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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5542_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF
MACROMOLECULES
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF
MACROMOLECULES
Edited by
Dr. Kiran Abasaheb More
www.delvepublishing.com
Introduction to the study of Macromolecules
Dr. Kiran Abasaheb More
Delve Publishing
224 Shoreacres Road
Burlington, ON L7L 2H2
Canada
www.delvepublishing.com
Email: orders@arclereducation.com
© 2024
ISBN: 978-1-77956-022-3 (e-book)
This book contains information obtained from highly regarded resources. Reprinted material
sources are indicated and copyright remains with the original owners. Copyright for images and
other graphics remains with the original owners as indicated. A Wide variety of references are
listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data. Authors or Editors or Publishers are not responsible for the accuracy of the information in the published chapters or consequences of their use. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or grievance to the
persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or thoughts in
the book. The authors or editors and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders
of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission has
not been obtained. If any copyright holder has not been acknowledged, please write to us so we
may rectify.
Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and
identification without intent of infringement
© 2024 Delve Publishing
ISBN: 978-1-77469-863-1 (Hardcover)
Delve Publishing publishes wide variety of books and eBooks. For more information about Delve
Publishing and its products, visit our website at www.delvepublishing.com.
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Dr. Kiran Abasaheb More, born in Bhogaon (Devi) Tahsil Jintur of Parbhani district
of Maharashtra, India, in 1978, completed M.Sc in Botany, at Shree Shivaji College
Parbhani, Maharashtra, Affiliated with Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University
Nanded, Maharashtra. The author also completed his Ph.D in 2010 in field of Taxonomy
of Angiosperms and he joined the department of Botany, Yashwantrao Chavan Arts and
Science Mahavidyalaya, Mangrulpir as an Assistant Professor. He is the Chief Editor of
Research Journal Multilogic in science (Journal for Applied science), He edited more
than 35 issues of research journals and authored 25 research papers. Dr. More is awarded
by Young scientist award of Science and tech society for Integrated ruler improvement
Telangana , and also awarded by Excellence in Teaching GENESIS ARBAN &RULER
DEVOLOPMENT SOCIETY at the occasion of ICAAASTSD International conference
2018. He is the editor of proceeding of International conference on Advances in Agriculture
and Allied science technologies for sustainable Development Society Special issue Jan 2018
and he is a Life Member of “GUARD Society”. He also chaired a number of National and
International Conferences, he is also a Member of Botany teacher association of Sant Gadge
baba Amravati University Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
List of Figures ................................................................................................xi
List of Tables ............................................................................................... xvii
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................... xix
List of Glossary ............................................................................................ xxi
Preface........................................................................ ......................... ....xxvii
Chapter 1 What Are Macromolecules ........................................................................ 1
1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 2
1.2. Synthetic Polymers..............................................................................3
1.3. Biological Polymers ............................................................................ 4
1.4. Macromolecular Science .................................................................... 6
1.5. Distribution of Molecular Weight ........................................................ 6
1.6. Macromolecular Thermodynamics ...................................................... 7
1.7. Natural Macromolecules as Carriers for Essential Oils:
from Extraction to Biomedical Application .....................................10
1.8. Physical Characteristics of EOS ......................................................... 14
1.9. Approaches in Bioavailability Studies ................................................ 17
1.10. Bioavailability of EOS in Relation with Administration
Routes and EO Absorption ............................................................. 18
1.11. Needs for Microencapsulation of EOS: Encapsulation
Technologies and Selection of Carrier Systems ............................... 24
1.12. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 32
References ............................................................................................... 33
Chapter 2 Cisplatin Derivatives as Antiviral Agents ................................................. 35
2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 36
2.2. Inhibition .......................................................................................... 38
2.3. Currently Approved Platinum-Containing Drugs ...............................48
2.4. Active form of Cisplatin ....................................................................49
2.5. Structure-Activity Relationships
2.6. Arguments for Cisplatin-Derivative Drugs ......................................... 54
2.7. Arguments for Polymeric Drugs ........................................................ 55
2.8. Polymer Synthesis ............................................................................. 56
2.9. Antiviral Activity ...............................................................................57
2.10. Vanadocene-Containing Polymers ...................................................64
2.11. Anticancer Activity..........................................................................65
2.12. Spermicidal Activity ........................................................................ 66
2.13. Fibers ..............................................................................................66
2.14. Experimental: Synthesis and Physical Characterization ...................67
2.15. Experimental: Biological Characterization ......................................68
2.16. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 69
References ............................................................................................... 70
Chapter 3 Macromolecules Structure and Function ................................................. 71
3.1. The Molecules of Life ........................................................................ 72
3.2. Macromolecules are Polymers, Built from Monomers .......................72
3.3. The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers ........................................ 72
3.4. The Diversity of Polymers .................................................................. 73
3.5. Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material ........................... 74
3.6. Lipids Are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic Molecules ....................79
3.7. Proteins Include a Diversity of Structures, Resulting in a
Wide Range of Functions ...............................................................84
3.8. Protein Structure and Function .......................................................... 86
3.9. Four Levels of Protein Structure ......................................................... 87
3.10. Sickle-Cell Disease: A Change in Primary Structure ........................89
3.11. Structural Features of Nucleic Acids ................................................ 92
3.12. The Components of Nucleic Acids .................................................. 94
3.13. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 98
References ............................................................................................... 99
........................................................ 52
Chapter 4 Synthetic Versatility and Structural Modularity in
Organometallic Polymers ...................................................................... 101
4.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 102
4.2. Polymerizations of Organometallic Monomers ...............................103
4.3. Copolymerization of Organometallic with Organic Monomers ....... 107
viii
4.4. Polymerizations Involving Metal-Binding Events
During Polymerization
4.5. Research and Discussion ................................................................112
4.6. Further Considerations and Outlook ............................................... 121
4.7. Hyperbranched Polymers Containing Transition Metals:
Synthetic Pathways and Potential Applications .............................122
4.8. Synthetic Pathways ......................................................................... 124
4.9. Polymeric Organotin Fibers ............................................................130
4.10. Conclusion ................................................................................... 134
References ............................................................................................. 135
Chapter 5 Plant Macromolecules as Biomaterials .................................................. 137
5.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 138
5.2. Plant Polysaccharides .....................................................................141
5.3. Plant Macromolecules as Biomaterials for Wound Healing ............. 144
5.4. Plant-Derived Compounds .............................................................. 146
5.5. Carbohydrates .................................................................................148
5.6. Proteins .......................................................................................... 152
5.7. Recent Advances Using Plant Biomaterials for Wound Healing ....... 163
5.8. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 165
References ............................................................................................. 167
................................................................. 109
Chapter 6 Functional Applications of Macromolecules ......................................... 169
6.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 170
6.2. Chain Length Limitation and Up-Scalability Aspects of Discrete
Synthetic Macromolecules ........................................................... 171
6.3. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in
Material Science .......................................................................... 173
6.4. Self-Assembly of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules ..................... 174
6.5. Foldamers Based on Uniform Macromolecules ............................... 175
6.6. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Life Science 176
6.7. Other Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules .............. 177
6.8. Macromolecules Applied to Pharmaceutical Chemistry ..................178
6.9. Macromolecular Technologies: Applications and Improvements .....180
6.10. Experiences with Applications of Macromolecular
Tools in Supramolecular Crystallography ...................................... 182
6.11. Applications of Surface-Grafted Macromolecules ..........................183
ix
6.12. Industrial Applications of Macromolecules ...................................185
6.13. Antioxidative Biomacromolecules ................................................. 186
6.14. Applications of Antioxidative Biomacromolecules ........................ 190
6.15. Conclusion ................................................................................... 194
References ............................................................................................. 195
Chapter 7 Solid State Macromolecules .................................................................. 197
7.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 198
7.2. Properties of Solids ......................................................................... 199
7.3. Organization in the Solid State: Crystallinity ................................... 199
7.4. There are Five Types of Crystalline Solids ........................................203
7.5. Solid State of Cross-Linked Macromolecules ................................... 207
7.6. Structure of Configuration Space for s Cross-Linked System ............ 209
7.7. Construction of an Order Parameter ................................................ 214
7.8. Physical States and Motions of Small Molecules .............................214
7.9. Physical States and Motions of Macromolecules ............................. 218
7.10. Conclusion ................................................................................... 220
References ............................................................................................. 222
Chapter 8 Advances in High-Temperature Network Polymers of
Carboranylenesiloxanes and Silarylene-Siloxanes ................................. 223
8.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 224
8.2. Theory: Solid-State Polymerization of Diacetylene Groups .............. 229
8.3. Theory: Hydrosilylation Reaction .................................................... 230
8.4. Theory: Carboranes ......................................................................... 232
8.5. Carboranylenesiloxane Polymers Containing Thermally
Crosslinkable or Vulcanizable Diacetylene Groups ...................... 233
8.6. Silarylene-Siloxane Polymers Containing Thermally
Crosslinkable or Vulcanizable Diacetylene Groups ...................... 242
8.7. Hybrid Siloxane Network Polymers From Hydrosilylation
Reactions of Siloxane And Carboranylenesiloxane Monomers ......246
8.8. Applications ................................................................................... 249
8.9 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 253
References ............................................................................................. 254
Index ..................................................................................................... 255
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Structures of macromolecules.
Figure 1.2. Classes of Nucleic Acids.
Figure 1.3.Two Origins for Isoprenoids.
Figure 1.4. Three Important Polysaccharides.
Figure 1.5. Peppermint Oil Sources.
Figure 2.1. Dibutyltin-ampicillin polymer.
Figure 2.2. Dibutyltin-norfloxacin polymer.
Figure 2.3. Amantadine.
Figure 2.4. Rimantadine.
Figure 2.5. Acyclovir.
Figure 2.6. Gancyclovir.
Figure 2.7. Penciclovir.
Figure 2.8. Famciclovir.
Figure 2.9. BVDU.
Figure 2.10. Brovavir.
Figure 2.11. FIAC.
Figure 2.12. FIAU.
Figure 2.13. (S)-HPMPA.
Figure 2.14. (S)-HPMPC.
Figure 2.15. AZT.
Figure 2.16. ddC.
Figure 2.17. ddI.
Figure 2.18. Foscarnet.
Figure 2.19. IdU.
Figure 2.20. Ribavirin.
Figure 2.21. Vidarabine.
Figure 2.22. Cisplatin, Cis-DDP (Cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II)).