities do you need to participate effectively in meetings? 8. In order to attract consumers it is important to advertise new goods and services. 9. How many reasons does he give to support this suggestion? 10. ‘Net pirates’ use their computers and special software to exchange music and films over the Internet. 11. Boston University became the first major American University to offer postgraduate business degrees in London in 1978. 12. Both domestic and foreign producers use advertising to promote their goods in the market. 13. If we can learn to read better, our lives become easier because our information will be more complete. 14. This field of economics studies the factors of economic growth and how these factors are used by governments in order to achieve high living standards. 15. It is not the easy thing to choose the profession out of more than 2000 existing in the world. 16. All these policies are being used in order to provide a certain degree of economic security for a nation. 17. I need to give you some of the background to the current situation and the major decisions we have been forced to make. 18. The instability in the world markets has resulted in a rise in interest rates and consequent pressure on the loans we took out last year to finance our new range of products. 19. We must take steps to ensure the survival of our company in the longer term.

IV. Выберите из данных в скобках нужный инфинитив.

1. The purpose of this report was (to present, to have presented) the results of the research. 2. The students of our group came to the Institute (to listen, to be listened) to the lecture on history. 3. The research (to be carried out, to carry out) requires special knowledge. 4. Prof. N. was the first (to tell, to be told) us about marketing. 5. The book is designed (to be used, to use) during and after the course. 6. The main aim of the Institute is (to have trained, to train) highly qualified specialists and it is the right place to acquire a real profession and excellent employment opportunities. 7. (To listen, to be listened) to the lecture was very interesting. 8. This part of the job gives me time (to talk, to be talked) to people.

Ответы: 1 – to present; 2 – to listen; 3 – to be carried out; 4 – to tell; 5 – to be used; 6 – to train; 7 – to listen; 8 – to talk.

*V. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива в различных функциях в предложении.

1. Marketing's task in the organization is not only to help it recognize business opportunities and serve the various publics but also to harness the organization's energy to enhance the quality of life in society. 2. These factors have influenced our decision to phase out our manufacturing operation in this country and to move our main production to China. 3. The goods are then delivered, although the customer will have to wait several days, or even longer, for the goods to arrive. 4. In this environment, it was not realistic to establish a monetary union.

*VI. Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на предложения, содержащие инфинитив.

A student finds that there are more books than he has time to read, that new words and ideas are freely used before he completely understands them, and that new freedoms bring their own problems and responsibilities. He thinks about these problems, discusses them with his fellows, and searches for clues in the comments of lecturers. The wiser learn gradually how to select the best from books, how to note the salient facts and arguments of lectures, how to use reference books, and how to record observations and experiments.