Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5933_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

We know that copper is a crucial element which imparts a key role in human health; to establish a recommended limit, it is mandatory to know the concentration of copper in terms of surplus and deficiency in biological activities. In the continuation of ongoing attempts to fix the copper quantity in human diet, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) recommended 1.5 to 3.0mg copper for adults per day [12]. The board also suggested that the present data on copper is enough to calculate the range of requirement, but not sufficient to establish a Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) [12, 13]. An amount of copper more than the 1.5 to 3.0mg daily intake in diet is toxic and responsible for the malfunctioning of the human system [12, 13]. The delay in notifying the significance of copper was finally pointed out by Klevay and Medeiros in 1996 [14]. They re-evaluated the previous ten versions of the recommended per day guidelines and found that the recommended amount of copper per day in 1943 was 1–2mg, which was significantly different from the 1958 recommendation of 2mg per day for adults. On the other hand, in 1989 [11] recommended intake of copper was again found to be 1.2mg per day for male adults and 0.9mg/day for females, which was quite low compared to the recommended 2mg per day. The intake value kept on changing from time to time by different agencies like 2mg/day by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1.5–3mg by Natural Research Council (1989), followed by the WHO suggesting 10mg/day consumption as the reasonable higher side limit of copper [12]. Suddenly, a decrease in an intake value to 0.9mg/day became a central discussion due to a much lower recommended value [11]. But in 2010, Chambers et al.’s [15] find­ings recommended an optimum consumption of copper to be 2.6mg/day to avoid copper deficiency. The recommended low intake of copper was not an acceptable value as the estimated routine loss of copper is about 1.3mg per day [11]. In active males, there is additional 0.34mg/day loss of copper due to sweating, shown by Jacob in 1981 [16]. Keeping in view all the facts, Hoogenraad [17] reported that a normal person’s intake of a higher quantity of copper has an unimportant or no effect on its absorption because under normal conditions, the amount of copper absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract is generally ∼0.5mg per day and the remaining amount of copper from dietary intake is directly eliminated without entering pathways of absorp­tion. The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences recommends daily copper amounts according to age, 0–6months: 0.2mg; 6–12months: 0.22mg; 1–3years: 0.34mg; 4–8years: 0.4mg; 9–13years: 0.7mg; 14–18years: 0.89mg; for adults: 0.9mg; pregnant women: 1.0mg and breast feeding women: 1.3mg [18]. The Board also recommends around 10mg for adult men and women per day as the higher