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350 Index
fatigue 322
fats 4–7, 138–140
fatty acids 4, 6–7
febrile convulsions 16–17
femoral pulse 27–28
fentanyl 262
ferritin 78
fever 15; rheumatic 306
bre (roughage) 143, 145, 181–182; Purkinje
25–26
brinogen 85–86
broblasts 200, 208
rst pass metabolism 312
ts (absences, petit mal) 234; epilepsy
233–235; febrile 16–18; pregnancy
343–344; tonic-clonic 235, 344
xed dilated pupils 240, 273
accid paralysis 301
avine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 3
exor muscle 297–298
uid balance 121–127, 130; chart 124–127;
children 127
folic acid (folate, vitamin B
9
) see vitamins
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 82–83, 339
food 142–145, 180; poisoning 192–193;
rened 182; in vomit 192
forced expiratory volume (FEV) 104
fovea (of the eye) 268–269
free radicals 74
frontal lobe (of the brain) 221–222
frostbite 19
funduscopy (ophthalmoscopy) 277, 285n
fundus (of the eye) 285n4
gag reex see reexes
gait 299
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) 229, 234;
receptors 324
gangrene (necrosis) 206
gastritis 192
gate control theory (of pain) 251–252
gaze (of the eye) 280
Glasgow coma scale 232–233
glaucoma 274
glial cells 227
globulin 67–68
globus pallidus 291–293
glomerular ltration rate (GFR) 156, 159, 342
glomerulonephritis 171
glomerulus 156, 158–159
glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) 290
gluconeogenesis 4, 6
glucose 2–3, 78, 140–141, 341; transport
molecules (GLUTs) 164, 167
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G-6-PD) 92
glucuronic acid 172
glutamate 228–229
glycerol 4, 6
glycogen 141
glycolysis 2
glycosuria 164–165
glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 92
grand mal t 234–235
granulocytes 91
grey matter 227, 290
growth hormone 82–83, 339
H
1
(histamine) receptor 195, 324
haematemesis 193
haematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV) 91–92
haematuria 168, 171–172
haemodilution 337
haemoglobin-binding protein (Haptoglobin,
HPT) 92–93
haemoglobin (Hb) 90–92; reduced 111
haemolysis 94, 173
haemolytic anaemia see anaemia
haemopneumothorax 100
haemoptysis 110
haemorrhage 55
haemothorax 100
hair: follicles 200–201; loss 327–328
Haldane effect 112
half-life (of drugs) 313–314, 329
headache 326–327
head injury 237–241
heart: anatomy 23–25; block 29, 34; failure 29,
39, 128; murmurs 35; rate 26; sounds 35
heat: exhaustion 16; regulation 10; stroke 16
hemiballism 306
hemiparesis 237, 300
hemiplegia 237, 300
heparin 188
hepatic: failure 193; jaundice 173, 203; portal
vein 194, 313
hepatitis 88
heroin see diamorphine
histamine 56, 195, 205, 248–249, 330
hives see urticaria
homeostasis 1, 10–11
horizontal: diplopia 282; nystagmus 283;
saccades 280
hormones 81–85; in pregnancy 338–340
Horner’s: pupil 276; syndrome 276
human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone
(hCG) 175–176, 191
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes 214
Huntington disease (HD) 306
hyaline membrane disease (HMD) 116
hydrocephalus 239
hydronephrosis 175, 342
hydrostatic pressure (in arterioles) 156
hydrothorax 100
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Index 351
hyoscine hydrobromide 195
hyperchloraemia 132–133
hyperglycaemia 78, 164
hyperkalaemia 133
hyperkinesia 300
hypermagnesaemia 133
hypernatraemia 128, 132–133, 170
hyperpyrexia 11
hypertension 53, 57–62
hyperthermia 11, 16
hyperventilation 107
hypochloraemia 133
hypoglycaemia 78
hypokalaemia 133
hypokinesia 299
hypomagnesaemia 133
hyponatraemia 133, 170
hypotension 53, 62–63, 324–325
hypothalamus 10–11, 15; pituitary-adrenal axis
(HPA axis) 339
hypothermia 10, 12, 19–20
hypovolaemic shock 29, 55, 130
hypoxia 108
ibuprofen 19
ileostomy 187–188
ileum 181
immobility 306–308
immunity 86–88
immunoglobulins (Ig, antibodies) 86–88; IgA
86–87; IgD 86, 88; IgE 86, 88; IgG
86–87; IgM 86, 88
infarction: cerebral 237; myocardial
33–34, 70
infection: (in burns) 213; oral 307; urinary tract
(UTI) 168, 174; (in wounds) 208–209
inammation 129; phase 207; symptoms 207
inammatory bowel disease (IBD) 184
infrared: radiation 10; thermometers 14
inorganic phosphate (PO
4
) 2, 6
insomnia 323–324
inspiratory, centre (in the brain) reserve volume
(IRV) 102, 104
insulin 82–83, 164–167
integumentary system see skin
interleukin 16
intestinal ora 74, 180
intracellular uid 122–124
intracerebral bleed see cerebrovascular
accident (CVA) (stroke)
intracranial pressure (ICP) 239–241
intraocular pressure (IOP) 274
intravenous infusions (IVI) 127
intussusception (of the bowel) 193
iodine 341
ions see electrolytes
iris (of the eye) 269
iron (Fe) 78, 144, 147; binding capacity 78;
deciency anaemia 78, 144
isotonic 160
Jacksonian ts 234
jaundice 173, 203
kappa (κ) receptor 260
Kelvin 12–13
keratin 198
keratinocytes 198
ketoacidosis 79, 166
ketones 7, 79, 166, 168
ketonuria 166
ketosis 166
kidney 47, 155–157; failure 164
kilojoules (KJ) 135
knee jerk reex see reexes
Korotkoff: phases 51–52; sounds 50–52
Krebs cycle (tricarboxylic or citric acid cycle)
2–4, 81
Krebs urea cycle 8
kwashiorkor 136–138
labyrinthine vestibular nystagmus 283
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 81
lactic acid 79
Langerhans: cells (skin) 199; islets (pancreas)
83, 179n3
laryngeal stridor 111
latent: autoimmune disease in adults (LADA)
167; heat 10
lateral: corticospinal tracts 288, 290; geniculate
nucleus (LGN) 270–271
laxatives 184, 186
left ventricular failure (LVF) 109–110
lens (of the eye) 269
leptin 149
leucocyte esterase (in urine) 174
leucocytes 90–92, 174
leukotriene receptor antagonists 118–119
limb observations 21, 27–28, 48, 112,
128
–129, 204, 310
linoleic acid 139, 257
lipase 4, 81
lipolysis 166, 341
lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS, of bacterium) 16
lipoprotein: high-density (HDL) 74;
intermediate-density (IDL) 74;
low-density (LDL) 74; very low-density
(VLDL) 74
liver 193–194; failure 173, 193
lobar pneumonia 109
loop of Henle 158, 160
lower motor neuron (LMN) 251, 288, 290,
296–297
lumbar puncture (LP) 284
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352 Index
lung 98, 100; cancer 110; compliance 110;
infections
110; volumes 101–103
luteinising hormone (LH) 82–83, 339
lymphocytes 90–91; B-cell 90; T-cell 90
macrophage 331
magnesium (Mg) 79, 131–133, 144
malabsorption syndrome 184
malignant: hypertension 54; hyperthermia 16;
melanoma 215–216
maltose 140
marasmus 136
mast cells 330–331
maturity onset diabetes of the young
(MODY) 167
mean: arterial pressure (MAP) 20, 48–49;
corpuscular Hb (MCH) 93; corpuscular
Hb concentration (MCHC) 93;
corpuscular volume (MCV) 93
Meissner’s corpuscles 200–201
melaena 183
melanin 199
melanocytes 199
melanoma see malignant
melatonin 14
Ménière’s disease 189
meninges 238–239
meningitis 242
mercury toxicity 89–90
Merkel cells 201
metabolism 8, 79; copper 77; fat 4
metabolite 312
metabotropic receptors 260–261
midstream urine (MSU) 175
minerals 141, 143–145
miotic (pupils) 276
mitochondrion 5
mitosis 197, 206
mole see nevus
monocytes 90–92
morning sickness 191
morphiceptins 261
morphine 260–261
motor: cortex 223, 289; dyspraxia 301; nervous
system 12; neuron disease (MND) 177,
301–302
movement
287–306; excesses 306; losses
300–305; observations 299–300
mu (µ) receptor 260
multiple sclerosis (MS) 301
muscarinic: antagonists 318; side effects
318–319
muscle 297–299; antagonistic pairs 297–298;
atrophy 302; cardiac 297; diseases
(myopathies) 303; dystrophies 302–303;
extensor 297–298; eye 272; exor
297–298; skeletal 297; smooth 297;
sphincter 297; tone 7, 12, 292, 294–
296, 303–304, 321; wasting 148, 175
myasthenia gravis 302
mydriasis 277
myelin 226–227
myocardial infarction (MI) 34, 55, 70
myocardium 24
myoclonic ts 234
myoglobin 71
nausea 191, 316
necrosis see gangrene
neoplasms 192
nephron 158
nephrotic syndrome 171
neural tube defects 71
neurogenic shock 55
neuroglia 227
neuromuscular junction 299
neuron 224–228
neuropathic pain 247
neurotransmitters 228–229
neutrophils 91–92
nevus (mole) 215
niacin (nicotinic acid) see vitamins
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) 3
nightmares 324
nigrostriatal pathway (of the brain) 304
nil by mouth (NBM) 127
nitrate reductase 174
nitrates 174
nitric oxide (NO) 327, 342
nitrite 174
nitrogen 7–8, 136
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 322
nociception 247–250
nociplastic pain 247
non-purposeful responses 232
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep 323
non-steroidal anti-inammatory (NSAI) drugs
18, 257–259, 317
noradrenaline (norpethidine) 12, 54, 82–83
Norton (pressure sore) scale 210–211
nutrition 135–148; childhood 145–147;
disorders 148–151; elderly 147–148;
observations 151–152
nystagmus 282–283
obesity 150
obstructive respiratory (pulmonary) disease 108
obtundation 231
occipital lobe (of brain) 220–222, 270
occult blood 183–184
oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) 272,
279–280
oedema 128–129; cerebral 129–130;
dependent 129; localised 129; optic
https://t.me/medicina_free
Index 353
disc (see papilloedema); pulmonary
128–129; systemic 128
oesophageal varices 193–194
oestrogen (oestradiol, E2) 83; pregnancy 339
oliguria 164
ophthalmoscope 283
opioid: drugs 259–262, 276; receptors
260, 317
optic: chiasma 269–270; disc 268–269; nerve
(II)
268–269; radiations 270
orbitofrontal cortex (gyrus) 221–222
orexin 149–150
orthopnoea 108
orthostatic hypotension 55
osmosis 123–124
osteomalacia 74, 143
osteoporosis 147, 169
oxygen 97; blood saturation 88–89, 112–113
oxytocin 339
pain 247–252; acute 248; assessment tools
255–256; ’C’ bre 250–252; children
257; chronic 248; ’A’ bre 250–252;
gate control 251–252; genetics 256–
257; inammatory 248; intractable
248; management 257–265; mediators
248–249; neuropathic 247; nociception
247–248; observations 254–255; pain
receptors 249; pathways 250–252;
referred
254–255; signs 254; threshold
249–250
pallor 204
palpitations 29, 319–320
pancreas 164–165
papilloedema 283–284
paracetamol 16, 19, 259
paralysis 299–300; agitans (see Parkinson
disease); accid 300; spastic 300
paraplegia 300
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) 24, 183,
272–273, 318
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 83–84
Parkinson disease (PD) 303–304
Parkinsonism 321–322
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
(PSVT) 34
partial pressure 88, 107–108; of carbon
dioxide (PCO
2
) 88–89 107–108; of
oxygen (PO
2
) 88–89, 107–108
pathogens 208
PCA3 assay test 176–177
peak ow 110
pedal pulse 28
pellagra 72, 142
penguin effect 16
peripheral: nervous system (PNS) 290;
neuropathy 72; pulses 27–28;
resistance (PR) 44–47; temperature 9;
vasoconstriction 45–46; vasodilation
45–46
peristalsis 184, 191
pernicious anaemia 73, 142
pethidine 261
petit mal (absences) see ts
pH 173; blood 88–89; urine 173
pharmacodynamics 312, 314–315; interactions
329–330
pharmacogenetics 312
pharmacokinetics 311–314
pharmacology 311–316
pharmacotherapeutics 312, 315–316
phi (consciousness) 220
pia mater 238–239
pilocarpine 276
plasma: (blood)
65; blood tests 67; proteins 67;
volume 65
platelets see thrombocytes
pneumotaxic centre 105
pneumothorax 100, 109
poliomyelitis 300
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 329
polydipsia 165
polypharmacy 328
polysaccharides 141, 181
polyurea 164
portal: hypertension 193–194; vein 312–313,
334n2
post-hepatic jaundice 173, 203
post-operative: cognitive dysfunction (POCD)
243; delirium 243
postural hypotension 54
potassium (K) 79, 131–133, 145
PQ interval 33
pre-eclampsia 343–344
prefrontal cortex 220–221
pregnancy 175–176, 366; physiological
changes 336–344; test 175–176
pre-hepatic jaundice 173, 203
pressure 47–48; radial 27; rate 26–28; temporal
27–28
pressure sores (decubitus ulcers) 209–211;
scales 210–211
primary: healing 208; irritant dermatitis 214;
motor cortex 287
progesterone 84, 338
progressive: bulbar palsy (PBP) 302; muscular
atrophy (PMA) 302
prolactin 84, 339
prolactinoma 84
proprioception 295, 325
prostacyclins 257
prostaglandins 16, 248–249, 317
prostate cancer 176–177
prostate specic antigen (PSA) 88
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354 Index
protein 136–138; in urine 171
proteinuria 171, 343
proteolytic enzymes 211
prothrombin 85–86
Pseudomonas 169, 174
psoriasis 214–215
psychoactive stimulants 323
psychosis 326
ptosis (lid lag) 276, 281–282, 284
pulmonary: artery 24; circulation 24–25;
oedema
129; valve 24; veins 24;
ventilation rate (PVR) 103
pulse 26–28; brachial 27–28; carotid 27–28;
child 30; dorsalis pedis 27–28; facial
27; femoral 27–28; oximetry 112; pedal
27–28; popliteal 27; posterior tibial
27–28
pupil: Argyll Robertson 276; dilated (mydriasis)
277; Horner’s 276; pinpoint (miotic)
276; pupillary reex (see reexes); size
272–273
putamen 306, 321
P wave 33
pyloric stenosis 192
pyramidal tract system 287–290
pyrexia 11, 15
pyridoxine (vitamin B
6
) see vitamins
pyrogens 16
pyruvate 2–3
QRS complex 33
radial pulse see pulse
radiation (of body heat) 10
raised intracranial pressure (RICP) 106,
129–130, 189, 239–241, 273, 277
rales 111
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 323
rashes 205
reaction types I, II, III, IV 330–331
red: blood cells (RBC) (see erythrocytes);
nucleus (brain stem) 291–292, 296; skin
colour 203
reduced haemoglobin 111
reexes 296–297; arc 296–297; corneal 230;
cough 110; cross extensor 298; gag
189; patella (knee jerk) 297–298;
pupillary 274; vestibulo-ocular (VOR)
281, 325–326; vomit reex centre 188
renal: changes in pregnancy 341–343; colic
175; failure 164; maximum output
164; minimum output 164; stones (see
calculi); system 155–156; threshold (for
glucose) 165
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cycle 47,
170, 343
residual volume (of the lungs) 102,104
respiration 99–102; acidosis 104–105, 109;
centres
104–106; depression 106;
distress syndrome (RDS)
116; external
99; internal 99; neurophysiology
105–106; physiology 99–101;
pregnancy
338; rate 103, 106–107;
sounds
111; tract 98
reticular activating system (RAS) (brain stem) 226
reticulocyte count 93
reticulospinal tract 291–292
retina 268–269; arteries 269, 283–284; veins
269, 283–284
retinol (vitamin A) see vitamins
retinol-binding protein (RBP) 71–72
Reye’s syndrome 19
rhesus factor (D-factor) 94
rheumatic fever 306
rheumatoid factor (RF) 88
rhonchi 111
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 169, 176
rickets 74, 143
right heart failure (RHF) (congested cardiac
failure) 109,
128
rigors 17
rubrospinal tract 292
Rufni’s corpuscles 201
rule of nines (for burns) 212
saccades (of the eye) 280
Salmonella 184
scurvy 73, 143
sebaceous glands 201
secondary: healing 208–209; hypertension 54;
thyrotoxicosis 85
seizures see ts
selenium (Se) 79, 145
semi lunar valves (of the heart) 24
sensory: ataxia 304; cortex 221–224; eye
268–273; feedback nervous system 219
Shigella 184
shock 55; anaphylactic 55–56; burns 213;
cardiogenic 55; hypovolaemic 55;
neurogenic 55; vasogenic 55
shunting (of blood) 109
side effects see drugs
sinoatrial (SA) node (of the heart) 24–25
sinus rhythm (of the heart) 33
skeletal muscle 297
skin 197–205; bruises 55, 205; burns 211–213;
colour 202–204; dehydration (turgor)
130; diseases 213–216; functions 202;
heat loss 10; lesions 204; observations
202–204; rashes 204–205, 327; wounds
205–209
sleep: apnoea 109; insomnia 323; NREM 323;
REM 323; sleep-wake cycle 323
smooth muscle 297
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Index 355
sodium (Na) 79, 131–133, 145; cromoglicate
118; pregnancy 343; in urine 170–171
somatic sensations 221
space-occupying lesion (SOL) 239, 273, 277
spastic paralysis 300
specic gravity (SG, of urine) 169–170
sphygmomanometer 49
spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), cord
290; see also cranial nerves
Staphylococcus 184; S. saprophyticus 161
Starvation 148
statins 75, 324
status epilepticus 234
steatorrhoea 184
stenosis 35; pyloric 192
stoma 187–188
strangulated hernia 192
stratum: corneum 198; germinativum 197,
208; granulosum 198; lucidum 198;
spinosum 197
Streptococcus 306
Stridor 111
stroke: heat 16; volume (SV) 26; see also
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (stroke)
stupor 231
subarachnoid space 238–239
subdural: haematoma 239; space 238–239
substance P (neurokinin-1) 261
substantia: gellatinosa (spinal cord) 251–252;
nigra (brain) 293, 304
sucrose 140
superior: colliculus (brain stem) 278; oblique
muscle (eye) 272; rectus muscle (eye)
272; vena cava 23–24
supra: spinous analgesia 260–261; ventricular
tachycardia (SVT)
33
sweat glands 200–201
Sydenham chorea 306
sympathetic nervous system 11, 24, 45,
272, 318
synapse 227–228, 250
syncope see fainting
synergy 296
systemic circulation 24–25
systole 33, 42
systolic pressure 42–43
tabes dorsalis 304
tachycardia 28–29
tachypnoea 107
temperature 1–22; abnormal 15–18; control
centre (brain) 10–11, 15; scales 12–13
temporal lobe (brain) 221; pulse 28
tension pneumothorax 109
testosterone 84
tetany 144
tetraplegia 300
thalamus (brain) 220, 224, 226, 252–253;
response to pain
252–253
therapeutic window 315–316
thermal injury see burns
thermometers: digital 14; disposable 13;
electronic 14; infrared 14;
mercury 14
thiamine (vitamin B
1
) see vitamins
thrombocytes (platelets) 90–92
thrombosis 85; pre-eclampsia 344
thymus gland 302
thyroid hormone 84–85, 339, 341
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 84,
339, 341
thyrotoxicosis 29, 85
thyroxin-binding globulin 85
tidal volume (respiration) 101–102
tinnitus 189, 322–323
tissue: uid 122–123; perfusion 48, 206
tonic-clonic seizures see ts
total: parental nutrition (TPN) 152; peripheral
resistance (PR) 47–48; temperature
management (TTM) 19–20
trachea 98
tracheostomy 103–104
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
(TENS) 251,264
tremor 303, 306
tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) 2–4
tricuspid valve 23
trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) 290
triglyceride 6, 74, 139, 166
trimesters (in pregnancy) 336
trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) 272
troponins 70
T wave 33
ubiquinone see Coenzyme Q
10
ulcerative colitis 184
unconsciousness 230–233
upper motor neuron (UMN) 288–289
upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
110, 116
urates 169
urea 8, 168; blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 77;
Krebs urea cycle 8
ureters 155–156
urethra 155–156
uric acid 79, 169
urinalysis 168–177; bilirubin 168, 172–173;
blood 168, 171–172; colour 168–169;
creatinine clearance 175; glucose
164–165; ketones 168; leucocytes
174–175; nitrite 174; pH 173–174;
pregnancy 175–176; protein 171;
specic gravity (SG) 169–170
urinary tract infection (UTI) 168–169, 174
https://t.me/medicina_free
356 Index
urine: formation 156–161; output 162; plate
3; retention
319; testing strips 170;
volume
162–164
urinometer 170
urobilinogen (in urine) 172
urticaria (hives) 214
vagus nerve see cranial nerves: cranial nerve X
vasoconstriction 44
vasoconstrictor tone 12, 45
vasodilation 44
vasogenic shock 55
vasomotor centre (VMC) 45–46, 189
ventral respiratory group (VRG) 105
ventricles (of the heart) 23–24
ventricular: arrhythmias 33–34; extra systoles
34; failure brillation 34; septal defect
(VSD) 30
vertical: diplopia (of the eye) 281–282;
nystagmus 282–283; saccades (gaze
shifts)
280
vertigo 189, 324–325, 344
vestibular 188, 190, 325; branch (cranial nerve
VIII) 188, 190; nuclei 189–190
vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
188–189, 231, 295
vestibulo-ocular reex (VOR) see reexes
visual: analogue scale axis (eye) 268–269;
cortex (brain) 223, 270; eld 271, 274;
system
268–271
vital capacity (VC, of the lungs)
102, 104
vitamins 141–143; B
1
(thiamine) 72, 142;
B
2
(riboavin) 72, 142; B
3
(niacin,
nicotinic acid)
72, 142; B
5
(pantothenic
acid)
72, 142; B
6
(pyridoxine) 72–73,
142; B
9
(folic acid) 72–73, 142, 341;
B
12
(cyanocobalamin) 72–73, 142;
blood tests 71–74; C (ascorbic acid)
72–73, 143; D (calcifediol) 72–73,
143; E (tocopherols) 72, 74, 143; K
1
(phylloquinone) 72, 74, 143; A (retinol)
71–72, 142
volvulus 192–193
vomiting 188–189, 191–195, 316; bile 194;
blood 193; faeces 194; food 192–193;
projectile
192; reex centre 188–189
von Economo (VEN) (spindle cells)
224–225
water 121–124; balance 124–127
Waterlow (pressure sore) scale 210–211
white: blood cells (see leucocytes); matter
(myelin) 227, 290
Wilson disease 77
wounds 205–209; factors affecting
206–207; healing 207–209;
infections 208–209
zinc (Zn) 79, 145
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