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246

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Subject Index 249

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Subject Index

Allcock test 171 Amytal test 67

anaesthesia 183 anastomoses, dangerous 128 aneurysms 77–83, 143–237 – angiography, cerebral 171–173 – anterior communicating artery 198–201 – asymptomatic aneurysms 160–161, 176 – AVM 77–83, 149–150 – balloon occlusion, intracranial aneurysms 185, 218 – – detachable 185 – – undetachable 185 – basilar trunk aneurysms 216–217 – cardiac myxoma 156 – carotid bifurcation 197 – cavernous ICA 192 – cerebral ischemia and infarction 159–160 – classiﬁ cation – – Fisher’s grading scale 164 – – Hess’ classiﬁ cation 180 – – Hunt’s classiﬁ cation 180 – cocaine abuse 156 – coils 185–187 – CT 162–164 – dissecting (see there) 145–147, 210 – distal anterior cerebral artery 202–203 – elderly 220–221 – endovascular treatment (see there) 175, 180–184, 228–230 – etiology 152 – false 144 – feeding artery (FAA) 77–78 – fusiform 147 – genetic component 153 – giant aneurysms 218–219 – incidence / incidental aneurysms 153, 160 – infectious 147–149 – inﬂ ammatory 149 – intracranial (see there) 143–237 – intranidal (INA) 45, 79 – middle cerebral artery 204 – MRA 165, 169–171, 235 – MRI 165–169 – multiple aneurysms 221–225 – mycotic 148 – neoplastic / oncotic 149 – paraclinoid 192 – paraophthalmic 192 – pathogenesis 152 – pediatric aneurysms 220 – pericallosal artery 202–203

– posterior cerebral artery 213–214 – posterior inferior cerebellar artery 215–216 – prevalence 153 – pseudoaneurysms 144 – radiation-induced 149 – rebleeding 154, 157 – relatives 151–153 – remnants 225 – remodelling technique 192, 196 – rupture 230 – saccular 144–145 – screening 152, 169, 171, 174, 177, 178 – seizures 158 – serpentine 147 – sickle cell disease 156 – stents 188–189 – supraclinoid 197 – surgical clipping 175 – tip of the basilar artery 206–209 – transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) 174–175 – traumatic (see also false aneurysms) 149 – treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms 179–180 – true 144 – unidentiﬁ able cause 173–174 – unrupted aneurysms 176–179 – vasospasm 159 – vertebral aneurysms 210–212 – vertebrobasilar aneurysms 204–205 angiitis, inﬂ ammatory transmural 149 angiogeneses 43 angiography – AVM, CT angiography 49 – capillary telangiectasia 32 – cavernoma 19 – DAVMs 124–126 – DVA 10 – intracranial aneurysm 171–173 – – rotational angiography 171–173 – spinal angiogram 156 angiomas – cavernous (see also cavernomas) 15 – developmental venous angiomas (see also DVA) 1–12 angionecrosis, onyx 89 anterior fossa DAVMs 125 antiﬁ brinolytic drugs, intracranial aneurysm 157 APEH (acute postembolization hemorrhage) 74, 76–77 arteriovenous ﬁ stula (see AVF) 39, 83, 155 arteriovenous – dural arteriovenous malformations (see DAVMs) 101–137 – ﬁ stula (see AVF) 39 – pial arteriovenous malformations (see AVM) 39–92

250 Subject Index

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artery / arterial – AVM – – angioctasia, 47 – – stenosis 47 – arteriovenous (see there) – DAVMs, transarterial embolization 128–130 – dissection, arterial (see also dissecting aneurysms) 145–147 – feeding artery – – aneurysm (FAA) 77–78 – – pressure 46–47 aspergillosis 148 aspirin 183 AVF (arteriovenous ﬁ stula) 39 – direct 83 – dural 155 – SAH 155 AVM, pial arteriovenous malformations 39–92 – aneurysms (see there) 77–83, 149–150 – arterial – – angioectasia 47 – – stenosis 47 – arteriovenous ﬁ stula (see AVF) 39 – biology 43 – classiﬁ cations 61–62 – complete cure 86 – CT angiography 49 – embolization (see there) 66–92 – – partial embolization 86 – epidemiology 40–41 – epilepsy 48 – focal deﬁ cits 43, 48–49 – genetics / genetic predisposition 41–42 – headache 43, 48 – – chronic 43 – hemodynamics 42–48 – hemorrhage 43–44 – incidence 40 – MRI 49 – multiple 41 – natural history 47 – neurosurgery 62 – nidus 39 – pathology 41–42 – pathophysiology 43 – prevalence 40 – radiosurgery (see there) 63–66 – ruptured 60–61 – screening 42 – seizure 43 – spinal 156 – spontaneous obliteration 44 – therapeutic algorithm 92 – unruptured 61

B balloon – angioplasty 233 – occlusion, intracranial aneurysms 185, 218 – – detachable 185 – – undetachable 185 Bendu-Blanc-Dechaume syndrome 41

blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome 9

Bonnet-Blanc-Dechaume syndrome 41 Borden classiﬁ cation, DAVMs 116

brain-stem cavernomas 27

capillary telangiectasia, cavernomas 27–36 – angiography 32 – contrast enhancement 34 – CT 32 – deoxyhemoglobin 34 – differential diagnosis 34 – incidence 27 – MRI 32, 34 cardiac myxoma 156 catheter, ﬂ ow-guided 73 cavernomas / cavernous hemangiomas 2, 15–36 – angiography 19 – angiomas, cavernous 15 – brain-stem 27 – capillary telangiectasia (see there) 27–36 – cavernous sinus DAVMs, CCCF 108 – classiﬁ cation, pathological 17 – coincidence – – of cavernous malformation 5 – – with DVA 3 – CT appearance 19 – differential diagnosis 19 – growth 16 – headache 18 – hemorrhage 17 – hereditary 16 – imagning protocol 21 – incidence 17 – malformations, cerebral cavernous 15 – MRI 20 – multiple 17 – observation 25 – radiosurgery 25 – relationship with DVA 2 – seizures 17–18 – sporadic 16 – surgical excision 25 – therapy 23–27 central retinal vein thrombosis 128 cerebral ischemia and infarction 159–160 – cavernous malformations 15 – capillary malformation 16 – global cerebral ischemia 159 classiﬁ cation – AVM 60–61 – – Nataf classiﬁ cation 61 – – Spetzler and Martin classiﬁ cation 61 – cavernomas, pathological classiﬁ cation 17 – DAVMs 116 – – Borden classiﬁ cation 119 – – Cognard classiﬁ cation 116 – – Djindjan classiﬁ cation 116 cocaine abuse, intracranial aneurysm 156 Cognard classiﬁ cation, DAVMs 116 coils, intracranial aneurysm 185–187 – hydrogel-coils 187

Subject Index 251

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– TriSpan (three-dimensional coils) 187 combined malformations 5 complications, endovascular treatment of aneurysms 228–230 – ischemic 228 compressions, manual 127 connective tissue disorders 152 crack-like vessels 104 cryptic vascular malformations 15 CT – aneurysms 164 – – CT angiography 164 – AVM, CT angiography 49 – capillary telangiectasia 32 – cavernomas 19 – DAVMs 121–122 – DVA 9 – SAH 162–164 cyanoacrylate / NBCA embolization (see also histoacryl)

68–69, 73, 189

dangerous anastomoses 128 DAVMs (dural arteriovenous malformations) 101–137 – angiography 124–126 – anterior fossa DAVMs 125 – cavernous sinus DAVMs, CCCF 108 – classiﬁ cations (see there) 116 – CT 120–122 – embolization 128–133 – – transarterial 128–130 – – transvenous 130–133 – etiology 101–104 – hemodynamics 106 – location 105–106 – morphology 104–105 – MRI 122–124 – myelography 120 – pathogenesis 101–104 – radiosurgery 135 – sigmoid sinus DAVMs 110 – signs and symptoms 106 – sinus recanalization 133–135 – spinal 105–106, 111, 122–126, 135 – therapy 126 – transverse DAVMs 110 deep venous drainage 46 deoxyhemoglobin, capillary telangiectasia 34 dextrose solution 74 diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), MRI 60, 230 diseases (see syndromes) [named syndromes only] dissection, arterial / dissecting aneurysms (see also aneurysms) 145–147, 210 – SAH 145 Djindjan classiﬁ cation, DAVMs 116 dolichoectasia 147 Doppler sonography, transcranial (TCD), intracranial aneu-

rysm 174–175 drainage – deep venous 46 – retrograde venous drainage 116 – ventricular drainage 157

dural arteriovenous – ﬁ stulae 155 – malformations (see DAVMs) 101–137 DVA (developmental venous anomalia) 1–12 – angiographic characteristics 10 – cavernomas (see also there) 3, 15–36 – coincidence with cavernoma 3 – – relationship with cavernous hemangiomas 2 – CT 9 – headache 7 – hemorrhage / hemorrhage rate 2–3, 6 – hydrocephalus 9 – malformations 11 – – coincidence of cavernous malformation 5 – – natural history of cerebral developmental venous malformations 4 – MRA 11 – MRI 9 – multiple 9 – pregnancy 12 – radiosurgery 11 – scanning protocol 9 – seizures 4, 7 – surgical resection 11 – thrombosis 8 – trigeminal neuralgia 4 DWI (diffusion weighted imaging) MRI 60, 230

elderly, aneurysms in 220–221 electrothrombosis, intracranial aneurysm 191 embolization 66–92 – APEH (acute postembolization hemorrhage) 74, 76–77 – cyanoacrylate / NBCA embolization (see also histoacryl)

68–69, 73, 189 – DAVMs – – transarterial embolization 128–130 – – transvenous embolization 130–133 – embolic complication 68 – ﬂ ow-guided catheter 73 – intranidal 68 – partial embolization 86 – PVA embolization 68 – Serbinenko balloon embolization 180 endocarditis 147 endothelial – cell disruption, embolization 42 – growth factor 1 endovascular treatment, intracranial aneurysm 175, 180–184 – complications 228–230 epilepsy, AVM 48 estradiol levels 103

FAA (feeding artery aneurysm) 77–78 false aneurysms 144 familial occurrence, aneurysms 151–152 feeding – artery aneurysm (FAA) 77–78 – artery pressure 46–47 – pedicles 126 – vessels 44

252 Subject Index

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ﬁ brinolysis 133 ﬁ bromuscular dysplasia, intracranial aneurysm 145, 152 Fisher’s grading scale, intracranial aneurysm 164 ﬁ stula, arteriovenous (see AVF) 39, 83, 155 FLAIR 165 ﬂ ow-guided catheter 73 fMRI (functional MRI), AVM 60

GDC 185 genetic predisposition, AVM 41 glueing, limits of 69

headache – AVM 43, 48 – – chronic 43 – cavernomas 18 – DVA 7 – thunderclap headache 152, 164 hemodynamic stress 144 heparin 183 heretitary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) 41 heterotropia 8–9 HHT (heretitary hemorrhagic telangiectasia) 41 histoacryl embolization (cyanoacrylates / NBCA) 68–69, 73,

189 – catheter rupture 74 – complications 74 – concentration 73 hydrocephalus – DVA 9 – intracranial aneurysm 157 hydrogel-coils 187 hyperemia syndrome, occlusive 75 hypertension, venous 104

imaging protocol, cavernomas 21 INA (intranidal aneurysm) 79 incidence / incidental – aneurysms 153, 160 – of AVM 40 – of cavernoma 17 infectious intracranial aneurysms 147–149 inﬂ ammatory aneurysms 149 intracranial aneurysms (see also aneurysms) 143–237 – angiography, cerebral 171–173 – anterior communicating artery 198–201 – asymptomatic aneurysms 160–161, 176 – balloon occlusion, intracranial aneurysms 185, 218 – – detachable 185 – – undetachable 185 – basilar trunk aneurysms 216–217 – carotid bifurcation 197 – cavernous ICA 192 – cerebral ischemia and infarction 159–160 – classiﬁ cation – – Fisher’s grading scale 164 – – Hess’ classiﬁ cation 180

– – Hunt’s classiﬁ cation 180 – coils 185–187 – CT 162–164 – dissecting aneurysm 145–147, 210 – distal anterior cerebral artery 202–203 – distribution 150 – endovascular treatment (see there) 175, 180–184, 228–230 – epidemiology 152–153 – etiology 152 – fusiform aneurysms 147 – genetic component 153 – giant aneurysms 218–219 – incidence / incidental aneurysms 153, 160 – infectious 147–149 – inﬂ ammatory 149 – intracranial 197 – middle cerebral artery 204 – MRA 165, 169–171, 235 – MRI 165–169 – multiple aneurysms 221–225 – neoplastic / oncotic 149 – paraclinoid 192 – paraophthalmic 192 – pathogenesis 152 – pathology 144–152 – pediatric aneurysms 220 – pericallosal artery 202–203 – posterior cerebral artery 213–214 – posterior inferior cerebellar artery 215–216 – prevalence 153 – radiation-induced 149 – rebleeding 154, 157 – relatives 151–153 – remnants 225 – remodelling technique 192, 196 – rupture 230 – saccular aneurysms 144–145 – screening 152, 169, 171, 174, 177–178 – stents 188–189 – supraclinoid 197 – surgical clipping 175 – tip of the basilar artery 206–209 – transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) 174–175 – traumatic (see also false aneurysms) 149 – treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms 179–180 – unidentiﬁ able cause 173–174 – unrupted aneurysms 176–179 – vasospasm 159 – vertebral aneurysms 210–212 – vertebrobasilar aneurysms 204–205 intranidal – aneurysm (INA) 79 – embolization 68 ISAT study, intracranial aneurysm 157, 175–176, 205, 226, 236 ISUIA 160, 177, 221

kidney disease, polycystic 152

leak, intracranial aneurysm, warning leak 152 limits of gluing 69 lumbar puncture 163

Subject Index 253

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malformations – AVM (arteriovenous malformations) 39–92, 149–150 – capillary telangiectasia, transitional malformations 34 – cavernomas 15–16 – – cerebral capillary malformation 16 – – cerebral cavernous malformations 15 – – cryptic vascular malformations 15 – DAVMs (dural arteriovenous malformations) 101–137 – DVA 11 – – coincidence of cavernous malformation 5 – – natural history of cerebral developmental venous malformations 4 malignant transformation 126 Marfan syndrome 152 MARS group study 178

Matas maneuver 127 Medusa head 9

microshunts 102, 104 migration deﬁ cits 7 MRA – DVA 11 – intracranial aneurysm 165, 169–171, 235 – – recurrent aneurysm 235 MRI / MRI sequences – AVM 49, 60 – capillary telangiectasia 32, 34 – cavernomas 20 – DAVMs 122–124 – DVA 9 – DWI (diffusion weighted imaging) MRI 60, 230 – functional MRI (see fMRI) 60 – intracranial aneurysm 165–169 – perfusion MRI 60, 230 – T2-weighted 3, 5 mycotic aneurysms 148

papaverine 233 pediatric aneurysms 220 perfusion MRI (see also MRI) 60, 230 perimesencephalic hemorrhage, intracranial aneurysm 154,

173

pheochromocytoma, intracranial aneurysm 152 pial arteriovenous malformations (see AVM) 39–92 polycystic kidney disease 152 pregnancy, DVA 12 pseudoaneurysms 144 PVA embolization 68

radiosurgery – AVM 62–66 – – AVM volume 64 – – complications 65 – – neurologic deﬁ cits 65 – – recurrence 66 – – re-irradiation 66 – – target determination 64 – cavernomas 25 – DAVMs 135 – DVA 11 rebleeding, aneurysms 154, 157 relatives of patients with cerebral aneurysms 151–152 remnants, intracranial aneurysm 225 remodelling technique, intracranial aneurysm 192, 196

Rendu-Osler disease 32 Rendu-Osler-Weber disease 41–42

retinal vein thrombosis 128 rotational angiography, intracranial aneurysm 171–173 rupture, aneurysm 230 vasospasm 230

Nataf classiﬁ cation, AVM 61 natural history of cerebral developmental venous malforma-

tions 4

NBCA / cyanoacrylate embolization (see also histoacryl)

68–69, 73, 189 neoplastic / oncotic aneurysms 149 neuroﬁ bromatosis, intracranial aneurysm 152 neurosurgery, AVM 62 nidus, AVM 39 – intranidal aneurysm 45 – nidus size 45 normal pressure perfusion breakthrough 62, 75

obliteration rate 64 occlusive hyperemia syndrome 75 ocular symptoms 127 oligodendroglial aggregation 42 oncotic / neoplastic aneurysms 149 onyx 87–89, 189 – angionecrosis 89 – toxicity 89 – vasospasm 89

saccular aneurysms 144–145 SAH (subarachnoid hemorrhage) 144, 152–188 – angiography, cerebral 171–173 – arterial dissection 145 – balloon occlusion, intracranial aneurysms 185, 218 – – detachable 185 – – undetachable 185 – classiﬁ cation – – Fisher’s grading scale 164 – – Hess’ classiﬁ cation 180 – – Hunt’s classiﬁ cation 180 – coils 185–187 – complications 157 – CT 162–164 – – CT angiography 164 – dissecting aneurysms 145 – dural arteriovenous ﬁ stulae 155 – intracranial aneurysm 152–158 – MRA 165, 169, 235 – MRI 165–169 – recurrent 154 – remodelling technique 192, 196 – rupture 230 – saccular aneurysms of spinal arteries 156

254 Subject Index

https://t.me/med1917

SAH (subarachnoid hemorrhage) (Continued) – screening 152, 169, 171, 174, 177, 178 – stents 188–189 – transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) 174–175 – treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms 179–180 – unidentiﬁ able cause 173–174 screening – AVM 42 – intracranial aneurysm 152, 169, 171, 174, 177–178 seizures – AVM 43 – cavernoma 17–18 – DVA 4, 7 – intracranial aneurysm 158 Serbinenko balloon embolization 180 serpentine aneurysms 147 sickle cell disease, intracranial aneurysm 156 sigmoid sinus DAVMs 110 sinus – DAVMs – – cavernous sinus DAVMs, CCCF 108 – – sigmoid sinus DAVMs 110 – thrombosis 103 – – sinus-venous thrombosis 157 Spetzler and Martin classiﬁ cation, AVM 61 spinal – angiogram 156 – AVM 156 – DAVMs 105–106, 111, 122–126, 135 stents, intracranial aneurysms 188 subarachnoid hemorrhage (see SAH) 144, 152–188 surgical clipping, aneurysm 175 syndromes / diseases [named only] – Bendu-Blanc-Dechaume 41 – Bonnet-Blanc-Dechaume 41 – Marfan 152 – Rendu-Osler 32 – Rendu-Osler-Weber 41–42 – Wyburn-Mason 41

T2 gradient echo sequence 9 T2 weighted MRI sequences 3, 5 TCD (transcranial Doppler sonography), intracranial aneu-

rysm 174–175

telangiectasia – capillary (see capillary telangiectasia) 27–36 – heretitary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) 41

thrombosis – central retinal vein thrombosis 128 – DVA 8 – electrothrombosis 191 – sinus thrombosis 103 – – sinus-venous thrombosis 157 – venous 104 thunderclap headache, intracranial aneurysm 152, 164 tinnitus 34 toxicity, onyx 89 transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), intracranial aneu-

rysm 174–175 transitional malformations, capillary telangiectasia 34 transverse DAVMs 110 traumatic aneurysms (see also false aneurysms) 149 trigeminal neuralgia, DVA 4 TriSpan (three-dimensional coils) 187 true aneurysms 144 twins 174

unrupted cerebral aneurysms 176–179

vasculogenesis 43 vasospasm 163 – intracranial aneurysm 159 – onyx 89 vene / venous – arteriovenous (see there) – deep venous drainage 46 – developmental venous anomalia (see DVA) 1–12 – dural arteriovenous malformations (see DAVMs) 101–137 – embolization (see there) 130–133 – hypertension 104 – natural history of cerebral developmental venous malformations 4 – occlusion / venous occlusive disease 1, 103–104 – retrograde venous drainage 116 – thrombosis 104 ventricular drainage, intracranial aneurysm 157

Wa da test 60, 67 warning leak, intracranial aneurysm 152 wedge position 69 Wyburn-Mason syndrome 41

List of Contributors 255

https://t.me/med1917

List of Contributors

Christophe Cognard, MD Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Therapeutique Hôpital Purpan Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Place du Docteur-Baylac 31059 Toulouse Cedex France

Arnd Dörﬂ er, MD Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Neuroradiology University of Essen Hufelandstrasse 55 45122 Essen Germany

Michael Forsting, MD, PhD Professor of Neuroradiology Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Neuroradiology University of Essen Hufelandstrasse 55 45122 Essen Germany

Wilhelm Küker, MD Department of Neuroradiology University of Tübingen Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3 72076 Tübingen Germany

Laurent Pierot, MD Service de Radiologie Hôpital Maison-Blanche 45 rue Cognacq-Jay 51092 Reims Cedex France

Laurent Spelle, MD Département de Neuroradiologie interventionelle et fonctionelle Fondation A. de Rothschild 25–29 Rue Manin 75940 Paris Cedex France

István Szikora, MD Professor of Neuroradiology Nagybányai ut 86/b 1025 Budapest Hungary

Isabel Wanke, MD

Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Neuroradiology University of Essen Hufelandstrasse 55 45122 Essen Germany

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