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© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
F. R. Pérez-López (ed.), Postmenopausal Diseases and Disorders,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13936-0_6
J. Lyra (*)
Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
P. Vieira-Baptista
Hospital Lusíadas Porto, Porto, Portugal
Lower Genital Tract Unit, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
6
Vulvar Dermatoses andMenopause
JoanaLyra andPedroVieira-Baptista
6.1 Introduction
Vulvar dermatoses are inammatory conditions, frequently associated with itching
and burning. Concomitant extragenital involvement may also be present in some
cases. The diagnosis is usually clinical. Occasionally, there can be superimposed or
associated conditions, such as lichen simplex chronicus and lichen sclerosus, which
can add to the diagnostic challenge [1].
Vulvovaginal symptoms such as pruritus, pain, and dyspareunia are a common
cause for gynaecological referral. They are estimated to affect, approximately, one
in ve women [2]. Considering that these symptoms are often chronic, with a grad-
ual onset and persistence over time, one must always consider the presence of der-
matologic conditions as a cause. The initial approach to these complains should
always include a systematic physical examination and an inquiry about symptoms
onset, duration, location, aggravating and alleviating factors, as well as possible
precipitating or known risk factors [3]. Although the diagnosis may be complex,
mainly when different conditions coexist, a systematic evaluation of the symptoms
may simplify this process. The challenge of diagnosis in postmenopausal women is
aggravated, as the signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy can overlap with
those of a dermatosis—and both situations often coexist. More recently, the creation
of the “genitourinary syndrome of menopause” increased the risk that vulvar dis-
eases will be missed or ignored and thus not receive appropriate management [4].
Vulvar dermatoses can be subdivided in nonscarring, e.g. atopic and contact der-
matitis and lichen simplex chronicus, and scarring dermatosis, e.g. lichen sclerosus
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and lichen planus. The International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Diseases
(ISSVD), in 2006, divided vulvar dermatoses into eight different histological pat-
terns: spongiotic, acanthotic, lichenoid, dermal homogenization/sclerosis, vesicu-
lobullous, acantholytic, granulomatous, and vasculitic [5]. This classication was
aimed at being clinically practical and transversal to all medical specialities work-
ing in the eld. When the clinician is able to directly make a diagnosis, there is no
need to resort to the classication. When that is not the case, a biopsy can be taken,
and two new scenarios arise: either the pathologist provides a diagnosis or he is
unable to do so and categorizes it into one of those patterns. In the latter case, the
clinician evaluates again the clinical aspects inside that pattern and may reach a
diagnosis [6].
In 2011, a new ISSVD terminology was approved, based on clinical ndings
(colour, type of dermatological lesion [pustules, patches, ulcers, etc.], surface, mar-
gination, and conguration). This approach leads to eight morphological groups
(skin-coloured lesions, red lesions [patches and plaques], red lesions [papules and
nodules], white lesions, dark-coloured lesions, blister, erosions and ulcers, and
oedema), narrowing the diagnostic options [7]. In our opinion, both documents are
useful and complimentary in daily clinical practice.
In this chapter, the most common vulvar dermatoses (Table6.1) encountered in
postmenopausal women will be discussed, including lichen simplex chronicus,
lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, psoriasis, and atopic and contact dermatitis.
6.2 Vulvar Dermatoses
6.2.1 Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) is a nonscarring, chronic inammatory skin disor-
der, representing the most common symptomatic vulvar condition. It is considered
a localized variant of atopic dermatitis, and in 65–75% of patients, a history of an
allergic condition can be identied [3]. LSC accounts for up to 35% of patients’
visits to vulvar specialty clinics, but its prevalence remains unknown. It can be
found at any age, but it is typically more common in mid- to late adult life [8].
The cardinal symptom is intense pruritus, worsening during the night and that
may disturb sleep [1]. It can rst be triggered by a wide variety of initiating pro-
cesses that cause skin irritation, such as environmental factors (e.g., clothing, chem-
ical, heat, perspiration), infections (e.g. candidosis), and other vulvar dermatoses
(e.g. lichen sclerosus), as well as neurological and psychiatric disorders that pro-
mote repetitive scratching. In any case, an itch-scratch cycle is promoted which
leads to skin thickening and additional irritation. Besides pruritus, women usually
complain about pain associated with the excoriations from the scratching process
[3]. Scratching is described as relieving or even pleasuring—but inevitably followed
by worsening.
On physical examination we can observe (Fig. 6.1) erythematous or white
lichenied plaques with irregular borders, with or without excoriations, that
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Table 6.1 Comparison of vulvar dermatosis in menopause
Presentation Lesion characteristics
Histopathologic
pattern (ISSVD 2006)
Treatment
Lichen simplex
chronicus
Intense pruritus,
worsening during the
night, pain
Sometimes asymmetrical
Erythematous or white lichenied
plaques and/or excoriations in labia
majora
Hypopigmented areas that can
become hyperpigmented
Acanthotic pattern 1. Avoidance of irritants, barrier
protection
2. High potency topical corticosteroids
3. Antihistamines, tricyclic
antidepressants, or selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors
4. Calcineurin inhibitors
Lichen sclerosus Pruritus and/or burning in
the vulvar and perianal
area
Pain, soreness,
dyspareunia, and dysuria
Reddish papules/ivory patches,
hyperkeratosis
Fissures, erosions, ulcerations,
oedema, hypo-/hyperpigmentation
“Figure of 8” or “key hole sign”
Introital stenosis, phimosis, fusion
and resorption of the labia minora
Lichenoid pattern
Dermal
homogenization/
sclerosis pattern
1.
Avoidance of irritants, barrier
protection
2.
High potency topical corticosteroids
3. Calcineurin inhibitors
4. Antihistamines, tricyclic
antidepressants
5. Systemic treatments:
steroids+methotrexate, retinoids
methotrexate alone and cyclosporine
Lichen planus Dyspareunia, burning,
vaginal discharge, and
postcoital bleeding
White, reticulate, lacy, or fernlike
striae (Wickham striae) adjacent to
erythematous epithelium
Pruritic, purple, shiny papules
Vaginal involvement
Synechiae, obliteration of the vagina
Lichenoid pattern 1.
High potency topical corticosteroids
2.
Calcineurin inhibitors, systemic
steroids, immunomodulators,
methotrexate, and retinoids
(continued)
6 Vulvar Dermatoses andMenopause
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