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3 Carbohydrate-Based Antiviral Vaccines
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
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this system appear to be critical for the stimulation and activation of antigenspecific cellular and humoral immune responses. The proprietary, saponinbased Matrix M™ adjuvant has shown potent and welltolerated immunostimulatory effects by inducing the influx of APCs into the site of injection and enhancing antigen presen­tation in the lymph nodes[200, 201]. Notably, MatrixM has been licensed as part of Novavax recombinant nanoparticle subunit vaccine (NVAXCoV2373) derived from the Sprotein, acting by boosting Bcell and Tcell immunity for elicitation of more potent immune responses while also enabling dosesparing[202]. NVXCoV2373has been successfully evaluated in clinical trials, demonstrating high vaccine efficacy against several SARSCoV2 variants with an acceptable safety profile [203, 204], which has led to its recent approval by the European Medicines Agency. This saponin adjuvanted proteinbased vaccine highlights the promise of saponin adjuvants and subunit vaccines to prevent not only traditional but also emerging viral diseases, including COVID19 and potential new pandemics associated with further coronavi­rus infections.
3.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Viral glycosylation is a process mediated by the hostcell machinery that decorates the surface proteins of several pathogens with cell glycans, including the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of HIV1, hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) of influenza virus, the envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2) of HCV, the glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV, the coronavirus glycoprotein spike (S), and others. This protein glycosylation is characterized by high structural variation and is essential for the viral lifecycle and pathogenesis, playing a key role in specific viral functions such as hostcell attachment and entry, infectivity, and replication. Moreover, these viral carbohy­drates form a glycan shield that has important implications for host immune responses to infection, protecting internal protein epitopes from immune recogni­tion while also exposing potential targets for vaccine and drug development. For instance, the conserved oligomannosetype Nglycans of some envelope glycopro­teins involved in transinfection and immune evasion also serve as neutralizing antibody epitopes or binding receptors for CBAs to fight against viral infection.
Despite significant recent research on the development of carbohydrate vaccines and therapies against viral diseases, much further work is needed for the translation of additional glycanbased candidates into clinical applications in humans. Increased knowledge of viral glycobiology and sitespecific protein glycosylation, as well as a better understanding of the immunological basis that drives viral diversity, will aid in guiding the rational design of nextgeneration vaccines and antiviral ther­apeutics in the future.
Acknowledgments
Funding from the European Research Council (ERC2016STG716878 “ADJUV ANT VACCINES”) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State
References
Research Agency (MCIN/AEI) (CTQ201787530R, RYC201517888 to A.F.T.; PRE2018085772 to A.P.) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. Iñaki Bastida for assistance with the preparation of the manuscript. A F.T. thanks Raquel Fernández for inspiration.
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