Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5642_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

by the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines that have been developed, produced and distributed at a pace so fast and scale so large that has never been achieved [166].

The dosage formulation of vaccines also becomes relevant for intranasal and inhaled vaccines because these routes permit direct administration of either liquid or solid preparations. While liquid formulations can be manufactured similarly as injectable vaccines, it is more challenging to prepare solid dosage formulations of vaccines suitable for intranasal administration or inhalation. Lyophilisation (freeze-drying) is commonly utilised for the manufacture of solid-form biopharmaceuticals. Although the resultant cake of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals can be readily reconstituted into solutions prior to administration, as with many injectable vaccines, it is not suitable for direct inhalation or intranasal administration because it lacks appropriate particle size distribution and is dificult to disperse. Variations of lyophilisation, such as spray-freeze drying, have been used to produce dry formulations that are suitable for intranasal or inhaled administration [167]. Nonetheless, these techniques are less scalable and the use of spray-freeze drying at an industrial scale with high throughput is undergoing active research [168]. Spray drying is a popular particle engineering technique that has been used to produce solid biopharmaceutical formulations capable of direct intranasal administration or inhalation, including vaccines [169]. It combines size reduction and evaporation into one continuous process and can be scaled up, rendering it a promising approach for the manufacturing of solid intranasal and inhaled vaccines.