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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5424_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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Chapter 8 Use of Natural Compounds in Food Preservation .................................229
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8.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 230
8.2. Process of Food Deterioration ......................................................... 232
8.3. Classification of Natural Preservatives ............................................. 234
8.4. Main Constituents ........................................................................... 237
8.5. Mode of Action of Natural Preservatives .........................................237
8.6. Application of Natural Products in Foods ........................................ 238
References .............................................................................................242
Index .....................................................................................................247
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LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 1.1. Structures of the purine alkaloids caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, and
paraxanthine
Figure 1.2. Tropane amino alcohols
Figure 1.3. The tropane alkaloids (S)-hyoscyamine and (S)-scopolamine occur only in
the Solanaceae family
Figure 1.4. Erythroxylum alkaloids
Figure 1.5. Structures of calystegines A
Figure 1.6. The five major structural types of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In plants, these
alkaloids occur mostly in form of their N-oxides
Figure 1.7. Four representative structures of quinolizidine alkaloids
Figure 1.8. Example structures of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Figure 1.9. Different classes of monoterpene indole alkaloids
Figure 1.10. Schematic overview of shikimate and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
Arrows with dashed lines indicate multiple biosynthetic reactions. Boxed compounds
are phenylpropanoids
Figure 1.11. p-Coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol are the building
blocks of lignins and lignans
Figure 1.12. Lignans of various origin
Figure 1.13. Phenylpropanoid and benzenoid volatiles
Figure 1.14. Different types of polyketide alkaloids
Figure 1.15. Schematic overview of terpene biosynthesis in plants [DMAPP:
dimethylallyl diphosphate; DXP: desoxyxylulose phosphate; FPP: farnesyl diphosphate;
GGPP: geranylgeranyl diphosphate; GPP: geranyl diphosphate; IPP: isopentenyl
diphosphate; MVA: mevalonate]
Figure 1.16. Hemiterpene structures
Figure 1.17. Mono- and bicyclic monoterpenes derived from geranyl diphosphate
(GPP)
Figure 1.18. Linear and cyclic sesquiterpenes
Figure 1.19. Structures of diterpenes
Figure 1.20. Sterols derived from 2,3-oxidosqualene
, B1, and B
3
2
Figure 1.21. Triterpene and steroid saponins
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Figure 2.1. Ancient extraction pot
Figure 2.2. Sumerian text (2100 BC)
Figure 2.3. Annual growth rates (1997–2002)
Figure 2.4. Active pharmaceutical ingredient’s market share
Figure 2.5. Natural plant extracts in Europe (2002)
Figure 2.6. Secondary metabolites recovery methods
Figure 2.7. Sage cultivation tests at DLR Rheinpfalz
Figure 2.8. Ursolic (a); and oleanoic acid (b)
Figure 2.9. In S. officinalis, triterpene content is shown (A, B) and S. lavendulifolia; (C,
D) after each cut. First (A, C), second (B, D)
Figure 2.10. Pre-treatment at 298 K (pH = 7, pH = 3, and pH = 12)
Figure 2.11. For counter-current solid extraction, a right-angled triangular diagram
Figure 2.12. True moving bed chromatography
Figure 2.13. Simulated moving bed chromatography (SMB)
Figure 2.14. Annular chromatography (a) principle; (b) photo
Figure 2.15. Carrousel absorbers (CSEP ®)
Figure 3.1. Structures of (a) berberine; (b) matrine; (c) verticine; (d) verticinone; and
(e) puqietinone
Figure 3.2. Structures of (a) rhynchophylline; (b) piperine; (c) jatrorrhizine; and (d)
marine
Figure 3.3. Structures of (a) vincristine; (b) tetrahydropalmatine; (c) xylopinine; (d)
roemeine; (e) cepharanthine; (f) palmatine; and (g) lycorine
Figure 3.4. Structures of alkaloids: (a) morphine; and (b) atropine
Figure 3.5. Structure of tubocurarine
Figure 3.6. Structure of colchicine
Figure 3.7. Structure of quinine from Cinchona species
Figure 3.8. Plant of caffeine and its structure and pure form (powdered caffeine)
Figure 3.9. Structure of nicotine
Figure 3.10. Structure of strychnine
Figure 4.1. The simple skeleton structure of flavonoids and their classes
Figure 4.2. Flavonoid classes, subclasses, and natural sources
Figure 4.3. The structural formula of anthocyanins
Figure 4.4. The organic structure of chalcones
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Figure 4.5. Aggregate representation of roles of flavonoids in numerous bioactivities,
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agriculture, and human health [AChE: acetylcholinesterase; BACE-1: β active site
cleavage enzyme; BChE: butyrylcholinesterase; NDM-1: New Delhi Metallo-β-
lactamase-1; H1N1: haemagglutinin 1 neuraminidase 1]
Figure 5.1. The multiplicity of C27-phytoecdysteroids inside the same structural entity
Figure 5.2. Structure of Ajugasterone D
Figure 5.3. Structure of Vitexirone
Figure 5.4. The structural formula of the 26-OH-polypodine
Figure 5.5. The structural formula of the 22-deoxy-20,26-diOH-ecdysone
Figure 5.6. Structure of Inokosterone
Figure 5.7. Structural formulas of (a) Calonysterone; (b) Calonysterone; (c)
Calonysterone; and (d) Pinnatasterone 24-(pyrrol-2-carboxylate)
Figure 5.8. Structural formulas of (a) Podecdysone C; (b) Polypodosaponin; (c)
Stachysterone D; (d) Ecdysterone 2,3-acetonide; and (e) Ecdysterone 20,22-acetonide
Figure 5.9. Instances of C-29 phytoecdysteroids: (a) Makisterone C; and (b) Makisterone
D
Figure 5.10. Ecdysterone biosynthesis in Ajuga reptans and Polypodium vulgare:
Recommended early steps
Figure 5.11. Biosynthesis of spinach ecdysteroids: The endogenously biosynthesized
ecdysone-3-phosphate and ecdysone are transformed to 20-hydroxyecdysone
Figure 5.12. Detoxification mechanisms for the phytoecdysteroids in insects
Figure 5.13. Main metabolic paths of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the mice
Figure 5.14. Main metabolic paths of 20-hydroxyecdysone in mice
Figure 6.1. Triterpene structural formula
Figure 6.2. Some bioactive pentacyclic triterpenes chemical structures
Figure 6.3. Pentacyclic triterpenes extracted from Euphorbia microsciadia (1–3)
Figure 6.4. Rajendran et al. analyzed the chemical compositions of betulinic acid
derivatives
Figure 6.5. Cao et al. analyzed the chemical properties of oleanolic acid prodrugs
Figure 6.6. Chemical structure of Bevirimat and 23-hydroxy botulinic
Figure 6.7. Cao et al. studied the chemical structure of oleanolic acid derivatives
Figure 7.1. Sources of drug-delivery system
Figure 7.2. Diagram of drug delivery systems
Figure 7.3. Different types of the delivery system, appropriate for use with
biotherapeutics and natural products
Figure 7.4. Comparison of conventional and nanocarriers based novel drug delivery
systems
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Figure 8.1. The methods of food conservation
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Figure 8.2. Elements affecting food deterioration
Figure 8.3. Natural additives employed in cheese making, derived from plants
Figure 8.4. Food technologies and additives employed in traditional staple foods
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LIST OF TABLES
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Table 2.1. Annual market growth for natural products as projected
Table 2.2. API in plants
Table 2.3. Yield and quality in Salvia officinalis
Table 2.4. Solvents with maximal residue content and foodstuffs
Table 2.5. Residues present in artificially flavored products
Table 2.6. Solvents (Class 2) in pharmaceutical products
Table 2.7. Solvents (Class 3) that should be limited
Table 2.8. Solvents that have no adequate toxicological data
Table 4.1. Flavonoids, their classes, and rich dietary sources
Table 5.1. Some of the ecdysteroids pharmacological effects on the mammals
Table 5.2. Ecdysteroid existence in some medicinal plants or food plants
Table 6.1. Water/octanol partition coefficients (pow; shows as a log pow) of pentacyclic
triterpenes
Table 6.2. Gerbeth et al. published the mean of apparent permeability coefficient values
for boswellic acids
Table 6.3. Pharmacokinetic parameters of betulinic acid and betulinic acid derivatives
in various formulations
Table 8.1. Categorization of organic products attained from plants
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
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AChE Acetylcholinesterase
AD Alzheimer’s Disease
ADCs Antibody-Drug Conjugates
BHA Butylhydroxyanisole
BHT Butylhydroxytoluene
CNS Central Nervous System
COX Cyclo-Oxygenase
CSEP Chromatographic Separations
DMAPP Dimethylallyl Diphosphate
DXP Desoxyxylulose Phosphate
FMP Proton Motive Force
FPP Farnesyl Diphosphate
G Guaiacyl
GA Gum Arabic
GGPP Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate
GPP Geranyl Diphosphate
GRAS Generally Recognized as Safe
HMG-CoA 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA
HSD Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase
IPP Isopentenyl Diphosphate
ISEP Ionic Separations
KCZ Ketoconazole
LAB Lactic Acid Bacteria
LC3B Light Chain-3β
LLC Liquid-Liquid Chromatography
MEP Methylerythritol Phosphate
MIAs Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids
MVA Mevalonic Acid
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NF-κB Nuclear Factor Kappa-B
NP Normal Phase
OPCH Oleanolic Acid Phospholipid Complex
PDE Permitted Daily Exposure
R&D Research and Development
RNA Ribonucleic Acid
RP Reversed-Phase
S Syringyl
SEC Size Exclusion Chromatography
SERCA Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase
siRNA Short-Interfering RNA
SMB Simulated Moving Bed
TLR4 Toll-Like Receptor 4
TMB True Moving Bed
VCR Vincristine
XO Xanthine Oxidase
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