
- •Друзь ю.М., KoпитькoT.В., Лобановa в.А.,
- •Unit 1. What is economics?
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: What is Economics? Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: what economics isn't
- •Text c: Micro, Macro and Fantasy Economics
- •Business communication
- •Introductions How to Say Hello
- •If you're determined not to be caught cardless again, here are some tips to help you remember:
- •Grammar present tenses
- •The present simple tense
- •The present continuous tense
- •The present simple versus the present continuous
- •Unit 2. Factors of production
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: factors of production Active Vocabulary
- •Natural resources – land and mineral deposits
- •Human resources – labour
- •Information as a factor of production
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Text b:entrepreneurship
- •Text c:Factors of Production for an Innovation Economy
- •Business communication
- •In the office
- •Grammar the present perfect tense
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •The present continuous versus the present perfect continuous
- •The present perfect versus the present perfect contnuous
- •Present tenses review
- •Unit 3.Types of economic systems
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: types of economic systems
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b:command economy
- •Text c: the good (and bad) model guide
- •Business communication
- •Grammar exercises
- •Past tenses
- •The past simple tense
- •The past continuous
- •The past simple versus the past continuous
- •The past simple versus the present perfect
- •Unit 4. Demand and supply
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: demand and supply
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b. The role of prices
- •Text c: two factors that affect labour supply and demand
- •Business communication
- •Making an appointment
- •Ex.5. Read and study useful phrases.
- •Serge: Hi, Ann. It’s Serge. I’m calling to make an appointment for LeeAnn. She wants to meet Miles next week sometime.
- •A: Good morning. Dr. Brown's office. __________?
- •Grammar
- •Past perfect
- •Past perfect continuous
- •Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past Simple, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past tenses review
- •Unit 5. Free-enterprise system
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: what is free enterprise?
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: role of government in a free-enterprise economy
- •Text c: invisible hand
- •Business communication
- •At the airport
- •Look at the picture. What do you think the phrase Live out of a suitcase mean?
- •Going through Customs.
- •2) Role- play the situations in the airport using the vocabulary of the lesson.
- •Grammar
- •Future tenses
- •The future simple tense
- •The future simple versus the present simple
- •The future simple versus be going to
- •Be going to versus the present continuous
- •The future continuous tense
- •The future continuous versus the future simple
- •The future perfect versus the future perfect continuous
- •Future tenses review
- •The imperative mood
- •Unit 6. Forms of business organisations
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: forms of business organisations
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: nonprofit organisations
- •Text c: franchising
- •Business communication
- •At the hotel
- •In pairs read the following situations.
- •2). Choose the correct options to the questions.
- •Grammar
- •ArticleS
- •IntoEnglish.
- •Unit 7. Money
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: money and its role in the economy
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Money is a medium of exchange
- •Money is a measure of value or a unit of account
- •Money is a store of value
- •Money is a means of liquidity
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: a glimpse of the american, british and euro
- •Text c: a barter way of doing business
- •Business communication
- •On the phone
- •Inquiring about the telephone number
- •If you answer the phone and offer your help, you can say:
- •Useful Language Box
- •Grammar
- •Determiners
- •Numerals
- •Unit 8. Taxes
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: taxes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Purposes of Taxation
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: taxation in the uk
- •Text c: taxes are good
- •Business communication
- •In company
- •Grammar
- •Pronouns
- •Adjective and adverb
- •Very, too, far, much, a lot, rather, a bit, a little, any, by far, quite, nearly, almost
- •Test yuorself
- •Test 1
- •Test 2
- •Test 3
- •Test 4
- •Test 5
- •Test 6
- •Test 7
- •Test 8
- •Test 9
- •Test 11
- •Test 12
- •Test 13
- •Test 14
- •Test 15
- •Граматичний довідник дієслово the verb
- •Дієслова to be і to have.
- •Часи дієслова
- •Група теперішніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Правила написання дієслівних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Загальна таблиця випадків використання
- •Не мають форми тривалого часу дієслова, що виражають
- •Група минулих часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання минулих часів
- •Група майбутніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання майбутніх часів
- •Інші способи вираження майбутнього часу
- •Наказовий спосіб
- •Іменник thenoun
- •Число іменників
- •Деякі іменники мають особливі форми у множині:
- •Утворення множини іменників
- •Класифікація іменників за ознакою обчислювані/необчислювані
- •Випадки переходу необчислюваних іменників у обчислювані
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом в однині
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом у множині
- •Рід іменників
- •Рід іменників в англійській мові
- •Відмінки іменників
- •Відмінок іменника. Форми та особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Форми присвійного відмінку
- •Особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Вживання іменників - назв неістот у присвійному відмінку
- •Іменники у функції означення
- •Артикль
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля.
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля a/an (тільки із обчислюваними іменниками в однині)
- •A/anабо one
- •Артиклі з деякими необчислюваними іменниками
- •Вживання означеного артикля
- •Вживання означеного артикля the
- •Вживання нульового артикля (відсутність артикля)
- •Детермінанти
- •Присвійні прикметники і займенники
- •Присвійні прикметники
- •Присвійні займенники
- •Вказівніслова
- •Кількісніслова
- •Some/any/no
- •Many/much/a lot (lots) of/ (a) few/ (a) little
- •All (of)/most (of)/both (of)/ none (of)
- •Every/each
- •Another/the other/other
- •Either/neither (of)
- •Числівники
- •Займенник
- •Особові займенники
- •Itабоthere?
- •Неозначено-особовізайменники
- •IndefinitePersonalPronouns
- •Зворотні займенники
- •Прикметник
- •Прислівник
- •Ступені порівняння прикметників
- •Особливі випадки утворення ступенів порівняння прикметників і прислівників
- •Appendices
- •Словотворення Word formation
- •Enjoy your reading
- •I, Pencil My Family Tree as told to Leonard e. Read
- •Innumerable Antecedents
- •Money The History of Money
- •Extract 1
- •Extract 2
- •Extract 3
- •Success story
- •The Financier, by Theodore Dreiser Chapter III
- •The Iron Heel, by JackLondon Chapter 2 Challenges
- •Glossary
- •Internet Resources
- •Contents
A B C
receive much rainfall.
D
7. By the time babies are seven months old their able to sit up without support.
A B C D
8. It is probably that a well- developed memory is crucial in learning a foreign
A B C D
language.
9. The Saudi Arabian economy depends large on the petroleum industry and oil
A B C D
production.
10. Veterinary medicine is the branch of medical science where deals with the
A B C
diseases of animals.
D
11. Research indicates that genetic inputs influence who we react to alcohol.
A B C D
12. What the violin-maker glues the violin parts together, he uses no nails or
A B C D
screws.
13. Not everyone wish to or can afford to purchase a home.
A B C D
14. Left to themselves, rain forests sustains their ecological systems indefinitely.
A B C D
15. During the day the sun warm the air near the earth’s surface and the heated air
A B C D
rises.
16. Cyclical unemployment figures include workers who lose their jobs because a
A B C D
recession.
17. Of all the paved roads in the nation 93 percent are covered by asphalt.
A B C D
18. Each of the musicians in the orchestra were rehearsing daily before the concert
A B C
tour began.
D
19. Side photographic light it dose not show surface detail as well as front light.
A B C D
20. Television news give you more information than radio news.
A B C D
Test 9
Directions:Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
Although Japan is crowded, the Japanese has a high standard of living.
A B C D
Balm which grown in damp and shady woodlands is a tall, fragrant herb of the
A B C
mint species.
D
Cabbage and lettuce have such a short stems and broad leaves that they appear
A B C
to have no stems at all.
D
It is not known why many seeds undergo a period of dormancy even during the
A B C
times when conditions for them growth is favorable.
D
The price theory that represents the core of microeconomics explained how the
A B
variability of supply and demand in competitive markets creates the interplay of
C D
goods and services.
When wine grapes contain the proper amounts of acid and sugar required to
A B C D
produce wine.
7. Beef and dairy cattle is major sources of income in Louisiana, which has a mild
A B C D
climate.
8. The metric system is a system of measures and weights which is first adopted in
A B C D
France.
9. In ancient Rome people are used sticks made of metal with a pointed end for
A B C
writing on waxed tablets.
D
10. Stratford-on-Avon is a small town in central England where Shakespeare has
A B C D
been born.
11. Some two centuries ago when there were no trains, cars and trams, people used
A B C D
to travelling in carriages.
12. From the door he shouted that he will be back in two hours.
A B C D
13. The British labour movement developed as a means of improve working
A B C
conditions through
PRESENT TENSES 34
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE 35
Ex.5. Write and read the he/she/it forms. 36
Ex.8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple. 37
Model: She doesn’t often agree with us, does she? 38
You are not really asking a question, you are only inviting the listener to agree with you. So your voice goes down at the end of the tag. 38
I am late, aren’t I? 38
You are asking if you’re late. So the voice goes up. 38
1.It’s a lovely day today, _________? – Yes, it’s absolutely wonderful. 38
2.I hear you speak fluent French, ________ . 38
3.There is something wrong, __________. 38
4.She is our new secretary, ________. 38
5.You know my telephone number, _________ . 38
6.You remember my address, __________. 38
7.He finishes work at 6.00, _________. 38
8.She is busy, _________. 38
9.It’s cold, _______. 38
10.The meeting is at three o’clock, _________. 38
11.These figures don’t astonish our boss, _________. 38
12.Jack enjoys fast driving, _________. 38
13.They don’t work at weekend, _________ . 38
14.She doesn’t care about him, ________. 39
Ex.11. Complete the questions. 39
Ex.12. Match the questions with the answers. 40
Ex.13. Alice is at a job interview at the moment. 40
Ex.15. Open the brackets and put the time expressions in the right place. The first two sentences have been done for you as an example. 41
Ex.17. Correct the mistakes if there are any. 42
Ex.18. Translate into English. 43
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 43
A. 43
B. 43
C. 44
Ex.20. Add –ing to the verbs in these sentences. 44
c - actions which happen too often and we want to express our annoyance or criticism; 44
Ex.23. Match two parts of the sentences in the box to make up logical sentences describing people’s criticism, annoyance or surprise. 46
- You ________________________________________________. 47
Ex.27. Translate into English. 49
THE PRESENT SIMPLE versus THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS 50
Ex.28. Open the brackets, putting the verbs into the correct form, the Present Continuous or the Present Simple. Compare the sentences, try to elicit the difference. 50
Ex.29. Match the questions and answers. 51
Ex.31. Translate into English. 52
Ex.4. Read the poem. Pay attention to the way of making questions. 90
Have you ever seen the beaches of Mexico? 90
Have you ever been in trouble? 90
1.John Grisham is a well-known American writer. He has written about twenty novels still/so far. 92
3.Jeff is very sad. He has ever/just failed the exam. 92
4.We’ve just/already gone through the customs. 92
5.Have you never/ever tasted paella? – Yes, I have. I tasted it when I was on holiday in Spain. 92
6.You’re just in time. The concert hasn’t begun still/yet. 92
7.I have never/just seen this film before. 92
8.Have you seen any good films since/ lately? 92
9.The secretary has typed ten letters this morning yet/so far. 92
10.Our neighbours have moved to another town recently/so far. 92
Ex.9. Fill in for or since. 92
5. ______ they moved to Italy 92
10. ______ a long time 93
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 98
Ex.18. Write and read the he/she/it forms. Make other necessary changes. 98
Ex.20. Ask questions using the question words in brackets. 100
1. We have been working on this project for two years. (How long?) 100
2. Mike has been working with us since January. (Since when?) 100
3. He is an experienced specialist. But you know, he has been making too many 100
mistakes lately. (Who?) 100
4. I hear Sharon is looking for a new job. - Yes, she is. She has been looking 100
for it for about two or three months. (What?) 100
5. It seems strange but she has been avoiding me over the last few days. (Why?) 100
Ex.21. In pairs, ask and answer questions. 100
Ex.24. Correct the mistakes if there are any. 102
1.They are been travelling for two weeks. 102
2.I’ve thinking about you all week. 102
3.I can’t say exactly how long I have been knowing Simon. 102
4.She have been making phone calls all morning. 102
5.He has been being ill for a couple of weeks. 102
6.It has been raining all day. I wonder when it will stop. 102
7.They have been hearing to music for two hours. 102
8.Mr. Robinson is working in the same place for over thirty years, and he is not planning to retire. 102
9.Do you have a driving license? – Yes. I have been having it for four years now. 102
10.I’m not surprised Katie has failed her exam. She has been not working hard recently. 102
11.You’re so red! How long were you sunbathing? All morning? – I haven’t been sunbathing. I’ve been reading in the sun. 102
Ex.25. Translate into English. 102
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS versus THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 103
Ex.26. Read and compare the sentences: 103
Laura, the baby is crying. - She has been crying for almost ten minutes. I can’t do anything. 103
Complete the situations in 1-4 like in the sentences above and explain the difference between them. 103
1.It’s raining. – Indeed, it ___________________. 103
2.He is sleeping. - But he _______________. 103
3.Who are you waiting for? - The designer. I _________________. 103
4.Sorry, I can’t help you with your homework. I am revising for my exam. ________________________. 103
THE PRESENT PERFECT versus THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTNUOUS 103
Ex.27. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous. 103
Model: I’ve checked the calculations. (the focus on the completion) → 103
I’ve been checking the calculations since/all morning. (the focus on the activities) 103
1.I (play) ___________ golf four times this week. 103
2.Ralph (repair) ___________ the washing machine since morning. 103
4.- Stacy says she (not finish) ___________ reading the book yet. 103
- But she (read) ___________ it for about a month. 103
5.Vitaliy and Vladimir Klitschko, the world heavyweight boxing champions, (win) ___________ a lot of gold medals. 103
6.Everything is white. It (snow) ___________ all night. 104
7.Betsy is upset because she just (hear) ___________ some bad news. 104
8.It smells of paint. Dad (paint) ___________ the table. 104
9.Carol and her family (be) ___________ in Sweden for three years. They (live) ___________ there since 2009. 104
10.No wonder that Samantha hasn’t done any work. She (talk) ___________ on the phone all morning. 104
16.Unit 3.TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 108
28. 108
30.LEAD-IN 108
32.PRE-TEXT EXERCISES 109
34.A. Reading drills 109
35.Ex.1. Practice reading the following words: 109
42.Ex.2. Read the following words. The underlined letters are silent. 109
43.Bomb, comb, lamb, debt, write, know, knife, doubt, receipt, psychology. 109
45.Ex.3. Read the words in the group below. Pay attention to the word stress. 109
50.B. Word formation 110
69.What other noun or adjective suffixes do you know? Give examples. 110
71.TEXT A: TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 110
84.Market Economic System 112
87.Command Economic System 113
90.Mixed Economic System 114
98.Language notes: 115
99.we are tempted to say – ми схиляємось до ствердження того, що… 115
107.Ex.1. Find the English equivalents in the text. 115
113.Ex.3. Give three forms of the following verbs. Find the sentences with these verbs in the text. 116
114.Deal, make, say, come, cost, choose, see, do, find, speak, be, sell. 116
119.Model:economic system 116
120.e.g. People have made use of a variety of economic systems. 116
122.Ex.5. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right. 116
124.1 116
125.aneconomicsystem 116
126.a 116
127.economy, with some free enterprise and some government ownership 116
128.2 117
129.a traditional economic system 117
130.b 117
131.an economic system in which the state or government manages the economy 117
132.3 117
133.a market economic system 117
134.c 117
135.also commonly described as a free enterprise or capitalist system 117
136.4 117
137.a planned economy or directed economy 117
138.d 117
139.one in which people's economic roles are the same as those of their parents and grandparents 117
140.5 117
141.mixed economic system 117
142.e 117
144.6 117
145.laissez-faire 117
146.f 117
147.a way of answering three basic questions:what, how and for whom to produce 117
149.Ex.6. Choose an appropriate word or a phrase to complete the following sentences. 117
153.Ex.7. Complete the following sentences with prepositions. 118
155.Ex.8. Combine two parts logically to make a complete sentence. 118
200.Ex.10. Translate into English: 120
202.LANGUAGE SKILLS 121
204.Ex.11. Ask questions to which the following sentences may be answers. 121
216.Ex.12. Answer the questions: 122
226.Ex.16. Write an essay (100-150 words) about:. 122
227.a) Pros and cons of command economies. 122
232.Ex.17. With your partners do the following. 123
242.TEXT B:COMMAND ECONOMY 124
243. 124
264.Ex.21.Read the text more thoroughly and answer the questions. 127
267.TEXT C: THE GOOD (AND BAD) MODEL GUIDE 128
284.Task 1.Compare European models − German, Swedish and Dutch: what they have in common and in what they are different. 130
285.Task 2.Compare European economic models with American, Asian (Japanese and East Asian) and New Zealand. Say which of the models you consider the most effective. 130
286.Task 3.If somebody is obsessed with an idea (para.2), is he 130
287.a) disagreeing strongly with it; 130
288.b) refusing to support it; 130
289.c) having the mind excessively preoccupied with this idea. 130
294.c) to keep stable. 130
335.Memorise the language of giving directions: 136
474.GRAMMAR EXERCISES 145
476.PAST TENSES 145
786.Unit 4. DEMAND AND SUPPLY 170
1042.1. Supply always comes on the heels of demand. Robert Collier, American motivational author, (1885-1950) 190
1141.Ex.4. Read a sample telephone conversation. 199
1169.Ex.5. Read and study useful phrases. 201
I’ll look forward to seeing you. 201
1170.Asking to meet 201
1172.Agreeing on a date 201
1173.Suggesting a different date 202
1174.Setting a time 202
1175.Changing the arrangement 202
1179.Serge: Hi, Ann. It’s Serge. I’m calling to make an appointment for LeeAnn. She wants to meet Miles next week sometime. 203
1180.Ann: Let me take a look at his appointment schedule. Let’s see, can LeeAnn be here on Tuesday at 2 pm? 203
1181.Serge: No, she’s tied up all Tuesday afternoon, but I could shuffle around some of her commitments to free her up on Tuesday morning, if that helps. 203
1182.Ann: Unfortunately, Tuesday morning is out. I could bump someone on Wednesday afternoon at 3 pm. Can LeeAnn be here at that time? 203
1183.Serge: She has an appointment at 2:30 in this office, but it shouldn’t last more than a half hour. She should be able to make it by 3 o’clock if she’s not running late. Better yet, I may be able tochange something, maybe push back that appointment until she gets back to the office. Why don’t you pencil her in for now? 203
1184.Ann: Okay, I’ll do that, but can you confirm with me by Monday? 203
1185.Serge: Sure, I’ll give you a heads up no later than noon on Monday if I can’t push back her other appointment. 203
1186.Ann: Okay, sounds good. Tell me, do you ever feel like we’re spinning our wheels, spending our days making, changing, and canceling appointments? 203
1187.Serge: Yeah, every single day! 203
1189.Ex. 7. Role-play the dialogue. 203
1190.Rachel: Hello, my name is Rachel Jones and I'd like to make an appointment to speak to Mr. Smith. 203
1191.Secretary: Can I ask you what is the purpose of the appointment? 203
1192.Rachel: Of course. I met him at a luncheon last week and he asked me to call him to make an appointment to talk about a job. 203
1193.Secretary: Okay. Mr. Smith has an appointment available on Monday June 10th at 4 pm or Thursday June 13th at 2 pm. Which one would be better for you? 203
1194.Rachel: Monday at 4pm would be perfect. 204
1195.Secretary: Excellent. I've got you down for that day and time. Can I have your phone number just in case something comes up and he needs to reschedule? 204
1196.Rachel: Yes, certainly. It is 085-897-9393. 204
1197.Secretary: (repeats the phone number to make sure it's correct) 085-897-9393. 204
1198.Rachel: That's it. Thank you so much. I'll see you on Monday June 10th at 4 pm. 204
1199.Secretary: Have a nice day! 204
1201.Ex.8. Complete the dialogue with the words and word combinations from the box. 204
1202.A) 204
1215.call me, can I help you, cannot leave, could you come, how about a little later, 205
1216.I’d like to make an appointment, is that OK with you, may not be able to arrive, 205
1217.will be seen, work 205
1219.A: Good morning. Dr. Brown's office. __________? 205
1220.A: Good morning. I __________with Dr. Brown. 205
1221.B: Ok. Just a minute. __________on Monday at 1:00 pm? 205
1222.A: No. Monday is a busy day for me. I __________until 9:00 pm. I __________the office early. 205
1223.B: What about Wednesday at 6:00 pm? __________? 205
1224.A: __________? You know how heavy the traffic is at 6. I __________on time. 205
1225.B: OK. You __________by Dr. Brown on Wednesday at 7. OK? If you can't come for any reason, please __________and I will try to set another time. 205
1226.B: OK. Thanks. 205
2Your partner will then suggest a different time. Accept the second time. 206
1236.Ex.10. Work in pairs. Practice making and changing an appointment.You are going to role-play five situations. Refer to Ex. 5 for useful phrases. 206
1A. You're a chemical engineer who works in the company's R&D labs. You're attending a conference on a new chemical processing technology. A friend from college (who is now a professor doing research in the same area) will be attending the conference. You want to schedule some time to talk to him and get his perspective on recent developments in the field. But he is hard to reach. 206
BAn old friend from college (who is doing research work in the same field as you in the R&D labs of a large corporation) wants to get together and talk. You try to find some time for him in your busy schedule. 206
2A. You sell expensive medical equipment. You have to make an appointment to talk with a doctor who is very influential at a hospital where you're trying to close a sale. You want to get him in the right mood so you invite him to play a round of golf at an expensive country club. 206
1237.B. You're a doctor at an important university hospital. A salesman selling cancer treatment equipment has been hounding you trying to get some time to talk with you. Now he wants to meet over golf which doesn't seem too bad to you. You try to find some time for him in your busy schedule. 206
1238.3. A. You own 20% of a company and feel that your ideas about where the company should be heading aren't being taken into account by the company's management. You schedule a meeting with the CEO to talk about this. 206
1239.B. You are the CEO of a company. A major stockholder in the company has called you up repeatedly trying to get some time to talk to you about his vision of the future for the company. His ideas aren't really compatible with yours but you think it judicious to hear him out. You schedule some time for him over lunch. 206
1240.4. A. Your friend has a job providing tech support to sales reps at a promising software startup. You've heard that there's an opening and you want to talk to your friend about the possibility of you landing the job. You suggest lunch or beer after work. 207
1241.B. One of your best friends has just arrived back from his adventures in Asia. He's trying to find a job again and thinks you can help him to talk to your boss into giving him a job in customer support. You both decide to meet over lunch. 207
1242.5. A. You're an investment banker visiting Jakarta to set up some merger and acquisition deals. A reporter wants to interview you. 207
1243.B. You're a reporter who wants to write an insider story on the corporate reorganizations that are taking place in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. You make an appointment to talk with an investment banker (a friend of a friend) to talk about what's going on. 207
1389.Ex.15. Ask questions using the questioning words in brackets. 216
1.They had been working on this project for 5 years before they finished it. (How long?) 216
2.My Mum had been working for this company for 15 years before she retired. (Who?) 216
3. I had been thinking of moving since September and then I got a promotion. (Since when?) 216
4.My friend had been trying hard to improve the situation but eventually she failed. (What?) 216
5.By seven o'clock last night she had already been typing for ten hours, so I told her to rest for a while. (By what time?) 216
1391.Ex.16.In pairs, ask and answer questions. 216
11.He was happy. He got a position at TNT. (Look for a job as an IT manager.) 218
1410.Ex.19.Correct the mistakes if there are any. 218
1411.1. I was tired. I have been writing the composition the whole evening. 218
1412.2.They were been travelling for a week when they reached the point of destination. 218
1413.3.We were exhausted. We had been sightseeing in the town all day long. 218
1414.4. He passed his English exam easily. He had been studying very hard before. 219
1415.5. Katherine and Josh looked very angry. They had argued since morning.. 219
1416.6. Tracy had been preparing for the presentation until she met a deadline. 219
1417.7. The kitchen smelled of vanilla. Mum was preparing for the big event for 5 hours. 219
1418.8. They trained hard for the whole year. It was their big success. 219
1419.9. Dave was happy. He and Maria had been doing their best until they won the contest. 219
1420.10.I wasn’t surprised Pete had failed his exam. He wasn’t working hard during the semester. 219
1422.Ex.20. TranslateintoEnglish. 219
1423.1. Вона жила в Києві вже два роки , але так і не знала свій район. 219
1424.2. Вона сказала, що вона вчила англійську з дитинства. 219
1425.3. Коли я приїхала у відпустку на море, мої друзі були там уже два тижні. 219
1426.4. У Люсі очі були червоні. Вона плакала весь ранок. 219
1427.5. Джесіка та Джері будували будинок вже рік, коли розпочалась економічна криза. 219
1428.6. Майкл був надто втомлений. Збори тривали з ранку. 219
1429.7. Наша секретарка друкувала папери вже пів години, коли прийшов шеф і сказав, що вже не потрібно. 219
1430.8. Сніг йшов всю ніч. Вранці всі будинки були вкриті снігом. 219
1431.9. Вона промокла наскрізь. Всю дорогу до станції вона йшла без парасольки. 219
1432.10.Анастасія була найкраща репортерка. Вона працювала в нашій газеті з самого початку. 219
1434.Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous? 220
1460.Ex.24. Open the brackets and use the proper tense (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous). 222
1901.Look at the picture. What do you think the phrase Live out of a suitcase mean? 257
2147.Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple. 270
1.Take this opportunity, and I guarantee you ____________ (not regret) it. 270
2.I don’t think we ____________ (need) to cook anything else for them. 270
3.Do you think we ____________ (win)? 270
4.I’m sure your luggage ____________ (turn up) soon. 270
5.I promise we ____________ (write) to you regularly. 270
6.We certainly ____________ (consider) your suggestion. 270
7.I am afraid Mr Jarvis ____________ (not be) there tomorrow. 270
8.His parents believe he ____________ (become) a great pianist one day. 270
9.Life ____________ (be) better a hundred years from now. 270
10.Did you remember to reserve a table in the restaurant? – Oh no, I forgot. I ____________ (telephone) right now. 270
11.She has cut my hair too short. – Don’t be so upset. It ____________ (grow) again very quickly. 270
12. I expect the article ____________ (appear) in May’s issue of the magazine. 270
13.Is that the phone? – Yes, but don’t get up! I ____________ (answer) it. 270
14.If I finish before you, I ____________ (wait) for you outside. 270
15.You ____________ (understand) a lot when you grow older. 270
2149.Ex.4. Read and write the opposite (positive or negative). Make other changes if necessary. The first sentence has been done for you as an example. 271
1.I’m sure he will drive us to the airport. – I’m afraid he won’t drive us to the airport. 271
2.I hope we will arrive on time. – ____________________________________. 271
3.She says we won’t have a test tomorrow. – ___________________________. 271
4.We’ll stop at the next filling station. – _______________________________. 271
5.He won’t pay the bill. – ___________________________________________. 271
6.People will forget about him in a few years. – _________________________. 271
7.This week we won’t need more money than usual. – ____________________. 271
8.I think Frederick will go to Africa next year. – _________________________. 271
9.I don’t think they will support us. – _________________________________. 271
10.Scientists predict that climate won’t seriously change in the third millennium. – ______________________________________________________________. 271
2151.Ex.5. Put will or won’t in the best place in the sentence. 271
1.I hope there be no problems getting a visa. 271
2.It isn’t a holiday season, and there be many tourists there. 271
3.I’m sure it be difficult to find accommodation at this time of the year. 271
4.Do you think we be able to buy tickets there? 271
5.Ruth be here for your engagement party? 271
6.I’m afraid we get there in time. 271
7.Could you possibly change my flight to the evening? – Wait a minute. I just check the computer. 271
8.I’m sorry, but there be any time for us to have lunch. 271
9.Our ice-creams are melting. I put them in the freezer. 271
10.Tomorrow be a very busy day for me. I don’t think I have time to go shopping with you. 271
11.You hold this box for a moment while I am unpacking it? 271
12. Someone kindly tell me what is going on around here? 272
13.Is there anything good on TV tonight? – I don’t know. I have a look in the newspaper. 272
14.Your fax is absolutely illegible. I can’t read the document. – Sorry about that. I send it again. 272
15.Just tell me what it cost in round numbers. 272
102.Purposes of Taxation 427
133.indirect tax – непрямий податок, тобто податок на товари та послуги, встановлений у вигляді надбавки до ціни або тарифом (акциз – excise tax, податок на додану вартість – value-added tax, мито – customs duty, екологічні податки – environmentally related taxes/charges/fees/duties); 430
60% of taxpayers must hire a professional to get through their own return. 439
Taxes eat up 38.2% of the average family's income; that's more than for food, clothing and shelter combined. 440
718.Test 1 479
724. D 479
732. D 479
738. D 479
741. D 479
744. D 479
756. D 480
760. D 480
763. C 480
765. D 480
769. A 480
773. D 481
776.Test 2 481
797. D 481
814. C D 482
819. D 482
825.Test 3 482
848. D 483
859. D 483
863. D 484
872. D 484
879. D 484
882.Test 4 484
888. D 484
891. D 484
897. D 485
904. A 485
910. D 485
926. D 486
929.Test 5 486
936. C 486
937.Sahara Desert and Australian Desert. 486
938. D 486
941.D 486
945. D 486
949.D 486
953. D 487
957. D 487
970. D 487
989. D 488
998. D 488
1001.Test 6 488
1036.Test 7 489
1047. D 490
1062. D 490
1067. D 490
1070. D 491
1077. D 491
1081. D 491
1085. D 491
1090. D 491
1092.Test 8 491
1103. D 492
1151.Test 9 493
ДІЄСЛОВО 514
THE VERB 514
ГРУПА МИНУЛИХ ЧАСІВ 532
НАКАЗОВИЙ СПОСІБ 549
THE IMPERATIVEMOOD 549
Sit down, everybody! 550
Don’tyousay a word! (неYou don’t say a word!) 550
Let me go there! 551
Let us (let’s) do it together. 551
Let him go there. 551
Lethim not go there. (Порівняйте: Don’t let him go there). 551
Let us notdoit together/ Let’s notdoit together або Don’t let’s do it together. 551
ІМЕННИК 552
THENOUN 552
Деякі іменники мають особливі форми у множині: 557
АРТИКЛЬ 572
CATEGORY 586
Things considered to be unique 586
Planets 586
Continents 586
The four cardinal points and directions 587
Geographical regions 587
Historical references 587
Countries 589
Northern Ireland, 590
Valleys 593
Deserts 593
Неозначено-особовізайменники 628
IndefinitePersonalPronouns 628
Коли ми говоримо не конкретно про когось, а узагальнено, ми використовуємо наступні займенники: 629
You: 629
They: 629
They say it will be very cold this winter (They say – Говорять, …) 629
They також використовується, коли ми не знаємо стать людини, про яку говоримо. 629
Ifanyonecallsforme, askthemtoleave а message, please. 629
One: 629
Appendix 1 644
Словотворення 644
Word formation 644
III Іменники, що позначають людей 645
The Financier, by Theodore Dreiser 678
Chapter III 678
UNIT 3. Types of economic systems 728
GRAMMAR: Past Tenses. The Past Simple (Indefinite) and the Past Continuous Tenses 728
UNIT 4. Demand and supply 728
GRAMMAR: The Past Prefect Tense. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Past Tenses Review. 728