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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5834_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
140
D
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
(DCCT) 125, 127
pancreatic islet cell transplant 129
Diabetes mellitus
pancreas transplantation 125, 127
renal failure 17
renal ultrasound 17
Dialysis
historical aspects 4
peritoneal, pediatric renal transplant 43
suitability assessment 18−19
see also Hemodialysis
Diaphragmatic paralysis 103
Diastolic flow, renal transplantation
color Doppler ultrasound 30−31
spectral Doppler analysis 31
Diet, renal failure 18
Diuretics 18
Donor supply see Organ supply
Doppler ultrasound
acute liver failure 86
color Doppler see Color Doppler ultrasound
hepatic artery
resistance index (HARI) 86
stenosis 94−95
thrombosis 92−93
hepatic vein 82
hepatic venous outflow obstruction 121
normal renal vessels 16
pediatric renal transplant 48
pediatric renal vasculature investigation 47
power Doppler ultrasound see Power Dop-
pler ultrasound
renal artery 31
thrombosis 33−34, 48
renal failure 16
renal transplantation 16, 23, 29−31
postoperative management 48
renal vein thrombosis 33−34, 35, 48
spectral Doppler analysis see Spectral Dop-
pler analysis
see also individual structures/complications
E
Embolization, trans-catheter, in renal biopsy
56
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogra-
phy 80, 121−122
Endoscopy 133−134
Enteric leak 134
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma 111
Epstein−Barr virus 51
Ethical concerns, historical aspects 2
F
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma 86
recurrence 110
ultrasound assessment 86, 87
Fine-needle aspiration 120
pancreas transplant 129
Fluid collection, ultrasound
liver transplant 101, 102
drainage 120
renal transplants 35, 56−57
drainage 56−57
Focal nodular hyperplasia 78
Fungal infections 51
G
Gallbladder, liver transplantation 71, 72
Gallbladder conduit technique 72
Gastrointestinal bleeding 134
Glomerular filtration rate, pediatric renal
transplant outcome 52
Glomerulonephritis 17
recurrent, post-renal transplant 40
Glomerulosclerosis
focal segmental 50
membranoproliferative 50
Gorer, Peter 3
Graft-versus-host-disease
liver transplantation 108
small bowel grafts 135
H
Heart transplants 7−8
Hematoma formation, liver transplant compli-
cation 101
Hemodialysis
historical aspects 7
pediatric renal failure 43
see also Dialysis
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (atypical), pedi-
atric 50
Hemorrhage
liver transplant complication 101
pancreas transplant complication 126
renal transplant complication 35
pediatric 48
small bowel/multivisceral transplant 134
Hepatectomy, partial 77
Hepatic abscess 101, 102, 107, 108
Hepatic arterial anastomosis 72
Hepatic artery 69−70
angiography 92, 94, 105
balloon angioplasty 121
color Doppler ultrasound 84, 90, 93, 105
normal 90
imaging 82−83
liver transplantation complications
early postoperative 90−91
long-term 105−106
normal anatomy and variations 69−70
normal Doppler waveform 90, 93
preoperative interventional radiology 117
spectral Doppler 90, 93, 93 106, 96, 105
transarterial therapy of HCC 119
Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm 95−97, 121
angiography 95
percutaneous needle biopsy 96
ultrasound 95, 96
Hepatic artery resistance index (HARI) 86
Hepatic artery stenosis 105−106, 120−121
arteriography 99
Doppler ultrasound 94−95
Hepatic artery thrombosis 91−94, 102, 120−121
B mode imaging 92
collateral formation 91
computed tomographic arteriography 94
computed tomography 92
Doppler ultrasound 92−94, 102
microbubble contrast 91, 92
pediatric 102
spectral Doppler analysis 91−93
Hepaticojejunostomy 72
Hepatic veins 69, 82, 84, 99
cirrhosis 84
color Doppler 84, 99
Doppler ultrasound 82
thrombosis, spectral Doppler analysis 99
Hepatic venous outflow 69
obstruction/stenosis 121
Hepatitis 20
Hepatitis B 64−65
immune clearance phase 65
immunotolerant phase 64
liver transplantation 65
reinfection and management 65
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), carriers 20
Hepatitis C 64
cirrhosis 64
diagnosis 64
liver transplantation 64
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), carriers 20
Hepatoblastoma 87
pediatric 112
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 76−77, 79−80
chemotherapy 119
cirrhosis and 77, 80, 84
color Doppler ultrasound 79, 110
interventional radiology 119
lipiodol angiography 119
microbubble contrast 79
pediatric 87, 110
recurrence 110, 112
temporary control (preoperative) 119
ultrasound appearances 77
Herpes simplex infection 51
Histocompatibility genes, historical research 3
Histocompatibility testing, renal transplanta-
tion 27
Historical aspects, transplantation 1−12
1920s and 1930s 2−3
1970s 8−9
1990s 10−11
ancient times 1
chemical immunosuppression 4, 6−7
cyclosporine 9−10
dialysis 7
experimental kidney transplants 4−5
heart transplants 7−8
middle ages 1−2
multivisceral transplantation 131
organ assessment and imaging 3−4
organ supply 11
pancreas transplant 125
plastic surgery 1, 2
radiation effects 4, 6
rejection mechanism 4
skin grafting 1, 2
tissue typing 7
twin studies 5, 6
vascular surgery 2
xenografting 11
HIV-infection, liver transplantation 67, 68
HLA antigens
antibodies, pediatric 46
renal graft acceptance 27
Human Organ Transplant Act (1989) 21
Hunter, John, transplant research 2−3
Hydronephrosis 9, 28−29, 35
first urogram image 7
ultrasound 14, 28−29
Hyperacute rejection 7
Hypertension 40
pediatric 52
portal 81, 87, 98
renal failure 18
I
Imaging
historical aspects 3−11
see also individual imaging techniques
Immunological aspects
histocompatibility testing 27
historical research 2, 5
Immunological screening tests, renal failure
17−18
Immunosuppression 28
historical aspects 4, 6−7, 10−11
long-term treatment risks 20
pancreas transplant 127−128
pediatric 48
renal transplantation 28
small bowel transplant 132
Infection, postoperative complication
liver transplant 108−109, 120
pancreas transplant 126
pediatric 50
renal transplant 35−36, 40, 48
small bowel/ multivisceral transplant 135
Inferior vena cava
anastomosis 71−72, 73
color Doppler ultrasound 99, 108
thrombosis/stenosis 108
Informed consent, interventional radiology 55
International Islet Transplant registry 128
Interventional radiology
historical aspects 7, 9
liver transplant 117−124
postoperative 119−123
preoperative 117−119
renal transplant 55−60
biopsy 41, 50, 55−56
see also Renal biopsy
calculus disease 56
fluid collections/abcesses 56−57
nephrostomy 57−58
obstruction 57
patient preparation 55
renal artery angioplasty 60
renal artery stenosis 58−60
techniques 55
ureteric balloon dilatation 58
ureteric stenting 58
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunt 117−119
Intravenous urogram (IVU), historical aspects
5, 6
Isolateral renal transplantation, procedure 23−
24
Isotope scanning 10, 51
historical aspects 8
Index
141
K
Kidney
liver transplant complications 108
normal ultrasound 13, 16
polycystic disease 13, 14, 15
see also entries beginning Renal
King’s College criteria, liver transplant in acute
liver failure 65−66
L
Lipiodol angiography, hepatocellular carci-
noma (HCC) 119
Lipiodol-iodine-131 therapy 119
Liver
abscess 101, 102, 107, 108
anatomy 69−70
blood supply 69
cirrhosis see Cirrhosis of liver
parenchymal imaging 76−80
volume assessment 87
Liver diseases, chronic 61−65
alcohol-related 63
autoimmune hepatitis 63−64
liver transplant, preoperative ultrasound 76−
86
primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) 61−62, 77
primary sclerosing cholangitis 62−63
viral hepatitis 64−65
see also individual diseases
Liver failure, acute 65−66
auxiliary liver transplant 74
criteria for transplant 65−66
liver transplant, ultrasound assessment 86
Liver nodules, ultrasound 76−80
cirrhotic 76
malignant 77−80
microbubble contrast medium 77−79
Liver−small bowel transplantation 131
Liver transplantation
acute liver failure 65−66
chronic liver disease 61−65
see also Liver diseases, chronic
complications
biliary 100−101, 109, 121−122
infectious 120
nonvascular 99−102, 108−114
pediatric 102−103
renal 108
vascular 90−99, 105−108, 120−121
contraindications 68, 87
goals 61
indications 61, 62
interventional radiology 117−124
long-term ultrasound follow-up 105−116
malignancy after 122
pediatric see Pediatric liver transplantation
postoperative ultrasound (early) 90−104
preoperative evaluation 66−68
goals 67
preoperative ultrasound assessment 67, 76−
89
acute liver failure 86
chronic liver disease 76−86
fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma 86
liver volume assessment 87
living related donors 87
pediatric 86−87
rejection 99−100, 108
color Doppler ultrasound 99−100
interventional radiology 120
surgical techniques 69−75
anastomoses see Anastomoses
auxiliary 74−75
living related transplant 74
pediatric see Pediatric liver transplantation
reduced transplant 73
split liver see Split liver transplantation
standard technique 71, 90, 117
variations 71−72
Liver tumors
computed tomography 77
metastatic 79, 111
microbubble contrast 78
ultrasound 79−80, 111−113
see also Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Lymphoceles 35, 51, 56−57
urological obstruction 51
Lymphocytes cross-match test 27
Lymphocytic antigens (HLA) see HLA antigens
Lymphoma 51
M
Magnetic resonance angiography 21
hepatic artery thrombosis 94
pediatric renal vasculature 47
renal investigation 21
Magnetic resonance imaging
fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma 86
renal failure 17
Magnetic resonance venography 67
portal vein 81
Mayo model
primary biliary cirrhosis 62
primary sclerosing cholangitis 63
Medawar, Peter 4−5
Merrill, John 6
Mesocaval shunt 86
Metabolic acidosis 126
Methylprednisolone 132
Microbubble contrast ultrasound
hepatic artery
pseudoaneurysm 96
stenosis 94−95
thrombosis 91, 92, 93
hepatic vein 82
hepatocellular carcinoma 79
liver nodules 77−79
liver tumors 78, 79
portal vein thrombosis 81
Multivisceral transplantation 131−138
donor operation 132
postoperative care 132−133
recipient operation 132
rejection 134, 135, 136
Murray, Joseph 6
N
Nephrectomy, pediatric 47
Nephrography, historical aspects 3−4
Nephrolithotomy, percutaneous 56
Nephrostomy
drainage, renal obstruction 34
procedure 57−58
Neuroendocrine tumors 111
Nitrogen mustard 6
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas 122
O
Obesity 19
OKT3 127−128
Organ supply 27, 74
historical aspects 11
Oxalosis 20
pediatric 50
P
Pancreas after kidney transplant (PAKT) 126
Pancreas enlargement, after liver transplant
101
Pancreas transplantation 125−130
color Doppler ultrasound 127
complications 126−128
early 126−127
late 127
in diabetes mellitus 125, 127
future directions 129
immunosuppression 127−128
indications 125
islet cell transplant 128−129
long-term outcomes 126
patient selection 125
rejection 126
spectral Doppler analysis 127
technical aspects 125−126
Pancreatic islet cell transplantation 128−129
criteria for success 129
Parvus tardus arterial waveform
hepatic artery stenosis 94, 95
renal venous thrombosis 35
Pediatric liver transplantation 66
complications 102−103
contraindications 87
disease recurrence after 110, 112
indications/contraindications 66, 67
surgical techniques 72−73
ultrasound assessment 86−87
Pediatric renal transplantation 43−54
acute rejection, diagnosis 49
complications 48−52
contraindications 46
graft biopsy 49−50
graft dysfunction 49
graft function 52
graft loss 52
causes 45
growth chart 44
hemodialysis 43
living related donor 44
outcomes 52
peritoneal dialysis 43
postoperative management 48
preemptive transplant 44−45
pretransplant investigations 46−47
renal failure, chronic 43
surgery 48
survival rates 52
Kaplan−Meier survival plots 45, 46
ultrasound investigation 47−48, 49, 51
young recipient 45−46
Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) 119
Percutaneous needle biopsy, hepatic artery
pseudoaneurysm 96
Peritoneal dialysis, pediatric 43
Piggy-back technique, liver transplantation 71−
72, 73
Plastic surgery, historical aspects 1, 2
Pleural effusions, liver transplant complication
101−102
Polycystic kidney disease 13, 14, 15
Portal hypertension 81, 87, 98
Portal vein 69, 74, 80−82, 106
anastomoses, color Doppler ultrasound 98
B mode imaging 97−98
color Doppler 90, 92
gas 99
imaging 80−82
interventional radiology 117, 121
liver cirrhosis 80−81
long-term liver transplant complications 106
normal color Doppler 90
occlusion 80, 97−98, 106, 107
venous flow assessment 81−82
Portal vein stenosis 97−98, 107, 121
pediatric 106
ultrasound 98, 107
Portal vein thrombosis 80−82, 98, 117
B mode imaging 81
color Doppler 80, 82, 97−98
interventional radiology 117, 121
liver cirrhosis 80
microbubble contrast 81
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunt 119
Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning 67
Postoperative complications see specific trans-
plantations
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
113−114, 122
recurrence, liver transplant 113−114
renal transplant complication 51
small bowel/ multivisceral transplant 135
Power Doppler ultrasound
liver tumors 78
renal artery stenosis 37
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) 61−62, 77
prognostic variables 62
recurrence 111
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 62−63
radiology role 63
recurrence 63, 109
Pseudoaneurysm
hepatic artery see Hepatic artery pseudo-
aneurysm
renal transplant 56
Pulsatility index (PI), Doppler ultrasound 30
Pyelonephritis, chronic 17
R
Radiation, historical aspects 4, 6
Radiofrequency thermal ablation 119
Radiology, interventional see Interventional
radiology
Rejection
historical research 4
see also individual transplantations
Renal artery
aneurysm 10
angioplasty 10, 60
Doppler ultrasound 31
normal ultrasound 16
Index
142
Renal artery disease 16
Renal artery stenosis 10, 36−38
angiogram 58−59
branch stenosis 38
Doppler ultrasound 37−38
historical aspects 8
interventional radiology 58−60
management 58−60
pediatric 36, 48
renal transplant complication 36−37
pediatric 48
Renal artery thrombosis 33
renal transplantation complication 32, 33
pediatric 48
trauma-induced 33, 34
ultrasound role 33, 34, 48
Renal biopsy
angiography 56
arteriovenous fistula 56
complications 55−56
pediatric 49−50
renal failure 18
Tracker system 56
transcather embolization 56
ultrasound guidance 10, 41, 50, 55−56
Renal calculus disease 56
Renal complications, liver transplant 108
Renal cysts 13−16, 35
formation, ultrasound detection 14, 15, 36
polycystic disease 13, 14, 15
Renal failure, chronic 13−18
assessment for renal replacement therapy
18−19
causes 16, 17
diabetes 17
drug-induced 17
investigations 13−18
creatinine measurement 13, 19
Doppler ultrasonography 16
immunological screening tests 17−18
magnetic resonance imaging 17
renal biopsy 18
ultrasound 13−15, 17−18
urea measurement 13
pediatric 43
see also Pediatric renal transplantation
transplantation see Renal transplantation
treatment 18
Renal malignancies, postoperative complica-
tion 51−52
ultrasound 41, 51
Renal obstruction
interventional radiology 57
postoperative complication 34−35, 57
Renal pelvis, dilatation, ultrasound 49
Renal rejection
acute 32, 39
pediatric 49
chronic 39, 40
color Doppler ultrasound 32−34, 39−40, 49
spectral Doppler analysis 39, 49
Renal replacement therapy
assessment 18−19
see also Dialysis; Renal transplantation
Renal transplantation
abscess 35, 56−57
assessment for 19−20
cadaveric 19−20, 27
allocation of organs 19
assessment 19−20
contraindications 19−20
noncompliance risk 20
complications
early 31−36, 56−57
late 36−41
long term 40−41
postoperative 20−21, 31−41
see also Renal rejection
delay in function 26
donor kidney 23
histocompatibility testing 27
historical research
experimental transplants 4
first transplant 3
rejection mechanisms 4
twin studies 5
immunosuppression 28
indications and contraindications 27
interventional radiology 55−60
see also Interventional radiology
life expectancy of transplant kidney 27
live donor 20−22, 27
guidelines 20−21
pediatric transplants 44
recipient assessment 20
live donor assessment 20−21
contraindications 21
exclusion criteria 21−22
imaging techniques 21
unrelated donor 21
pediatric see Pediatric renal transplantation
postoperative considerations 26, 28
preoperative management 28
rejection see Renal rejection
surgery 23−26, 28
transplant procedure 23−26
anastomoses see Anastomoses
contralateral renal transplant 23−24
intraperitoneal approach 28, 48
isolateral renal transplant 23−24
retroperitoneal iliac approach 28
typical incisions 24
wound closure 25−26
ultrasound
8,
29
B mode imaging 28−29
color Doppler 29−31
Doppler 16
r
ole in delayed function 32, 33
Renal vein thrombosis 10, 33−34
diagnostic criteria 34
pediatric transplant complication 48
spectral Doppler analysis 35
transplantation complication 32, 48
ultrasound appearance 34, 35
waveforms 34, 35
Renovascular disease 16
Resistive index (RI) 30, 33
hepatic artery 86, 93
hepatic artery stenosis 94
hepatic artery thrombosis 93
portal vein thrombosis 98
Retrograde pyelograms, historical aspects 3, 5
Retroperitoneal hematoma 24
Roux-en-Y-loop 105−106, 111
choledochojejunostomy 102−103
S
Sarcoidosis 112
Sedation, for interventional radiology 55
Seldinger technique 120
Sepsis
liver transplant 120
urinary 57
Short gut syndrome 131, 136
Simultaneous kidney and pancreatic transplan-
tation (SKPT) 125−126
survival rate 126
Skeletal surveys 8−9
Skin grafting, historical aspects 1, 2
Small bowel transplantation 131−138
anastomosis 132
complications
early 134−135
late 135
donor operation 132
future directions 135
immunosuppression 132
indications 131
monitoring 133−134
patient selection 131−132
postoperative care 132−133
recipient operation 132
rejection 134, 135, 136
acute 134
chronic 135, 136
Solumedrol 132
Spectral Doppler analysis 37−38
arteriovenous fistula 39
biliary complications 101
Budd−Chiari syndrome 83
delayed renal function 32, 33
diastolic flow, renal 31
hepatic artery 90, 93 105, 106
stenosis 94−95
thrombosis 91−93
hepatic vein 84
thrombosis 99
hydronephrosis 29
pancreas transplant 127
portal vein 81−82
stenosis 107
thrombosis 82
renal artery stenosis 37−38
renal rejection 39, 49
renal venous thrombosis 35
Spiral computed tomography 121, 122, 123
Split liver transplantation 73
complications 102
historical aspects 11
Staphylococcus aureus 36
Starzl, T.E. 5, 6
Stenting, renal transplant 58−59
Steroids 48, 127−128
historical aspects 6
resistance 49
Stimulated acoustic emission (SAE) techniques
77, 78, 79
T
Tacrolimus
pancreas transplant 128
pediatric 48
small bowel and multivisceral transplants
132
toxicity 35, 39, 49
Thrombosis
pancreas transplant 126
renal transplant complication 19, 33−34
pediatric 48
small bowel/multivisceral transplant 134
see also individual arteries/veins
Tissue typing, historical aspects 7
Tracker system, renal biopsy 56
Transcatheter embolization, renal biopsy 56
Transhepatic intrajugular portosystemic shunt-
ing 67
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
(TIPSS) 83, 85−86
angiogram 118
B mode imaging 85
Budd−Chiari syndrome 118
color Doppler 85
flow characteristics 85
before liver transplantation 117−119
portal vein thrombosis 119
Twin studies, historical aspects 5, 6
U
UK Renal Association, donor guidelines 20
Ultrasound
early use 8, 9
historical aspects 8, 9−10
see also individual modes and transplanta-
tions
Unrelated Live Transplant Regulatory Authority
21
Urea measurement, renal failure 13
Ureteral stenosis 52
Ureteric anastomosis 25, 28
Ureteric balloon dilatation, renal transplant 58
Ureteric stenting 58−59
Urinary infection 39, 57
pancreas transplant 126
Urinary leak, renal transplant complication 35
Urinary tract, pediatric renal transplant work-
up 46−47
Urinoma 35
Urogram image, first kidney transplant 7
Urological complications, renal transplant
urinary leak 9, 41, 51
urinary obstruction 9, 51
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) 62
V
Varicella 51
Vascular anastomoses, renal transplant 25
Vascular investigation, pediatric, renal 47
Vascular surgery, historical aspects 2
Vascular thrombosis see Thrombosis
Viral infection
postoperative complication 50−51
recurrence after liver transplant 110
screening 46
X
Xenografting 11
Z
Zoom videoendoscopy 133−134
Index