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Pharmacy Practice178
expensive vitamin preparations may have unwanted results.
Without nutrition education the parents may assume that no
other modification to diet is required and therefore neglect
to increase the child’s protein, fat and carbohydrates intake.
To reduce the indiscriminate use pharmacist has to take the
initiative and counsel the patient.
Anti-diarrhea preparation: Usually diarrhea is self-limiting.
So, drugs should be taken only when diarrhea is severe. These
drugs should be taken with a lot of water, electrolyte imbalance
should also be corrected along with it, e.g. ORS should be taken
if patient has been counseled regarding the importance of
dehydration. Also, if fever or bloody diarrhea occurs then
immediately contact the physician.
FDA OTC drug review: The principal focus of the review is
to establish the safety, effectiveness and proper labeling of OTC
medications. The original panels review medication in various
product categories and classify the ingredients into three
categories:
a. Category I: Ingredients are generally recognized as safe and
effective for the claimed therapeutic indication.
b. Category II: Ingredients are not generally recognized as safe
and effective or have unacceptable indications.
c. Category III: Because of insufficient data, the FDA cannot
classify these ingredients into categories I and II.
Conclusion: Rational use of the OTC drugs requires the
systematic approach. Care must be taken to ensure that recom-
mended OTC products are not allowed to particular patients,
e.g. avoid sympathomimetics containing cough or cold prepara-
tions for hypertensive patients. Before choosing an OTC drug
for your ailment one should keep the following things is mind.
Common sense: Do not attempt to treat anything that seems
sure if symptoms persist then contact physician. Take OTC
drugs only when needed, prolonged use should be avoided or
done on physician’s advice. If the symptoms do not subside
even on taking the OTC drug, then contact the physician instead
of doubling the dose. Doubling the dose may do more harm
than good. Last but not least, in case of any doubt regarding
the drug does not hesitate to contact the pharmacist.
Over-the-Counter Drugs Sales 179
ISOLISOL
ISOLISOL
ISOL
AA
AA
A
TED KEY POINTSTED KEY POINTS
TED KEY POINTSTED KEY POINTS
TED KEY POINTS
• OTC drugs are those drugs, which can be sold without
prescription, thus is also called non-prescription drugs.
• OTC drugs are those drugs which are sold without any
prescription. Some OTC medicines are used to relieve aches,
pain of itches some prevent or cure diseases like tooth decay
and athlete’s foot. Some are used to relieve pain and treat
symptoms of common cold, the flu and allergies.
• OTC medicine should never be taken for longer time or in
higher doses than the label recommends.
• There are four most common types of OTC products:
i. Pain reliever
ii. Anti-histamine
iii. Decongestant
iv. Cough medicine
• OTC medicine can help us feel better. But if they are taken
the wrong way they are actually make us feel worse. To use
OTC medicine correctly one should follow the guidelines
below:
i. Talk to the family doctor before taking the OTC
medicines
ii. Know about the medicine.
iii. Know what to avoid while taking the medicine.
iv. Understand generic versus brand name.
• Some groups of people may be particularly liable to have
the side effects associated with OTC product: Children,
older adults, pregnancy and breastfeeding mothers.
• Rational use of medicines refers to the correct, proper and
appropriate use of medicines. Rational use requires that
patients receive the appropriate medicine, in the proper
dose, for an adequate period of time.
• Drug interactions: Although mild and relatively uncommon,
interactions involving OTC drugs can produce unwanted
results or make medicines less effective. It is especially
important to know about drug interactions while taking Rx
and OTC drugs at the same time.
i. A few drug interaction cautions for some common OTC
ingredients.
Pharmacy Practice180
ii. Avoid alcohol if while taking OTC.
iii. Do not use drugs that treat sleeplessness while taking
prescription sedatives or tranquilizers.
iv. Consult with the doctor before taking products contain-
ing aspirin if the person is having diabetes or gout.
v. Do not use laxatives during stomach pain, nausea, or
vomiting.
• Unless directed by a doctor, do not use a nasal decongestant
if the person is taking a prescription drug for high blood
pressure or depression.
• Care to be taken while taking OTC for pregnancy and
breastfeeding: Drugs can pass from a pregnant woman to
her unborn baby.
i. Care to be taken while taking OTC for children: OTC
drugs rarely come in one-size-fits-all. Here are some tips
about giving OTC medicines to children.
ii. Children are not just small adults, so do not estimate the
dose base on their size.
iii. Read the label. Follow all directions.
iv. Follow any age limits on the label.
v. Never let children take medicine by themselves.
• Patient counseling is necessary for OTC drugs when they
are directly purchased from the pharmacy shop without
consultation of the doctor.
• FDA OTC drug review: The principal focus of the review is to
establish the safety, effectiveness and proper labeling of
OTC medications. The original panels review medication in
various product categories and classify the ingredients into
three categories:
i. Category I: Ingredients are generally recognized as safe
and effective for the claimed therapeutic indication.
ii. Category II: Ingredients are not generally recognized as
safe and effective or have unacceptable indications.
iii. Category III: Because of insufficient data, the FDA
cannot classify these ingredients into categories I and II.
Over-the-Counter Drugs Sales 181
PRAPRA
PRAPRA
PRA
CTICE QUESTIONSCTICE QUESTIONS
CTICE QUESTIONSCTICE QUESTIONS
CTICE QUESTIONS
VV
VV
V
erer
erer
er
y Shory Shor
y Shory Shor
y Shor
t Answer Tt Answer T
t Answer Tt Answer T
t Answer T
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questions
1. What is OTC and its significance?
2. What are rules for proper use of OTC?
3. Give four examples of OTC drugs.
4. What are the risks associate with OTC drugs?
5. Give examples for OTC analgesic.
ShorShor
ShorShor
Shor
t Answer Tt Answer T
t Answer Tt Answer T
t Answer T
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questions
1. Give the advantages and disadvantages of OTC drugs.
2. What are the benefits and risks associated with OTC drug
use?
3. Briefly write about OTC counseling questions.
4. Write a note on rational use of OTC drugs.
5. Write a note on misuse and abuse of OTC drugs.
LL
LL
L
ong Answer Tong Answer T
ong Answer Tong Answer T
ong Answer T
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questions
1. What are OTC drugs? What are the legal requirements for
OTC sales?
2. What are the factors to be considered before dispensing
OTC drugs?
3. Explain the different types of OTC drugs with suitable
examples.
Objective TObjective T
Objective TObjective T
Objective T
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questionsype Questions
ype Questions
1. OTC stands for:
A. On the counter B. Over-the-counter
C. On the cover D. Over-the-cover
2. There are_____most common OTC products:
A.1B.2C.3D.4
3. Which of the following does not come under OTC drugs?
A. Pain reliever B. Anti-histamines
C. Antidepressants D. Decongestants
4. According to FDA OTC drug review, OTC medication
ingredients are classified into ______ categories.
5. According to FDA regulations, a drug must be ____ and ____
to be sold OTC.
AnswersAnswers
AnswersAnswers
Answers
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. 3 5. Safe and effective
ORGANIZATION OF DRUG STOREORGANIZATION OF DRUG STORE
ORGANIZATION OF DRUG STOREORGANIZATION OF DRUG STORE
ORGANIZATION OF DRUG STORE
A minimum area of ‘10 square meter’ is required for running
a retail or wholesale drug store. The area should be equipped
with proper storage facility for preserving the properties of
drugs for which the license applied. For the storage of
thermolabile substances such as vaccines, sera, enzymatic
preparations, antibiotics, vitamins, etc., a refrigerator is
required in order to store these drugs at temperature between
2°C and 8°C. There should be sufficient number of storage
racks for storing the drugs and pharmaceuticals. In case of a
pharmacy, the requirements as specified in schedule M, to the
Drugs and Cosmetics Act should be fulfilled.
1. Store is a place where excess material is kept which will be
used as and when required.
2. Store management is “to receive materials, to protect them
while in storage from damage, to issue the material in the
right quantities, at the right time to the right place and to
provide these service promptly and at least cost”.
3. Functions of stores
i. Receipt
ii. Storage
iii. Retrieval
iv. Issue
v. Records
vi. Housekeeping
vii. Control
Drug Store Management and
Inventory Control
19
Drug Store Management and Inventory Control 183
viii. Surplus management
ix. Verification
x. Interaction and coordination
STORASTORA
STORASTORA
STORA
GE CONDITIONSGE CONDITIONS
GE CONDITIONSGE CONDITIONS
GE CONDITIONS
• Drugs are stored in a specially designed secure area or space
(Fig. 19.1).
• Monitor and record the temperature of storage area on daily
basis.
• Store the products as per product storage condition (as per
label) to prevent deterioration of finished product on
storage.
• The storage should not hinder the cleaning and should have
sufficient space for movement of stocks and handling.
Adequate shelving to ensure integrity of the stored drugs:
i. Cold storage facilities
ii. Humidity control
iii. Clean conditions
iv. Sufficient lighting
v. Adequate temperature
Fig. 19.1: Layout of drug store
Pharmacy Practice184
Drugs to be stored under condition that prevent contamina-
tion and “Well closed container” precautions to be taken in
relation to the effects of the atmosphere, moisture, heat as far
as possible, deterioration and “protected from moisture” means
that the product is to be “stored in air tight container”.
“Protected from light” the product is to be stored either in a
container made of material that absorbs light sufficiently to
protect the contents from change induced by sunlight. The
various temperature conditions for storage of drugs as
specified in various schedules are:
i. Room temperature 15°C–25°C
ii. Cold or cool 8°C–15°C
iii. In a refrigerator 2°C–8°C
iv. In a deep freeze (–15°C)
INVENTORINVENTOR
INVENTORINVENTOR
INVENTOR
Y CONTROLY CONTROL
Y CONTROLY CONTROL
Y CONTROL
Inventory means all the raw materials, spare parts, tools,
maintenance consumables, fuels, lubricants, semi-processed
materials, finished goods, etc. recorded in the book of an
organization at any given point of time. Therefore, it is very
important that for the smooth working of the business
organization a sound inventory should be maintained. It should
neither be excessive nor inadequate but it should be of optimum
level.
Inventory is a detailed list of those movable items which
are necessary to manufacture a product and to maintain the
equipment and machinery in good working order. The quantity
and value of every item is also mentioned in the list.
Inventory control is an effective way to keep control over
losses from misappropriation, damage, deterioration,
evaporation and carelessness. This is necessary because
investment in materials constitutes a major portion of the cost
of production and therefore a strict control has to be kept on
inventory.
ImporImpor
ImporImpor
Impor
tance of Inventortance of Inventor
tance of Inventortance of Inventor
tance of Inventor
y Controly Control
y Controly Control
y Control
1. Major part of finance of an industry is spent on inventories.
If inventory is controlled then the industry can earn more
profits.
Drug Store Management and Inventory Control 185
2. Wastage of materials and theft of materials can be checked.
3. If inventory control is maintained then there are no changes
of overstocking, low stocking or out of stock of materials in
the stores.
4. Men, machines and materials are properly utilized.
5. The products can be supplied to the consumers at a short
notice as and when the demand is received.
Economic Order QuantityEconomic Order Quantity
Economic Order QuantityEconomic Order Quantity
Economic Order Quantity
Economic order quantity (EOQ) is a technique by which the
orders of goods to be purchased are placed in such a way that
it gives maximum economy in purchasing of any material
(Fig. 19.2). Nearly 30% of finance is spent on the cost of material
every year. So, as far as possible this cost should be reduced to
minimum. The quantity of material to be ordered at one time
which minimizes the cost is known as economic order quantity
or optimum order quantity. The total cost of material usually
consists of the actual cost of the material, ordering cost and
inventory carrying cost. The actual cost depends on the
minimum cost as determined by inviting the tenders and
quotations. The ordering cost includes the cost of stationery,
typing, postage, filing, telephone, etc. It also includes the
salaries of the staff posted in purchase department, inspection
section and accounts section. The inventory carrying cost as
discussed earlier includes rent of storage, interest, insurance,
Fig. 19.2: EOQ inventory system
Pharmacy Practice186
cost of racks, etc. So, the ordering cost and inventory carrying
cost must also be taken into consideration while placing the
order for purchasing the materials.
At the time of placing the order for the purchase of any
material the most important problem is that how much quantity
of any material is to be purchased at a time. It should not be
too small that frequent purchases are required to be made. In
this way ordering expenses will increase and there will be loss
of trade discount, etc. But on the other hand, if the items are
purchased in large quantities there will be huge investment on
inventories, over stocking and heavy inventory carrying cost.
Hence, it is clear that if fewer quantities are purchased but too
frequently the ordering cost may increase and inventory
carrying cost may decrease but on the other hand, if large
quantities are ordered at a time, the ordering cost may be less
but the inventory carrying cost will be too high. Therefore,
economic order quantity is the most favorable optimum
quantity which should be ordered at a time for the purchase of
each item because of this point a balance is struck between the
acquisition cost and inventory carrying cost. The economic
order quantity may be determined by using the following
formula:
EOQ =
2A.O
C
where EOQ = Economic order quantity
A = Annual consumption
O = Ordering cost per unit
C = Carrying cost per unit
Example: For example the annual consumption of a material is
300 units, the cost of material is 30 rupees per unit and ordering
cost is 50 rupees per unit. The storage and carrying cost is 10%
of inventory value. Find out the EOQ and number of orders
to be placed per year.
Solution: EOQ =
2A.O
C
Carrying cost (C) =
30 10
3
100
Drug Store Management and Inventory Control 187
Here A = 30
O = 50
C = 3
By putting the values in the above formula:
EOQ =
23050
3
=
3000
3
= 31 units
No. of orders =
Total consumption
EOQ
=
300
31
10 orders
It means 10 orders with a gap of 4 months each in a year
may be placed for the procurement of required materials.
ISOLISOL
ISOLISOL
ISOL
AA
AA
A
TED KEY POINTSTED KEY POINTS
TED KEY POINTSTED KEY POINTS
TED KEY POINTS
• Organization of drug store: A minimum area of ‘10 square
meter’ is required for running a retail or wholesale drug
store. The area should be equipped with proper storage
facility for preserving the properties of drugs for which the
license applied. For the storage of thermolabile substances
such as vaccines, sera, enzymatic preparations, antibiotics,
vitamins, etc., a refrigerator is required in order to store
these drugs at temperature between 2°C and 8°C.
• Storage conditions: Drugs are stored in a specially designed
secure area or space.
• The following storage conditions are required
i. Cold storage facilities
ii. Humidity control
iii. Clean conditions
iv. Sufficient lighting
v. Adequate temperature
• “Well closed container” precautions to be taken in relation
to the effects of the atmosphere, moisture, heat as far as
possible, deterioration.
• “Protected from moisture” means that the product is to be
“stored in air tight container”.