ответ по вступительному испытанию по английскому в магистратуру МГУ 2026 год вариант 5

1. c

2. b

3. c

4. a

5. b

6. c

7. b

8. a

9. c

10. a

11. b

12. a

13. a

14. b

15. a

16. a

17. a

18. a

19. a

20. d

21. Modified, remains

22. Were the results announced, had been aimed

23. Has been influencing, are still debated

24. Concludes, will have been waiting

25. Is stored, is not compromised

26. Have been published, began

27. Had been being observed, went

28. Wished to have checked

29. Were made to clean

30. Is believed to result

31. Has been reported to help

32. Is said to have written

33. can

34. must

35. Have to

36. can

37. should

38. would

39. must

40. Should

41. may

42. Shouldn’t

43. Are supposed to

44. may

45. Will

46. Did not mislable, wouldn’t have to

47. Discovers, will the outcome differ

48. Has been, does it have

49. Attends, are observed

50. Feels, interrupts

51. Had provided, would be

52. An, -, a, the

53. The, the, -, the

54. The, -, -, the

55. -, the, the, the

56. Much, another

57. Few, none

58. Others, few

59. Neither, another

60. Neither, little

61. focus

62. Redundancy effect

63. learning

64. Neuroimaging

65. Experts

66. no

67. no

68. yes

69. yes

70. no

Essay.

1. Is human behaviour primarily the result of genetic heritage or environmental conditioning?

The long-standing debate over whether human behaviour is shaped primarily by genetic inheritance or environmental patterns - commonly referred to as the “nature-nurture” - remains one of the most fundamental questions in psychology. While early perspectives tended to favour one side over the other, contemporary research suggests that neither genes nor environment operate in isolation. This essay argues that human behaviour is best understood as the product of a dynamic interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental influence, rather than the result of either factors alone.

There is a substantial evidence that genetic factors contribute significantly to individual differences in behaviour. Twin studies, for instance, consistently demonstrate that monozygotic twins raised apart exhibit remarkable similarities in personality traits, intelligence and even susceptibility to mental disorders. Furthermore, advances in behavioral genetics have identified specific gene variants associated with traits such as novelty seeking and aggression. However, the percent of a genetic predisposition does not guarantee its expression. Genes merely provide a biological potential that may or may not be activated.

Conversely, the environmental influence is equally powerful in shaping behaviour.

From early attachment relationships to cultural norms and educational experience, the environment provides the context within which genetic potenials are either facilitated or suppressed. For example, children raised in nurturing and intellectually stimulating environment tend to develop higher cognitive and emotional competencies, than those raised in deprived conditions, even when the genetics endowments are similar. Moreover, epigenetics research has demonstrated that environmental factors such as chronic stress or nutrition deficiency can modify gene expression without altering the underlink DNA sequence.

Modern psychology has largely moved beyond the nature-versus-nurture dichotomy in favour of an interactionist model. According to these views, genetic and environmental factors constantly influence each other throughout individual’s development. For instance, a child genetically predisposed to high sociability may actively seek out social interactions, thereby exploring the very environment that further reinforces that trait - a process known as gene-environment correlation. Consequently, the developmental trajectory of any individual cannot be reduced to either genes or environment alone.

In conclusion, while both genetic heritage and environmental conditioning play crucial roles in shaping human behaviour, neither is sufficient to explain the complexity of psychological development. The accumulating evidence from behavioral genetics, epigenetics and developmental psychology strongly supports the interactionist perspective. Ultimately, it is the continuous bidirectional interplay between nature and nurture that produces the rich diversity of human behaviour.