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Zanthoxylum armatum
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CHAPTER
16
1
Department of Biotechnology, Shoolini Institute of Life Sciences and Business Management,
Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India;
2
Sciences and Business Management, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Mamta Kashyap1, Varun Garla2, Aditya Dogra
Department of Information Technology, Shoolini Institute of Life
16.1 Introduction
The genus Zanthoxylum is a traditional medicinal plant belonging to the family
Rutaceae, consisting of about 250 species (Arun and Paridhavi, 2012). Eleven species of Zanthoxylum have been reported from India: Zanthoxylum budrunga, Zan-
thoxylum oxyphyllum, Zanthoxylum ovalifolium, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium,
Zanthoxylum planispinum, Zanthoxylum armatum, Zanthoxylum nitidium, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Zanthoxylum simulans, Zanthoxylum avicennae, and Zanthoxylum
limonella (Hooker, 1999; DPR, 2011a, 2016; Rajbhandari et al., 2015). Some of
them have been reported in Uttarakhand (Z. armatum DC., Z. acanthopodium
DC., Zanthoxylum edgew., and Z. budrunga)(Hajra et al., 1996), and these species
(Zanthoxylum hamiltonianum, Z. rhetsa, Z. oxyphyllum, Zanthoxylum alatum,
Z. ovalifolium, and Z. acanthopodium) have been reported in Northeast India (Hajra
et al., 1996). Among these species, the most common one is Z. armatum DC., which
is considered to be one of 30 medicinal plants in the country that is emphasized for
cultivation and agrotechnological development (DPR, 2006). It is commonly known
as Indian prickly ash, Nepal pepper, and toothache tree. In different regions and languages, it is known by various names. Table 16.1 shows the vernacular names, which
are listed subsequently.
1
16.1.1 Taxonomical arrangement
Domain : Eukaryota
Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Viridae plantae
Phylum : Tracheophyta
Subphylum : Euphyllophytina
Infraphylum : Radiatopses
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Rosidae
Superorder : Rutanae
Himalayan Medicinal Plants. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823151-7.00008-8
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
327
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Table 16.1 Different vernacular names of Zanthoxylum armatum in India
and other Southeast Asian countries.
Languages Names
Hindi Nepali dhaniya, tejphal, tumuru
Sanskrit Tejovati
Nepali Timur, Nepali pepper
English Bamboo-leaved prickly ash, Nepal pepper, toothache tree, prickly ash
Urdu Tamu
Bengali Gaira
Chinese Ci Zhu Ye Hua Jiao, Qin Jiao (Taiwan), Zhu Ye Jiao
German Nepal pfeffer
Japanese Fuyu Zanshou, Fuyu-Sansh
Manipuri Mukthrubi
Kannada Dhiva, Tumburudu, Jimmi
Malayalam Tumpunal, Tumpuni
Mizoram Arhrikreh
Oriya Arhrikreh, Ranabelli
Tamil Tumpunalu
From Manandhar, N.P., 2002. Plants and People of Nepal, Timber Press, Inc., Oregon, USA. Khare,
C.P., 2007. Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary, first ed. Springer Verlog, New York, p.
730. Bachwani, M., Srivastava, B., Sharma, V., Khandelwal, R., Tomar, L., 2012. An update review on
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Am. J. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2 (1), 274e285. Bharti, S., Bhushan, B., 2015.
Phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Zanthoxylum armatum DC: an overview. Res. J.
Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 6 (5), 1403e1409.
Order : Rutales
Suborder : Rutineae
Family : Rutaceae
Genus : Zanthoxylum
Species : Zanthoxylum armatum
16.2 Distribution
Z. armatum is native to the warm temperate and subtropical region of the world
(Pirani, 1993). China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan,
Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia can also grow Z. armatum.
Different states in India such as Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh have different varieties of timur
plant (Batool et al., 2010).
16.3 Morphocytological studies
Dhingra et al. (2012) studied different morphological parameters (e.g.,. root or shoot
length and diameter, total height of plants; primary, secondary, and tertiary branches;
16.3 Morphocytological studies 329
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types of chromosomal anomalies; chromosomal stickiness and clumping; dissolution, condensation, fragmentation, and micronuclei formation; total number of chromosomes in control and treated plants of Z. armatum). When mature seeds of
Z. armatum were treated with different concentrations of colchicine solutions, a
1.0-M concentration resulted in highly retarded growth whereas low conce ntrations
showed accelerated growth of roots. For plant height, a 50% reduction was reported
at 1.0 M, and the frequency of retarded height of plants was reported to be higher at
1.0 M and less at 0.50 M concentration of colchicine. Colchiploids showed delayed
flower and leaf emergence. The somatic chromosome number in all plants were
found to be 2n ¼ 66 in diploid plants; colchicine-treated plant had a chromosome
number of 2n ¼ 132.
16.3.1 Macroscopic view
Macroscopic studies were carried out by determining the shape, size, color, taste,
odor, fracture, and dimensions of the drug. These macroscopic characters are presented in Fig. 16.1 and Table 16.2.
Other macroscopic features of leaf, bark, and fruits were determined. Z. armatum
is a small aromatic xerophytic tree or large shrub up to 6 m high with three to five
pairs of leaflets:
1. Branches are glabrous or rust-colored pubescent, usually armed with straight or
slightly compressed reddish brown stipular spines.
2. Peta ls are absent.
3. Minute and polygamous flowers bear axillary on shoot cymes.
4. Flowers have six to eight sepals. Male flowers have six to eight stamens. Fila-
ments are 2 mm, arranged around a pistillode globose. Female flowers have one
to three carpellate ovaries attached to the inner angle of the axis. Fruits are a
reddish brown subglobose that split into two parts after ripening. These single
rounded, shining black seeds are about 2e3 mm in size (Grierson and Long,
1991; Nair and Nayar, 1997).
5. Spirally arranged leaves originating from the branch were observed. While
studying the petiole, narrow extensions of the leaf blade were noticed to
continue along each side of petiole from blade base to stem.
6. Incisions of lamina with slight dentate margin in leaves were reported. Venation
was unicostate reticulate type.
16.3.2 Microscopic studies
The transverse section of a leaf of Z. armatum has a dorsiventral character (Ullah
et al., 2014)(Figs. 16.2e16.4). Important microscopic characteristics are shown
in Table 16.3.
330 CHAPTER 16 Zanthoxylum armatum
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FIGURE 16.1
(a) Leaves of Zanthoxylum armatum. (b) Bark of Zanthoxylum armatum. (c) Seeds of
Zanthoxylum armatum. (d) Fruit of Zanthoxylum armatum.
16.4 Biochemical analysis
All of the essential oils have considerable molecular diversity of major and minor
constituents in their qualitative and quantitative composition, with specific constituents. Most of the essential oil of leaves of Z. armatum was studied by the combination of gas chromatography (GC) and GCemass spectrometry (MS) . Vast
chemical diversity was observed in terms of the qualitative and quantitative makeup
of the constituents on different accessions.
16.4 Biochemical analysis 331
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Table 16.2 Macroscopic characters of Zanthoxylum armatum.
Parameters Leaf Bark Fruit
Color Dark green in adaxial
and light green in abaxial
surface
Size 20e80 mm long and 12
e25 mm wide
Shape Irregular, cylindrical,
Lanceolate, acuminate,
and imparipinnate
Taste Astringent, pungent Unpleasant Acrid with pleasant
Odor Aromatic, pleasant Characteristics,
Fracture Short and smooth,
brittle when dry
Dimensions Small leaves 2.3e3 cm,
large leaves 12e14 cm
Powdered drug study
Color Greenish brown Yellow to brown Dark brown with
Odor Slight Slight, characteristic,
Taste Oily Bitter and astringent Slight bitter but
From Alam, F., Us Saqib, Q.N., 2015. Pharmacognostic study and development of quality control
parameters for fruit, bark and leaves of Zanthoxylum armatum (Rutaceae). Ancient Sci. Life 34 (3), 147‒
155. Ullah, B., Ibar, M., Muhammad, N., Khan, A., Khan, S.A., Zafar, S., Jan, S., Riaz, N., Ullah, Z.,
Farooq, U., Hussain, J., 2017. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of Zanthoxylum armatum
DC. Pakistan J. Pharm. Sci. 30 (2), 429‒438. Jothi, G., Keerthana, K., Sridharan, G., 2019. Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies on stem, bark of Zanthoxylum armatum DC .
Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 12 (2), 1‒5.
Pale brown Greenish to brown,
Variable 5 0.2 mm
Flat with grayish brown
spots owing to
removed spines
Spines are short with
rounded base,
irregular, cylindrical
curved
unpleasant
Short bark; when
freshly broken, with
almost straight edges
2e5 cm long and up to
3 cm wide
aromatic
round black or
brown seeds
Spherical rounded
aroma
Pungent, aromatic
Fruit is hard and its
envelop breaks
into small pieces
6e10 mm in
diameter
aroma
Aromatic
pleasant
16.4.1 Qualitative studies
In these studies, the presence of various constituents was reported from different
parts of Z. armatum. A qualitative analysis of different parts of Z. armatum revealed
the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phytosterol, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, saponins, tannins, fixed oils, fats, and volatile oil in
Z. armatum leaves, bark, and fruit (Ullah et al., 2013a,b; Upreti et al., 2013;
Alam and Saqib 2015; Dabral et al., 2019; Khan et al., 2020). Anthraquinone was
found in the leaves and fruits of Z. armatum (Alam and Us Saqib, 2015).
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