Present Perfect Tense

Я сломал свой карандаш.

I have broken my pencil.

Я не написал свое упражнение.

I have not written my exercise.

Они известили меня о времени отгрузки товара.

They have informed me of the time of shipment of the goods.

Я никогда не читал этой книги.

I have never read that book.

Я часто бывал там.

I have often been there.

Были ли вы когда-нибудь на Кавказе?

Have you ever been to the Caucasus?

Он не получал от нее писем на этой неделе.

Не has not received any letters from her this week.

Он уехал из Москвы в 1986 году, и я не видел его с тех пор.

He left Moscow in 1986, and I haven't seen him since.

Past Perfect Tense

Мы (уже) перевели статью к пяти часам.

We had translated the article by five o'clock.

Мы послали ему вчера теле­грамму, так как мы долго не получали от него писем.

We sent him a telegram yester­day as we had not received any letters from him for a long time.

После того как солнце (уже) село, мы решили вернуться домой.

After the sun had set, we de­cided to return home.

Едва он вошел в дом, как на­чался дождь.

He had hardly (scarcely) entered house, when it started to rain.

Future Perfect Tense

Мы (уже) переведем статью к пяти часам.

Wе shall have translated the article by five o'clock.

Они уже отгрузят товар, когда прибудет ваша телеграмма.

They will have shipped the goods when your telegram arrives.

Поезд уже уйдет к тому време­ни, как мы приедем на вокзал.

The train will have left by the I time we get to the station.

Вы, должно быть, читали в газетах о заключении этого соглашения.

You will have read in the newspapers about the conclusion of this agreement.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Я жду своего брата уже давно.

I have been waiting for my brother for a long time.

Я читаю газету с пяти часов.

I have been reading the news­paper since five o'clock.

С каких пор вы работаете на этом заводе?

Since when have you been working at this factory?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Я (уже) долго работал, когда пришел мой брат.

I had been working for a long time when my brother came.

Его сестра жила в Москве уже три года, когда началась вой­на.

His sister had been living in Moscow for three years when the war broke out.

Дождь шел (уже) два часа, когда я вышел из дому.

It had been raining for two hours when I left home.

Она спала (уже) три часа, когда мы возвратились.

She had been sleeping for three hours when we returned.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Я начну работать в десять ча­сов утра. Когда вы вернетесь домой в пять часов, я буду уже работать семь часов.

I shall begin to work at ten o'clock in the morning.When you return home at five o'clock, I shall have been working

for seven hours.

Passive voice

Наша работа должна быть за­кончена как можно скорее.

Our work must be finished as soon as possible.

Эту книгу можно купить в лю­бом магазине.

This book can be bought in any bookshop.

Эту статью следует перевести немедленно.

This article ought to be trans­lated at once.

Планеты притягиваются солн­цем.

The planets are attracted by the sun.

Present Indefinite

Краны применяются для подъема тяжелых грузов.

Cranes are used for lifting heavy weights.

Past Indefinite

Наш багаж был осмотрен та­моженниками вчера.

Our luggage was examined by the customs officers yesterday.

Future Indefinite

Мост будет построен в будущем году.

The bridge will be built next year.

Future Indefinite in the Past

Он сказал, что мост будет пo строен в будущем году.

Не said that the bridge would be built next year.

Present Continuous

Этот вопрос обсуждается на собрании (сейчас).

This question is being discussed at the meeting.

Past Continuous

Этот вопрос обсуждался, когда я вошел в комнату.

This question was being dis­cussed when I entered the room.

Present Perfect

Письмо только что напечатано

The letter has just been typed

Past Perfect

Она показала мне статью, ко­торая была переведена ее братом.

She showed me the article which had been translated by her brother.

Future Perfect

Статья будет (уже) переведена к шести часам.

The article will have been translated by 6 o'clock.

ГЕРУНДИЙ (GERUND)

Чтение — ее любимое занятие

Reading is her favourite occupation.

Ее самое большое удовольствие — это чтение.

Her greatest pleasure is reading.

Он кончил читать книгу.

Не finished reading the book.

Я помню, что читал это.

I remember reading it.

Я люблю чтение (читать).

I am fond of reading.

Я имел удовольствие прочесть в газете о вашем успехе.

I had the pleasure of reading in the newspaper of your suc­cess.

После того как я прочел пись­мо (прочитав письмо), я по­ложил его в ящик стола

After reading the letter I put it into the drawer.

Я помню, что я показывал ей это письмо.

I remember having shown her the letter.

Он вошел в комнату, не заметив ее.

Не entered the room without -noticing her.

Я был очень разочарован, не застав его там.

I was quite disappointed at not finding him there.

Погрузка тяжелых грузов требует большого искусства.

Loading heavy weights requires great skill.

Я не помню, чтобы я его рань­ше видел.

I don't remember having seen him before.

Он упомянул о том, что читал это в газете.

He mentioned having read it in the paper.

Получив ответ фирмы, мы пе­редали все документы наше­му юрисконсульту.

On receiving the answer of the firm we handed all the docu­ments to our legal adviser.

Заключив контракт, предста­витель фирмы уехал из Москвы.

After concluding the contract, the representative of the firm left Moscow.

Он чувствовал удовлетворение в том, что помог им.

He felt satisfaction in helping them

Имеются различные способы разрешения этой проблемы.

There are different ways of solv­ing this problem.

Фрахтователи имеют право гру­зить пароход в ночное время.

The charterers have the right of loading the steamer at night time.

Мы не намерены заказывать такие машины.

We have no intention of order­ing such machines.

Обнаружив, что мотор работает плохо, летчик был вынужден приземлиться.

Оп finding that the engine was working badly, the pilot was obliged to land.

К наиболее употребительным из этих глаголов, причастий и при­лагательных относятся:

to be disappointed at быть ра­зочарованным в

to be surprised at удивляться чему-л.

to be responsible for быть от­ветственным за

to prevent from препятствовать, мешать (сделать что-л.)

to consist in заключаться в

to persist In упорно продол­жать что-л.

to result in иметь результатом что-л., приводить к чему-л.

to spend in- тратить (время) на что-л.

to succeed in удаваться

to be engaged in заниматься чём-л.

to be interested in интересо­ваться чём-л.

to accuse of обвинять в

to approve (disapprove) of одобрять (не одобрять) что-л.

to suspect of подозревать в

to hear of слышать о

to think of думать о

to be afraid of бояться чего-л.

to be capable (Incapable) of быть способным (неспособ­ным) на

to be fond of любить что-л.

to he proud of гордиться чём-л.

to count on (upon) = to de­pend on (upon) рассчиты­вать на

to insist on настаивать на

fo object to возражать против

to get used to привыкать к

Речення

Ціна.

• Prices play an important role in all economic markets.

• Price perform two important economic functions: the rationscarce resources and thev motivate production.

• If there were no price system would be impossible to determine a value for ny goods or services.

• A high price, tor example is a signal for producers to produce more and for consumers to buy less.

• A low price is a signal for producers to produce less and for consumers to buy more.

• The price- result of a competition between the buyers and sellers.

• In economic markets buyers and sellers have exactly the opposite hopes and intentions.

• Market equilibrium- a situation where prices arc relatively stable and there is neither a surplus nor a shortage in the market.

• The process ot regulation exists then, when the sellers and buyers come to the market together.

• The price system in a market economy is surprisingly.

Фактори виробництва

• There are four factors of production: land, labour, capital and entreprenuership.

• Factors of production provide the means for a society to produce and distribute its goods and services.

• As an economic term land means the gifts of nature or natural resources not created by human efforts.

• Labour means human resources or people with all by their efforts and abilities necessary for producing the goods and senrvices.

• Unlike land, labour is a resource that may vary in size overtime.

• Сapital is unique in that, it is the result ol production.

• Capital- the tools, equipment and machines used in production of goods and services.

• Financial capital refers to money that business people use to buy buildings, machinery, tools and other productive resources used in the process of creating goods and setvices.

• Entrepreneurship the managerial or organizational skills needed by most firms to produce goods and services.

Праця

• In order for many country to grow, it must have a skilled labour force.

• There are four major categories of labour that are based on the general level of skills: unskilled, semiskilled, skilled and professional or managerial.

• Labour as the factor of production are the people, which take participation in production activity.

• The size of labour force is related to total population.

• The decrease or increase of total of the population influences the size of a labour force.

• Workers who have machanical abilities to operate any not very complex equipment fall into the category of semiskilled labour.

• Workers with high level skills fall into the category of professional labour.

• Workers who do not have the training to operate machines and equipment fall into the category ot unskilled labour.

• Most occupations have wage rate.

• Wage- rate a standard amount of pay given for work performed.

Попит

• Most people think of demand as being the desire for certain economic product.

• The desire for certain economic product must be coupled with the ability and willingness to buy it.

• In economics, the relationship of demand and price is expressed by the Law of Demand.

• The demand for an economic product varies inversely with its price.

• If prices are high the quantity demanded will be low.

• When the prices fall, the consumers buy more goods and services.

• The demand curve is a graphic representation of the relationship between price and demand.

• The demand curve shows how many certain economic product would be bought for the different prices.

• Demand influence not only price, but also such factors as profit of the consumers and price for goods- substitutes.

• In the economic theory there are two kinds of demand: elastic and inelastic.

Гроші

• Money can be any substance that functions as a Medium of Exchange, a Measure of Value and a Store of Value.

• The different forms of money are in use in the USA. Store of Value means, that the goods or services can be converted in money.

• As a Measure of Value money expresses worth in terms that most individuals understand.

• The most familiar forms of money are coins and currency.

• Modern money has several characteristics: роrtability, durability and divisibility.

• The durability means, that money can be used the long period of time.

• The term “currenty” refers to paper money and coins refers to metallic form of money.

• The value of money or the purchasing power of money is

• not stable, it can change.

Eкономіка Yкраїни

• Thе government of Ukraine see the way out ot the crisis in realization of the programme of economic reforms.

• The loss of system of traditional economic links with the states of former Soviet Union has resulted economy of Ukraine in crisis.

• Modern independent Ukraine has large potential for development of economy.

• Reforms are aimed at the establishment of an open, effective market type economy.

• One of directions of the program of economic reform is creation of a condition for gradual integration of Ukraine with world economy.

• There are two main branches of agricultural production in Ukraine: crop production and animal husbandry.

• The most widespread branches of animal husbandry are: dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig rasing.

• Today’s industries are unable to satistfy the consumers wants in Ukraine.

• Black metallurgy, chemical industry mechine-buildmg and light industry- basic industries of Ukraine.

• Ukraine has good conditions for development of agricultural production..