0894316_A939E_prezentaciya_canadian_english / CANADIAN ENGLISH

CANADIAN ENGLISH

Introduction

Canadian English is the form of English used in Canada, spoken as a first or second language by over 25 million Canadians (as recorded in the census of 2001). Canadian English spelling is a mixture of American and British. Pronunciation of the English language in this country is overall very similar to American pronunciation, which is especially true for Central and Western Canadians. The Eastern provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island have a maritime accent which overall sounds more similar to Irish pronunciation than American. There is also some French influence in pronunciation for some English-speaking Canadians who live near, and especially work with French-Canadians.

Spelling

Canadian and American English may sound very similar, but the spellings used in each version of English vary considerably. Canadian English does not specifically follow the spellings listed here. Often both forms of spelling are used, but the spellings below are the most-used forms that you find in each language.

-Or and -Our

In Canadian English, people spell words with the -our ending such as colour, labour or favour. American English spells these words color, labor and favor

One L or Two

Canadian English uses fulfil whereas American English uses fulfill. However, Canadian English will use cancelled, and American English spells it canceled.

-Er and -Re

American English spells words with an -er ending like center or centered and theater, but Canadian English uses the -re version of centre or centred and theatre.

-Que and -Gue

In Canadian English, words generally use the -que and -gue spellings. Canadian English spells words like catalogue and cheque. However, American English uses catalog or check.

In other cases, Canadians and Americans differ from British spelling, such as in the case of nouns like tire and curb, which in British English are spelled tyre and kerb.

Considerations

While Canadian English favors the more traditional British spellings, some British rules are not used in Canada, such as the -ise ending in Britain rather than an -ize ending.

Pronunciation

One of the most salient characteristics of Canadian English is the pattern that linguists call "Canadian Raising". In the general discussion of diphthongs, we saw that English has three phonemic diphthongs. Two of these have low vowels as their nucleus: as in ride and as in loud. In Canadian English, both these diphthongs have variants whose occurrence is obligatory under certain phonological conditions. Before a voiceless consonant, the diphthong replaces , and replaces . These variants are called raised or centralized diphthongs, because their nucleus is no longer a low vowel.

Pre-rhotic vowels

Another characteristic of Canadian vowels is in the distribution of pre-rhotic (before-r) vowels. A notable aspect of Canadian pre-rhotic vowels is their resistance to the emergent pattern in American English of substituting [a] for [o] before inter-vocalic [r]. In a number of highly frequent words, such as sorry, tomorrow, borrow, sorrow, and Laura, this pattern has become obligatory in American English. The pattern is also variably evident in a few more words, such as Florida, orange, oracle, Norwich, adorable, and thesaurus.

The current variability in the pattern suggests that American English is losing [o] before intervocalic [r], but Canadian English maintains [o] in all of these forms. The result is a contrast between the American pronunciations, like [sari] and [baro], and the Canadian pronunciations, [sori] and [boro]. To our knowledge, this feature is not discussed in any published discussion of Canadian dialectology, but we propose that it is a definitive marker of Canadian English.

Borrowings with low vowels

A final, curious property of Canadian English is in its foreign /a/ nativization. This is the way the dialect pronounces borrowed words with low vowels, such as pasta, Mazda, drama, and taco. There is a strong tendency for Canadians to pronounce these words with a front , while Americans tend to use [a].

Many Americans regard eh as characteristic of Canadian English. Like Canadian raising, eh is used by some citizens of southern Ontario.

Vocabulary

Where Canadian English shares vocabulary with other English dialects, it tends to share most with American English. Many terms are shared with Britain, but not with the majority of American speakers. In some cases British and the American terms coexist in Canadian English to various extents; a classic example is holiday, often used interchangeably with vacation, distinguishing the two between a trip elsewhere and general time off work respectively. In addition, the vocabulary of Canadian English also features words that are seldom (if ever) found elsewhere.

Allophone A resident of Quebec who speaks a first language other

than English or French

Anglophone Someone who speaks English as a first language.

Biffy An outdoor toilet usually located over pit or a septic tank

Chesterfield A sofa, couch, or loveseat (also used in Northern

California and Britain)

Click Slang for kilometre.

Francophone Someone who speaks French as a first language

Joe job A lower-class, low-paying job

Runners Running shoes; sneakers

Sook or suck A crybaby.

Ski-Doo A brand name now used generically to refer to any

snowmobile. Can also be used as a verb

Sniggler Someone who takes the parking spot you wanted, or who

otherwise does something perfectly legitimate, but which

nonetheless inconveniences or annoys you

Canadianisms : words which are native to Canada or words which have meanings native to Canada

NATIVE PEOPLES

Aboriginal rights : Rights guaranteed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to those defined

as Aboriginal by the Constitution Act, 1982

First Nation : An Indian band or community

Native Friendship Centre : An institution in a predominantly non-Aboriginal community to provide social services to Aboriginal people

status Indian : A person registered as an Indian under the Indian Act

GOVERNMENT, LAW AND POLITICS

Bell-ringing : The ringing of bells in a legislative assembly to summon members for a vote

Confederation : The act of creating the Dominion of Canada; also the federation of the Canadian provinces and territories

First Ministers : The premiers of the provinces and the Prime Minister of Canada

impaired : Having a blood alcohol level above the legal limit

riding : a district whose voters elect a representative member to a legislative body

RCMP : A member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

transfer payment: A payment from the government to another level of government

SPORTS

Jeux Canada Games : An annual national athletic competition, with events in summer and winter

murderball : A game in which players in opposing teams attempt to hit their opponents with a large inflated ball

Participation : A private, nonprofit organization that promotes fitness

Stanley Cup, Grey Cup, Briar, Queen’s Plate: Championships in hockey, (Canadian) football, curling and horse-racing

FOOD AND DRINK

all dressed : A hamburger with all the usual condiments on it

drink(ing) box : A small plasticized cardboard carton of juice

Nanaimo bar : An unbaked square iced with chocolate

screech : A potent dark rum of Newfoundland

smoked meat : Cured beef similar to pastrami but more heavily smoked, often associated with Montreal

EDUCATION

bursary : A financial award to a university student (also Scottish and English)

French immersion : An educational program in which anglophone students are taught entirely in French

reading week : A week usually halfway through the university term when no classes are held

residence or res : A university dormitory

Other words have different meanings in Canada, the United States and Britain.

Examples include:

Conclusion

Canadian English is the outcome of a number of factors. It is strongly marked by British English and because of the geographical proximity, Canadian English continues to be shaped by American English. The presence of a large French-speaking minority has also had an effect on Canadian English.