8. Времена группы Perfect

Времена группы Perfectупотребляются для обозначения действия, которое уже совершилось к настоящему моменту (PresentPerfect), к определенному моменту в прошлом (PastPerfect) или будет закончено к определенному моменту в будущем (FuturePerfect). ФормаPerfectобычнопереводитсяна русский язык глаголами в форме прошедшего или будущего времени совершенного вида, чем подчеркивается завершенность действия.

Образование

To have + P II смыслового глагола (IIIформа)

Для образования Present,PastилиFuturePerfectглагол

to haveупотребляется соответственно в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени. Форма Participle II (PII) смыслового глагола остается неизменной.

Present Perfect

The share price has gone up by $5. – Цена акции поднялась до 5 долларов.

Past Perfect

He had become extremely rich by 1935. – Он разбогател к 1935.

Future Perfect

They will have delivered the goods by the end of the week. – Они доставят груз к концу недели.

Вопросительнаяформа образуется путем вынесения вспомогательного глагола (если их два, то первого) в соответствующем времени перед подлежащим.

Had he published the results before the conference? – Он опубликовал результаты до конференции?

Will he have published the results by five o’clock tomorrow? – Он опубликует результаты к 5 часам завтра?

Для образования отрицательнойформы частицаnot ставится после вспомогательного глагола (если их два, то после первого).

He had not published the results before the conference.

He will not have published the results by five o’clock tomorrow.

Таблица 8

Спряжение глагола to see в Perfect

	Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
Утвердительная форма	I have seen He has seen	I had seen You had seen	I shall have seen You will have seen
Вопросительная форма	Haveyouseen?	Had you seen?	Will you have seen?
Отрицательная форма	I have not seen	I had not seen	I shall not have seen

Present Perfectможет употребляться:

a) когда обстоятельство времени не указано

The company has expanded (and is bigger than before). – Компания расширилась (стала крупнее).

б) время совершения действия еще не истекло: today,thisweek,month,yearetc. (сегодня, на этой неделе, в этом месяце, году).

Ihave not methertoday. – Я не встречал ее сегодня.

в) с наречиями неопределенного времени.

always– всегда,ever– когда-либо,often– часто ,notyet– ещё не,never– никогда,seldom– редко,just– только что

I have often met him. – Я часто встречал его.

Hehas already donehishomework. – Он уже выполнил домашнюю работу.

г) для обозначения действия, начавшегося в прошлом и продолжающегося в настоящем, со словами sinceс тех поркакиforв течение; в этом случае глагол вPresentPerfectобычно переводится на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени.

He has lived here since 1980. – Он живет здесь с 1980 года.

Exercises

I. Назовите сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и переведите предложение. Поставьте предложения, где это возможно по смыслу, в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

1. They have made some modifications in the design this year.

2. He has seen all the participants today. 3. Production costs have gone up beyond all reasonable expectation. 4. Since Roman times the cultivation of wheat has been the main agricultural activity. 5. The situation in the world markets has been unstable lately. 6. The company has sold 50 types of new goods since the beginning of the year. 7. Some African countries have reached a success in some industries recently. 8. OPEC hasn’t made any decisions on oil prices this month yet. 9. What country has your firm signed a contract with recently? 10. Their company hasn’t increased prices of its goods yet.

II. Закончите предложения, используя for или since.

1. She has been in London … the middle of April. 2. We have had no rain … two weeks. 3. You haven’t written to me … four month. 4. We have been here … 1998. 5. He has been president of Sweden’s largest chemical company … 11 years.

Ответы: 1. since; 2. for; 3. for; 4. since; 5. for.

III. Объясните употребление временPerfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Составьте специальные вопросы к предложениям (где это возможно по смыслу).

1. We have completed several projects and have trained their personnel to use our equipment. 2. Most manufacturing industries have already used intensive technologies for processing resources. 3. My friend has worked on the problem of consumer’s behavior in the market for two years. 4. Lately the euro has become an alternative to the US dollar as an international currency. 5. The prices for the goods of the company has never been so high before. 6. Economists have not given a full definition of economics yet. 7. The company has increased prices of its goods. 8. The factory had bought new equipment by the end of last year. 9. Economists have made optimistic predictions about the economic development.

*IV. Из данных в скобках сказуемых выберите необходимое и переведите предложения.

1. They (have built, built) the firm into the largest enterprise, but at the same time, a company that (didn’t made, has never made) an annual profit. 2. Annual inflation in this country (gone down, has gone down) by 2.3 per cent. 3. She (had graduated, graduated) from this University in 1996 with a degree in computer science. 4. In 1997 he (has joined, joined) the company and (had become, became) their youngest vice president in April 2001. 5. The company (grew, has grown) incredibly fast lately, but (hadn’t made, hasn’t made any money. 6. They (have cut, cut) costs recently and (offer, offered) free delivery now.

V. Найдите глагол-сказуемое в каждом предложении, укажите его видовременную форму и объясните употребление этих форм глагола.

The integration of the European economies has become an irreversible and self-sustained process, which is proceeding automatically in all areas of political, economic, social and cultural life. It is fair to say that no one could have foreseen these problems and it is true that some of our competitors have come off much worse than ourselves. We have experienced some of the most difficult trading conditions in the company’s history.