11. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)

Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) указывает, что лицо (или предмет), являющееся подлежащим, не само совершает действие, а испытывает воздействие со стороны другого предмета.

Страдательный залог образуетсяпо следующей формуле:

To be + PII смыслового глагола

В этой формуле вспомогательный глагол to beизменяется по лицам, числам и временам,PIIостается неизменным (табл.9)

The goods are sold (were sold) at a high price. –

Товары продаются (были проданы) по высокой цене.

The method is used (was used) in processing milk. –

Метод используется (использовался) при переработке молока.

Когда в предложении указывается лицо, совершающее действие, перед существительным или местоимением, обозначающим это лицо, ставится предлог by.

The patients were examined by the doctor.

Пациенты были обследованыдоктором.

Вопросительная формаобразуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола перед подлежащим, аотрицательная форма– путем добавления отрицанияnotпосле вспомогательного глагола.

Are the goods sold at a high price?

This method is not used in processing milk.

Таблица 9

Образование времен английского глагола в страдательном залоге		Время
		Present	Past	Future
Tenses (группы времен)	Indefinite	am is } V3 are	was } V3 were	shall } be V3 will
	Continuous	am is } being V3 are	was } being V3 were	–
	Perfect	have } been V3 has	had been V3	shall } have been V3 will

На русский язык глаголы в страдательном залоге переводятся:

а) возвратными глаголам;

The goods are sold at a high price.

Товары продаются по высокой цене.

б) сочетанием глагола быть(в прошедшем или будущем времени)с краткой формой причастия

They will be sent to London next month.

Они будут отправлены в Лондон в следующем месяце.

в) неопределенно-личной формой, т.е. без подлежащего

Texts are translated at every lesson.

Тексты переводятна каждом уроке.

г) глаголом в действительном залоге.

New workers are employed by the company every year.

Компаниянанимаетновых рабочих каждый год.

В английском предложении за сказуемым в страдательном залоге может следовать предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим.

This man is often spoken about.

Об этом человекечастоговорят.

The reaction was followed by the rise of temperature.

За реакциейпоследовало повышение температуры.

Exercises

I. Прочтите следующие предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения, используя разные способы перевода страдательного залога.

A. 1.Theperiodofeconomiccrisisisalwaysaccompaniedbyhighunemploymentrate.2. Models are used by economists in order to study actual relations in an economy. 3. In most professions and some white-collar jobs overtime is not paid. 4. Are new workers employed by the company every year?

B. 5. This factory was built many years ago. 6. These goods were produced in Germany. 7. Regular meetings were held by the OPEC, a well-known international organization. 8. Decisions on strategy for countries that export oil were taken by the OPEC.

C. 9. Consumers’ behavior will be studied by a group of economists. 10. New technology will be introduced by their factory. 11. Where will the equipment be ensured?

D. 12. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world today for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human beings. 13. New products are being introduced by companies under conditions of competition. 14. Market forces are being used by the government to stimulate agricultural production.

E. 15. Since 1980 all of the largest public industries have been privatized. 16. New methods of oil processing have been introduced by the firm. 17. I need to give you some of the backgrounds to the current situation and the major decisions we have been forced to make. 18.Haveyoueverbeeninterviewedforajob?

II. Составьте вопросы, на которые можно ответить, используя приведенные ниже предложения. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму.

1. The work of the company will be evaluated by this manager. 2. Consumers are provided with both goods and services in this supermarket. 3. Such a situation was predicted by economists long ago. 4. Not much labour was required in this region. 5. High productivity in agriculture was achieved in this country. 6. Some goods are distributed in Asian countries. 7. Prices of goods will be influenced by demand and supply. 8. Manufacturing will be done with robots. 9. Market mechanism is being studied by the economist. 10. Some difficult and monotonous jobs have been taken over by robots. 11. A lot of energy has been used by modern economy in recent decades. 12. It’s important that the meeting is conducted in an atmosphere of respect.

III. Раскройте скобки, выбирая соответствующую смыслу видо-временную форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Goods for consumers (to provide) by industry and agriculture. 2. Taxes (to increase) in this country every year. 3. The term “macroeconomics” (not to use) in the 19th century. 4. What data (данные) (to analyze) by the economists a week ago? 5. Many scientists think that in future conflicts between countries (to cause) by scarcity of natural resources. 6. All the necessary textbooks (to give) to you in half an hour.7. Some mineral resources (to exhaust) in 50 years’ time. 8. Classes usually (to offer) on a full-time or part-time basis. 9. A number of different terms (to use) for “manager” including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. 10. Manual workers and lower clerical grades receive a wage (or pay) which (to pay) out each week in cash. 11. Not many bank services (to provide) for clients in this country. 12. Fewer workers (to employ) by this enterprise next year. 13. The problem (to discuss) now. 14. Most of the lands in this part of the country (not to use) yet. 15. The world’s natural resources (not to use) properly in recent years.

Ответы: 1 – are provided; 2 – are increased; 4 – was not used; 5 – were analyzed; 6 – will be caused; 7 – will be given; 8 – are offered; 9 – are used; 10 - is paid; 11 – are provided; 12 – will be employed; 13 – is being discussed; 14 – have not been used; 15 – have not been used.

*IV. Изложите следующую информацию в действительном залоге, сохранив видо-временную форму глагола.

1. Workers are employed by firms. 2. Oil is processed into fuel by the company. 3. The contract was signed by the president of the company. 4. A lot of new equipment has been bought by the factory lately. 5. This term the lectures on history will be delivered by Prof. Petrov. 6. The lecture on mathematics was missed by 10 students. 7. English classes are usually attended by them. 8. In recent decades the problems of energy economics have been discussed by governments in many countries. 9. Serious adjustments have been made by industrial economies in order to cope with energy scarcity. 10. Both profits and losses in any industry are affected by the behavior of companies.

*V. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на употреблениеPassiveVoice.

1. Вчера был подписан важный контракт. 2. Цены будут урегулированы (tosettle) обеими сторонами. 3. Почту отправляют и получают каждый день. 4. Большое количество потребительских товаров импортируется развивающими странами. 5. Условия поставки были изменены. 6. Кем был подписан этот контракт? 7. Много оборудования покупается этой компанией. 8. Здание будет построено через 2 года. 9. Цены на оборудование были снижены в прошлом месяце. 10. Срок поставки был сокращен.