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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5542_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана-1.pdf
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- •About the Editor
- •List of Figures
- •List of Tables
- •List of Abbreviations
- •List of Glossary
- •1.3.1. Proteins and polypeptides
- •1.3.2. Nucleic Acids
- •1.3.3. Polymers of Sugars
- •1.4. Macromolecular Science
- •1.5. Distribution of Molecular Weight
- •Preface
- •1.1. Introduction
- •1.2. Synthetic Polymers
- •1.3. Biological Polymers
- •1.6. Macromolecular Thermodynamics
- •1.6.1. Review of Thermodynamics
- •1.7. Natural Macromolecules as Carriers for Essential Oils: From Extraction to Biomedical Application
- •1.7.1. Isoprenoids
- •1.7.2. Phenylpropanoids
- •1.7.3. Derivatives of Polyketides and Lipids
- •1.7.4. Derivatives of Amino Acids Other Than L-Phenylalanine
- •1.8. Physical Characteristics of EOs
- •1.8.1. Stability of EOs
- •1.8.2. Bioavailability of EOs
- •1.9. Approaches in Bioavailability Studies
- •1.10. Bioavailability of Eos in Relation with Administration Routes and Eo Absorption
- •1.10.1. Dermal Administration
- •1.10.2. Respiratory Administration
- •1.10.3. Rectal and Vaginal Administration
- •1.10.4. Oral Administration
- •1.10.5. Metabolism, Distribution, and Excretion
- •1.11. Needs for Microencapsulation of EOs: Encapsulation Technologies and Selection of Carrier Systems
- •1.11.1. Polysaccharide-Based Carriers
- •1.11.2. Protein-Based Carriers
- •1.11.3. Lipid-Based Carriers
- •1.12. Conclusion
- •References
- •2.1. Introduction
- •2.2. Inhibition
- •2.2.1. Features of an Ideal Antiviral Drug
- •2.2.2. Strategies for Antiviral Therapy
- •2.2.3. Attachment
- •2.2.4. Penetration and Uncoating
- •2.2.5. Genome Replication
- •2.2.6. Gene Expression
- •2.2.7. Additional Antiviral Drugs
- •2.4. Active Form of Cisplatin
- •2.5. Structure-Activity Relationships
- •2.6. Arguments for Cisplatin-Derivative Drugs
- •2.7. Arguments for Polymeric Drugs
- •2.8. Polymer Synthesis
- •2.9. Antiviral Activity
- •2.10. Vanadocene-Containing Polymers
- •2.11. Anticancer Activity
- •2.12. Spermicidal Activity
- •2.13. Fibers
- •2.14. Experimental: Synthesis and Physical Characterization
- •2.15. Experimental: Biological Characterization
- •2.16. Conclusion
- •References
- •3.1. The Molecules of Life
- •3.2. Macromolecules are Polymers, Built from Monomers
- •3.3. The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
- •3.4. The Diversity of Polymers
- •3.5. Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material
- •3.5.1. Sugars
- •3.5.2. Polysaccharides
- •3.5.3. Structural Polysaccharides
- •3.6. Lipids are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic Molecules
- •3.6.1. Fats
- •3.6.2. Phospholipids
- •3.6.3. Steroids
- •3.7. Proteins Include a Diversity Of Structures, Resulting in a Wide Range of Functions
- •3.7.1. Polypeptides
- •Amino Acid Monomers
- •Amino Acid Polymers
- •3.8. Protein Structure and Function
- •3.9. Four Levels of Protein Structure
- •3.9.1. Primary Structure (Linear Chain of Amino Acids)
- •3.9.2. Secondary Structure (Regions Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonds between Atoms of the Polypeptide Backbone)
- •3.9.3. Tertiary Structure (Three-Dimensional Shape Stabilized by Interactions between Side Chains)
- •3.9.4. Quaternary Structure (Association of Multiple Polypeptides, Forming a Functional Protein)
- •3.10. Sickle-cell Disease: A Change in Primary Structure
- •3.10.1. What Determines Protein Structure?
- •3.10.2. Protein Folding in the Cell
- •3.11. Structural Features Of Nucleic Acids
- •3.11.1. Nitrogenous Bases
- •3.11.2. Nucleosides
- •3.11.3. Nucleotides
- •3.12. The Components of Nucleic Acids
- •3.12.1. Nucleotide Polymers
- •3.12.2. The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules
- •4.2.4. Alkyne Cross-Coupling Reactions
- •4.2.5. Ring-Opening Polymerization
- •3.12.3. DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
- •3.13. Conclusion
- •References
- •4.1. Introduction
- •4.2. Polymerizations of Organometallic Monomers
- •4.2.2. Substitution and Condensation Reactions
- •4.2.3. Electro-Polymerization
- •4.3. Copolymerization of Organometallic with Organic Monomers
- •4.3.1. Alkene Polymerizations
- •4.3.2. Substitution and Condensation Reactions
- •4.3.3. Cross-Coupling Reactions
- •4.4.1. Metal-Containing Polyenes
- •4.4.2. Coordination Polymers
- •4.5. Research and Discussion
- •4.5.1. New Approach to Modular Difunctional Monomers
- •4.5.2. Difunctional Heterocyclic Carbenes as Linkers
- •4.5.3. Bis(Carbene)-Based Organometallic Polymers
- •4.6. Further Considerations And Outlook
- •4.7. Hyperbranched Polymers Containing Transition Metals: Synthetic Pathways and Potential Applications
- •4.7.1. Research and Discussion
- •4.8. Synthetic Pathways
- •4.8.1. Incorporation of Transition Metals through the Building Block
- •4.9. Polymeric Organotin Fibers
- •4.9.1. Organotin Poly-Ethers
- •4.9.2. Application
- •4.10. Conclusion
- •References
- •5.1. Introduction
- •5.2. Plant Polysaccharides
- •5.3. Plant Macromolecules as Biomaterials for Wound Healing
- •5.4. Plant-Derived Compounds
- •5.4.1. Essential Oils
- •5.5. Carbohydrates
- •5.5.1. Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides
- •5.5.2. Galactomannans
- •5.5.3. Xyloglucans
- •5.5.4. Exudate gums (Arabic, tragacanth and cashew gum)
- •5.6. Proteins
- •5.6.1. Latex Proteases
- •5.6.2. Lectins
- •5.6.3. Plant lectins
- •5.6.4. Artocarpus lectins
- •5.6.5. Bacterial lectins
- •5.6.6. Fungal lectins
- •5.6.7. Jackfruit (jacalin, ArtinM and jackin)
- •5.6.8. Breadfruit
- •5.6.9. Chempedak
- •5.7.1. Nanomaterials for Application in Wound Healing
- •5.7.2. Inorganic/organic nanocomposites in wound healing
- •5.8. Conclusion
- •References
- •6.1. Introduction
- •6.3. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Material Science
- •6.3.1. Macromolecular Data Storage
- •6.4. Self-assembly of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules
- •6.4.1. Self-Assembly of Discrete Block Copolymers
- •6.5. Foldamers Based on Uniform Macromolecules
- •6.6. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Life Science
- •6.6.1. Antibacterial Properties of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules
- •6.7. Other Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules
- •6.8. Macromolecules Applied to Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- •6.9. Macromolecular Technologies: Applications and Improvements
- •6.11. Applications of Surface-Grafted Macromolecules
- •6.12. Industrial Applications of Macromolecules
- •6.13. Antioxidative Biomacromolecules
- •6.13.1. Proteins
- •6.13.2. Polypeptides
- •6.13.3. Glycoproteins
- •6.14.1. Biomedicine
- •6.14.2. Functional Foods
- •6.14.3. Skincare Products
- •6.14.4. Other Bio-Products
- •6.15. Conclusion
- •References
- •7.1. Introduction
- •7.2. Properties of Solids
- •7.3. Organization in The Solid State: Crystallinity
- •7.3.1. Nascent Crystallization
- •7.3.2. Conventional Crystallization
- •7.3.3. Orientation Induced Crystallization
- •7.4. There are Five Types of Crystalline Solids
- •7.4.1. Ionic Solid
- •7.4.2. Molecular Solids
- •7.4.3. Covalent-Network (Also Called Atomic) Solids
- •7.4.4. Metallic Solids
- •7.4.5. Amorphous Solids
- •7.5. Solid State of Cross-linked Macromolecules
- •7.6. Structure of Configuration Space for a Cross-linked System
- •7.6.1. Topology
- •7.6.2. Phase Transition
- •7.7. Construction of an Order Parameter
- •7.8. Physical States and Motions of Small Molecules
- •7.9. Physical States and Motions of Macromolecules
- •7.10. Conclusion
- •References
- •8.1. Introduction
- •8.2. Theory: Solid-state Polymerization of Diacetylene Groups
- •8.3. Theory: Hydrosilylation Reaction
- •8.4. Theory: Carboranes
- •8.5. Carboranylenesiloxane Polymers Containing Thermally Crosslinkable or Vulcanizable Diacetylene Groups
- •8.6. Silarylene-Siloxane Polymers Containing Thermally Crosslinkable or Vulcanizable Diacetylene Groups
- •8.7. Hybrid Siloxane Network Polymers from Hydrosilylation Reactions of Siloxane and Carboranylenesiloxane Monomers
- •8.8. Applications
- •8.8.1. High-Temperature and Miscellaneous
- •8.8.2. Production of Ceramic Nanomaterials
- •8.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •Index

Index
257
Chloroplasts 76
Cholesterol levels 83
Cicatricial process 150
Cisplatin polymeric derivatives 53
Cisplatin’s anticancer process 52
Clay nanomaterials 249
Cobalt carbonyls 127
Colloidal systems 6
Colloids 2, 6
Column chromatography 169, 187
Combinatorial techniques 175
Computer software 179
Condensation 3, 13
Condensation reaction 231
Conjugated double-bonds 15
Contact energy 8
Copolymerization 101, 110
Covalent bonds 2
Cross-coupling techniques 103
Cross-link density 207
Cross-linked macromolecules 207,
208
Cross-linked monomers 208
Cross-linked systems 205
Crosslinking processes 227
Crystal arrangement 198
Crystal development 199
Crystalline polymer 218
Crystalline solids 197, 203
Crystalline thermoplastic 200
Crystallization 198, 200
Crystallization circumstances 198
Crystal structure 198
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 41
Cytoplasmic replication 61
Cytotoxicity 68
D
Dehydration processes 73, 79
DEL recombination 65
Depolymerization 223
Deprotection reaction 182
Diacetylene-containing carbora-
nylenesiloxane polymers 236
Diacetylene-containing carboranyl-
siloxane systems 241
Diacetylenes 227
Diaqua complex 50
Dibutyltin dichloride 130
Dicarboxylate dianions 53
Digestive enzymes 17, 21
Digestive system 73, 78
Dipole-dipole forces 201
Disastrous consequences 89
DNA molecule 45
DNA sequences 171
DNA sequencing 171
DNA synthesis 46
DNA viruses 39, 46, 59, 61, 63
Dose-dependent toxicity 10
Double-bonded carbon 80
Drug delivery systems (DDS) 177
Drug-resistant viruses 39
Drug-treated cells 40
Drying process 29
Dynamic copolymers 117
E
Earth’s ecosystems 78
ECM molecules 144
Elastomeric network polymers 247
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
117
Electrostatic forces 201, 202
Electrostatic interactions 151
Encapsulation efficiencies
Encapsulation techniques 11
Encapsulation technology 25

Introduction to the Study of Macromolecules
258
Encephalitis 38
Energy-related compounds 164
Enhanced permeability and reten-
tion (EPR) 55
Environmental variables 36
Enzymatic processes 13
Enzymic protein 137
EO compounds 16, 23
EO molecules 21
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 39
Equilibrium states 9
Ergodicity 208
Essential oils 14, 146
Ethylene–propylene copolymer 4
Extracellular matrix (ECM) 142
Extracellular waste 143
Extraction process 140
F
Fatty acids 75
Fiber production 129
Fibrous crystals 200
Functional characterization 13
Functional comonomers 122
Functional component 79
Functional foods 20
Functional macromolecule 88
Functional protein 86
G
Galactomannan 147
Galactomannan-based hydrogel 151
Galactomannans 147
Galactose molecule 76
Ganciclovir medication 43
Gaseous phase 216
Gas molecules 197
Gastric mucus formation 21
Gastrointestinal tract 17, 20
Gastroprotective effects 15
Gel chromatography 187
Gel permeation 123
Genetic information 136
Genome replication 40, 42
Glucose molecule 76
Glucose monomer 77
Glucose monomers 76, 77, 78
Glucose tolerance test 58
Glucosidic linkage 6
Glycoproteins 164
Glycosyl ligands 151
Gravitational forces 213
Green technology 141
Group IVB polyesters 128
Guanosine ring system 66
H
Hamiltonian parameter 211
Hamiltonian translational invariance
210
Healing process 144
Helix disruption 52
Hemicelluloses 146
Hetero-coupling copolymerization
procedure 102
Heterocyclic carbenes 111, 120
Host cell 39
HSV infections 46
Human ailments 38
Human antiviral treatment 63
Human colorectal adenocarcinoma
17
Human tissues 23
Hybrid structure 115
Hydrocarbon chain 80
Hydrochloride salts 113
Hydrodynamics 200
Hydrogen atom 84

Index
259
Hydrogen bonds 148
Hydrolysis products 56
Hydrophilic active compounds 26
Hydrophilic drugs 19
Hydrophobic bioactive substances
30
Hydrophobic interactions 56
Hydrophobicity 16
Hydrophobic moieties 174
Hydrosilylation reactions 225, 229,
244, 245, 246, 248
Hydroxy complexes 49
Hydroxyl group 73, 82
Hyperbranched polymers 121, 122
Hypersensitivity 57
I
Immunostimulatory 162
Industrial applications 200
Influenza 3
Inter-molecular interactions 213
Intracellular matrix development
144
Intramolecular chelation 111
Ionic reactions 223
Isolation techniques 137
Isoprenoids 10, 12, 13
Isotropic materials 205
J
Jacalin-related lectins (JRL) 151
L
Labor-intensive purification
processes 169
Lactame predominates 92
Lecithin 11
Life sciences 174
Limonene’s gastroprotective activ-
ity 21
Linear chain molecules 196
Linear polymers 120, 237
Lipid peroxidation 66, 186
Lipophilic characteristic 19
Liposomes 19
Liquid crystalline state 218
Liquid phase method 170
London dispersion forces 201
Low-carbohydrate diets 77
Lyophilic colloidal systems 2
M
Macromolecular chains 218
Macromolecular substances 196,
217, 219
Macromolecular thermodynamics
32
Macromolecule diversity 73
Macromolecules 1, 2, 33, 72, 73,
74, 76, 79, 93, 101
Magnetic saturations (Ms) 124
Main-chain systems 101
Malignancies 57
Manmade polymers 3
Mannose-binding subgroup (mJRL)
151
Mast cells 150
Material science 196
Matrix metalloproteinase 191
Mechanical motion 215
Mechanical resistance 148
Membrane enzymes 16
Membrane lipids 66
Membrane permeability 22
Menthol glucuronide 23
Metabolic activities 196
Metal compatibility 119

Introduction to the Study of Macromolecules
260
Metal complexation 106
Metal-containing ceramics 124
Metal-containing monomers 121
Metal-containing polyenes 107, 108
Metal-containing polymers 69
Metallic bonds 203
Metallic nanoparticles 126
Metallic subsidiaries 249
Metallocene-based systems 111
Metallocene-protein interactions 65
Metal-mediated polymerizations
104
Methotrexate polymer 58
Microencapsulation 29
Microenvironment 138
Microorganisms 78
Milligram scale reactions 169
Minimum essential medium (MEM)
68
Minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) 175
Mixed-metal bimetallic 108
Mixed-metal systems 118
Molar water solutions 56
Molecular biology 137
Molecular composition 139
Molecular level 27, 82
Molecular mechanisms 40
Molecular mobility 212
Molecular recognition 151, 154
Molecular scale 72
Molecular variations 73
Molecular weight 6, 55, 124
Molecule motion 212
Molecules’ hydrogen bonds 79
Molecule structure 74
Mono-alkylation 114
Monomer design 100
Monomer sequence 168
Monosaccharide polymers 6
Monosaccharides 74, 75
Moraceae lectins 151, 158
Mucosal membrane 20
Myeloproliferative diseases 188
Myofibroblasts 14
N
Nanoparticle preparation approach
190
Natural food processing 155
Natural ligands 39
Neuraminidase inhibitors 42
Neutrophils 143
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria 15
NMR spectroscopy 91
Nodule development 153
Noncellulose 4
Nonfibrous components 12
Nonhelical regions 87
Nonnutritive compounds 144
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
91
Nucleic acids 3
Nucleophiles 53
Nucleophilic substitution 49
Nutritional quality 31
O
Oligomeric structures 169
Organic molecules 75
Organic solvents 240
Organic synthesis 177
Organic unsaturations 222
Organometallic moieties 101
Organometallic monomer 102
Organometallic polymers 100
Organotin-containing polymers 38
Organotin derivatives 37

Index
261
Organotin polymers 37, 130
Origanum species 146
Oxidation products 15
Oxidative expansion 229
Oxidative reactions 15
Oxidative stress 150, 188, 189
Oxygen solubility 16
P
P-containing polymers 124
Peptide bond 4
Periodic structures 196
Pharmaceutical arsenal 10
Pharmacokinetics 41
Phenolic components 136
Phenylpropanoid pathway 149
Phosphate group 82, 94
Phospholipid bilayer 83
Phospholipids 82, 83
Physical environment 2
Physicochemical qualities 24
Physiological functions 186
Plant biochemical processes 12
Plant-derived chemicals 144
Plant latex biotechnology 151
Plant macromolecules 136
Plant macromolecule separation 137
Plant polymer 137
Plant polysaccharides 139, 141
Platinum-containing compounds 53
Platinum-containing medication 53
Platinum polyamines 64
Platinum polymers 61
Poliomyelitis 38
Polyatomic ions 201
Polycondensation reaction 240
Polyfunctional molecules 3
Polyhalogenation 105
Polyhedral skeletons 230
Polyimines 106
Polymer antecedents 125
Polymer chain 101
Polymer design 100, 118
Polymer elasticity 225
Polymeric derivatives 49
Polymeric drugs 69
Polymeric medications 36, 37
Polymeric medicines 36
Polymeric systems 150
Polymerization 7
Polymerization protocols 110
Polymerization techniques 119
Polymer molecular 117
Polymer suspension 117
Polymer synthesis 101
Polymer-treated animals 59
Polypeptide 4
Polypeptide chain 90
Polyphenol chemicals 29
Polypropylene 3
Polysaccharide-derived biomaterials
138
Polysaccharide ionic hydrogels 27
Polysaccharides 138
Potential energy 210
Pro-angiogenic agents 144
Pro-inflammatory mediators 14
Protein-carbohydrate interactions
152
Protein crystals 180
Protein-drug system 178
Protein folding 91
Protein fractions 149
Protein function 89
Protein synthesis 92
Proteolysis 174
Proteolytic enzymes 185
Pyconometry 9

Introduction to the Study of Macromolecules
262
Pyrimidine bases 136
Pyrolytic yields 124
R
Reactive oxygen species regulators
150
Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) technology 5
Recombinant FTP synthesis 158
Redox protein 189
Redox reaction 185
Refractive index 205
Repulsive forces 2, 213
R-group structure 115
Ribavirin inhibits respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV) 46
Ring-opening polymerization (ROP)
104
RNA viruses 38, 59, 64
Rotational motion 218
Rotavirus vaccine 36
S
Sandwich compounds 64
Scanning calorimetry 129
Scattering photometry 131
Self-assembly systems 176
Semiconductors 131
Sesquiterpenoids 12
SHELX system 180
Sickle cell disease 89
Signaling processes 144
Silarylene-siloxane polymers 226,
243
Silicon molecules 231
Siloxane groups 233
Siloxane polymers 231
Siloxane reactant 224
Si–O bond 222, 251
Skincare sector 191
Small intestine 20
Small-molecule programs 181
Solid molecules 197
Solid-state physics 198
Solid-state polymerization theory
227
Soy proteins 11
Spatial arrangement 74
Spray-drying procedure 25
Standard-of-care treatments (SOC)
161
Standard spectroscopic analytical
techniques 123
Statistical mechanical computations
206
Statistical mechanics 206
Stereoregularity 3
Steric tuning 111
Structural diversity 113
Structural glycoproteins 146
Structural polysaccharide 79
Structural ramifications 19
Structured polysaccharides 77
Substitution reaction 111
Sugar-phosphate backbones 95
Sugar-phosphate units 95
Sulfhydryl groups (SH) 88
Sulfur-containing elements 14
Support-based methodologies 169
Supramolecular assemblies 181
Supramolecular interactions 172
Supramolecular polymers 109
Surface inorganic segregation 233
Surface tension 222
Synthetic design 103
Synthetic polymers 2, 3
Synthetic polysaccharides 139
Synthetic versatility 100

Index
263
T
Terephthalic acid 129
Testosterone therapy 58
Tetraamino arenes 112
Tetrahedral geometry 64
Thermal equilibrium 210
Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)
116, 123
Thermodynamic principles 7
Thermodynamic quantities 8
Thermo-oxidative stability 225
Thiolactone chemistry 168
Thrombocytopenia 52
Tillorone polymers 63
Tissue engineering 138
Tissue regeneration 144
Topological invariant 206
Transition metals 118
Translational motion 213, 215
Transthyretin protein 91
Tridentate amines 108
Triphosphate derivative 93
Trisiloxyl groups 238
Triterpenoid iripallidal 13
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 188
V
Vaccination program 36
Valence electrons 204
Vanadium atom 64
Vanadium-containing organometal-
lics 64
Vanadocene dichloride 64, 65
Vapor pressure 14
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) 37
Vascular lesions 136
Viral attachment protein (VAP) 39
virulence mechanism 146
Virus’s diabetogenic effects 5
Volatile fractions 14
W
Water molecules 159
Water solubility 4
Water-soluble proteins 4
Water-soluble solutions 4
Water vapor transfer rate (WVTR)
161
Weight distribution 7
Wound healing applications 144
Wound necrotic tissue 150
U
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation 125
Unsaturated fatty acids 80
UV radiation exposure 191
UV-Vis spectroscopy 107
X
Xenobiotic response 179
X-ray crystallography 91
Xyloglucans 147, 148
Z
Ziegler–Natta catalysts 3

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