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THE HISTORY OF SPIRITUALISM
developed, the portrait would appear in the background, or sometimes in front of the sitter. This occurred so frequently that I am quite
convinced of the impossibility of any fraud. One time it was a French
editor, who, fi nding the portrait of his deceased wife appear on the
negative when developed, was so transported with delight that he
insisted on kissing the photographer, Mr. B., much to the old man’s
embarrassment. On another occasion it was a Lancashire engineer,
himself a photographer, who took marked plates and all possible
precautions. He obtained portraits of two of his relatives and another
of an eminent personage with whom he had been in close relations.
Or again, it was a near neighbour who, going as a total stranger to the
studio, obtained the portrait of her deceased daughter.
In 1903 the Spiritualists of London presented this medium with
a purse of gold and a testimonial signed by over a hundred representative Spiritualists. On this occasion the walls of the rooms of the
Psychological Society in George Street, Portman Square, were hung
with three hundred chosen spirit photographs taken by Boursnell.
With regard to Mr. Stead’s point about the “recognized likeness,” critics declare that the sitter often imagines the likeness, and
that at times two sitters have claimed the same “extra” as a relative.
In answer to this it may be said that Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, for
instance, ought to be the best judge whether the picture was a likeness of his dead mother. Dr. Cushman (of whom we shall speak
later) submitted the “extra” of his daughter Agnes to a number of
his friends and relations, and all were convinced of the likeness. But
irrespective of any certainty about the likeness, there is overwhelming evidence that these supernormal portraits really do occur, and
in thousands of cases they have been recognized.
Mr. Edward Wyllie (1848-1911) had genuine mediumistic gifts
which were tested by a number of qualifi ed investigators. He was
born in Calcutta, his father, Colonel Robert Wyllie, having been
401
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
military secretary to the Government of India. Wyllie, who served
as a captain in the MaorI war in New Zealand, afterwards took up
photography there. He went to California in 1886. After a time
spots of light began to show on his negatives, and as they increased
threatened to destroy his business. He had never heard of spirit photography until a lady sitter suggested this as a possible explanation.
Experimenting with her, faces appeared on the plate in the spots of
light. Thenceforth these faces came so often with other sitters that
he was compelled to give up his usual business and devote himself to
spirit photography. But here he encountered fresh trouble. He was
accused of obtaining his results by fraud, and this so wounded him
that he tried to earn his living in some other way, but he did not
succeed, and had to come back to work as a photo-medium, as he
was called. On November 27, 1900, the committee of the Pasadena Society for Psychical Research conducted an investigation with
him at Los Angeles. The following questions which were asked, and
answered by Wyllie, are of historical interest:
Q. Do you advertise or promise to get spirit faces, or something
out of the ordinary for your sitters?
A. Not at all. I neither guarantee nor promise anything. I have
no control over it. I merely charge for my time and material, as you
see stated on the card there against the wall. I charge one dollar for
a sitting; and if the fi rst one is not satisfactory, I give a second trial
without extra charge.
Q. Do you sometimes fail to get anything extra?
A. Oh, yes, often. Last Saturday, working all afternoon, I gave fi ve
sittings and didn’t get a thing.
Q. About what proportion of such failures do you have?
A. I should say, with an ordinary day’s business, they would average three or four failures a day-some days more and some less.
402
THE HISTORY OF SPIRITUALISM
Q. About what proportion of the extra faces that do appear do
you estimate are recognized by the sitter or friends?
A. For several months last year I kept a record on this point, and
I found that in about two-thirds of the sittings some one or more of
the extra faces appearing were recognized. Sometimes there would
be only one extra face, and sometimes fi ve or six, or even eight at
once, and I couldn’t keep a tally of them, but only of the total number of sittings, as shown by my book account.
Q. When a sitting is made, do you know as a psychic whether
there will be any “extras” on the plate or not?
A. Sometimes I see lights about the sitter, and then I feel pretty
sure there will be something for him or her; but just what it will be
I don’t know, any more than you do. I don’t know what it is until I see
it on the negative after it is developed so I can hold it up to the light.
Q. If the sitter strongly desires some particular discarnate friend
to appear on the plate, is he more likely to get that result?
A. No. A wrought-up or tense state of mind or feeling, whether
of desire or anxiety or antagonism, makes it more diffi cult for the
spirit forces to use the sitter’s magnetism towards producing their
manifestations, so it is less likely that anything extra will then come
on the plate. An easy, restful, passive condition is most favourable
for good results.
Q. Do those who are Spiritualists get better results than disbelievers?
A. No. Some of the best test results I have ever had came when
the strongest sceptics were in the chair.
With this committee no “extras” were obtained. An earlier committee of seven in 1899 submitted the medium to strict tests, and
four plates out of eight “showed results for which the committee are
unable to account.” After a minute account of the precautions taken,
the report concludes:
403
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
As a committee we have no theory, and testify only to “that
which we do know.” Individually we differ as to probable causes,
but unanimously agree concerning the palpable facts. We will give
twenty-fi ve dollars to any Los Angeles photographer who by trick or
skill will produce similar results under similar conditions.
(Signed)-Julian McCrae, P. C. Campbell, J. W. Mackie, W. N. Slocum, John Henley.
David Duguid (1832-1907), the well-known medium for automatic writing and painting, had the benefi t of careful investigation
of his spirit photo graphs by Mr. J. Traill Taylor, editor of the BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY, who in the course of a paper
read by him before the London and Provincial Photographic Association on March 9, 1893, gave an account of recent test sittings
with this medium. He says:
My conditions were exceedingly simple. They were, that I for
the nonce would assume them all to be tricksters, and to guard
against fraud, should use my own camera and unopened packages
of dry plates purchased from dealers of repute, and that I should be
excused from allowing a plate to go out of my own hand till after
development, unless I felt otherwise disposed; but that, as I was to
treat them as under suspicion, so they must treat me, and that every
act I performed must be in the presence of two witnesses, nay, that
I would set a watch upon my own camera in the guise of a duplicate
one of the same focus-in other words, I would use a binocular stereoscopic camera and dictate all the conditions of operation.
After giving details of the procedure adopted, he records the appearance on the plates of extra fi gures, and continues:
Some were in focus, others not so; some were lighted from the
right, while the sitter was so from the leftsome monopolized the major portion of the plate, quite obliterating the material sitters; others
were as if an atrociously badly vignetted portrait, or one cut oval
404
THE HISTORY OF SPIRITUALISM
out of a photograph by a can-opener, or equally badly clipped out,
were held up behind the sitter. But here is the point not one of these
fi gures which came out so strongly in the negative was visible in any
form or shape to me during the time of exposure in the camera, and
I vouch in the strongest manner for the fact that no one whatever
had an opportunity of tampering with any plate anterior to its being placed in the dark slide or immediately preceding development.
Pictorially they are vile, but how came they there?
Other well-known sitters have described remarkable evidential
results obtained with Duguid.
Mr. Stainton Moses, in the concluding chapter of his valuable series on Spirit Photography, discusses the theory that the extra forms
photographed are moulded from ectoplasm (he speaks of it as the
“fl uidic substance”) by the invisible operators, and makes important
comparisons between the results obtained by different photographic mediums.
Mr. John Beattie’s “valuable and conclusive experiments,” as Dr.
Alfred Russel Wallace calls them, can only be referred to briefl y. Mr.
Beattie, of Clifton, Bristol, who was a retired photographer of twenty
years’ standing, felt very doubtful about the genuineness of many
of the alleged spirit photographs which had been shown to him,
and determined to investigate for himself. Without any professional
medium, but in the presence of an intimate friend who was a trance
sensitive, he and his friend Dr. G. S. Thomson, of Edinburgh, conducted a series of experiments in 1872 and obtained on the plates
fi rst patches of light and, later on, entire extra fi gures. They found
that the extra forms and markings showed up on the plate during
development much in advance of the sitter a peculiarity often observed by other operators. Mr. Beattie’s thorough honesty is vouched
for by the editor of the British Journal of Photography. Mr. Stainton
[108]
Moses
and others supply details of the above experiments.
[107]
405
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
The London Daily Mail in 1908 appointed a Commission to
make “an inquiry into the genuineness or otherwise of what are
called spirit photographs,” but it came to naught. It was composed
of three non-Spiritualists, Messrs. R. Child Bayley, F. J. Mortimer,
and E. Sanger-Shepherd, and three supporters of spirit photography,
Messrs. A. P. Sinnett, E. R. Serocold Skeels, and Robert King. In the
course of the report of the latter three they state that they:
I can only agree to report that the Commission has failed to secure proof that spirit photography is possible, not because evidence
to that effect is otherwise than very abundant, but by reason of the
unfortunate and unpractical attitude adopted by those members of
the commission who had no previous experience of the subject.
[109]
Particulars of the Commission will be found in Light.
cent years the history of spirit photography has largely centred
round what is known as the Crewe Circle, which is now composed
of Mr. William Hope and Mrs. Buxton, both living at Crewe. The
Circle was formed about 1905, but did not attract attention until it
was discovered by Archdeacon Colley in 1908. Mr. Hope, describing
his fi rst experiences, says that while working in a factory near Manchester, he took a photograph one Saturday afternoon of a fellowworkman whom he posed in front of a brick wall. When the plate
was developed there was to be seen, in addition to the photograph of
his friend, the form of a woman standing by his side, with the brick
wall showing through her. The man asked Hope how he had put the
other fi gure there, saying that he recognized it as that of his sister
who had been dead some years. Mr. Hope says:
I knew nothing at all about Spiritualism then. We took the photograph to the works on Monday, and a Spiritualist there said it was
what was called a Spirit photograph. He suggested that we should
try again on the following Saturday at the same place with the same
camera, which we did, and not only the same lady came on the plate
In re-
406
THE HISTORY OF SPIRITUALISM
again, but a little child with her. I thought this very strange, and it
made me more interested, and I went on with my experiments.
For a long time Hope destroyed all the negatives on which he
obtained spirit pictures, until Archdeacon Colley became acquainted with him and told him he must preserve them.
Archdeacon Colley had his fi rst sitting with the Crewe Circle on
March 16, 1908. He brought his own camera (a Lancaster quarterplate which Mr. Hope still uses), his own diamond-marked plates
and dark slides, and developed plates with his own chemicals. All
that Mr. Hope did was to press the bulb for the exposure. On one of
the plates were two spirit pictures.
Since that early day, Mr. Hope and Mrs. Buxton have taken thousands of spirit photographs under every imaginable test, and they
are proud to be able to say that they have never charged a penny as
professional fees, only charging for the actual photographic materials used and for their time.
Mr. M. J. Vearncombe, a professional photographer in Bridgwater,
Somerset, had the same disturbing experience as Wyllie, Boursnell,
and others in fi nding unaccountable patches of light appear on his
plates, and, like them, he came to take spirit photographs.
In 1920 Mr. Fred Barlow, of Birmingham, a well-known investigator, obtained with this medium extras of faces and written messages, under test conditions, on plates that were not exposed in the
[110]
camera.
dential results.
Mrs. Deane’s mediumship is of recent date (her fi rst spirit photograph was in June, 1920). She has obtained many recognized “extras” under test conditions, and her work is sometimes equal to the
best of her predecessors in this branch. Recently she has achieved
two very fi ne results. Dr. Allerton Cushman, a well-known American scientist and Director of the National Laboratories at Wash-
Since that date Mr. Vearncombe has secured many evi-
407
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
ington, paid an unexpected visit to the British College of Psychic
Science at Holland Park in July, 1921, and obtained through Mrs.
Deane a beautiful and well-recognized “extra” of his deceased
daughter. Full details of this sitting will be found recorded, with
photographs, in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. The other result was on November 11, 1922, on the occasion
of the Great Silence, on Armistice Day, in Whitehall, when in a photograph of the immense concourse of people gathered in the vicinity
of the Cenotaph many spirit faces are discernible, and a number of
them were recognized. This was repeated on three successive years.
Modern researches have proved that these psychic results are
not obtained, in some instances at least, through the lens of the
camera. On many occasions, under test conditions, these supernormal pictures have been secured from an unopened box of plates,
held between the hands of the sitter or sitters. Also, when the experiment has been tried of using two cameras, if any “extra” appears, it
is found in one camera, not in both. A theory held is that the image
is precipitated on the photographic plate, or that a psychic screen is
applied to the plate.
The author may perhaps say a few words upon his own personal
experience, which has been chiefl y with the Crewe Circle and with
Mrs. Deane. In the case of the latter there have always been results,
but in no case were the “extras” recognized. The author is well aware
of Mrs. Deane’s psychic power, which has been conspicuously shown
during the long series of experiments held by Mr. Warrick under
every possible test condition, and fully reported in Psychic Science.
[111]
His own experiences have, however, never been evidential, and
if he relied only upon them he could not speak with any certainty.
He used Mrs. Deane’s own plates, and he has a strong feeling that
the faces may be precipitated upon them during the days of preparation when she carries the packet upon her person. She is under the
408
THE HISTORY OF SPIRITUALISM
impression that she can facilitate her results in this way, but she is
probably quite mistaken, for the Cushman case was extempore. It is
also on record that a trick was once played upon her at the Psychic
College, her own packet being taken away and another substituted.
In spite of this “extras” were obtained. She would be well advised,
therefore, if she abandoned methods which make her results, however genuine, so vulnerable to attack.
It is otherwise with Mr. Hope. On the various occasions when
the author has sat with him he has always brought his own plates,
has marked them in the dark room, and has handled and developed
them himself.
Since writing the above, the author has tested the medium with
his own plates, marked and developed by himself. He obtained six
psychic results in eight experiments. In nearly every case an “extra”
has been obtained, that “extra”-though there has never yet been
a clear recognition-has certainly been abnormal in its production.
Mr. Hope has endured the usual attacks from ignorance or malice
to which every medium is exposed, but he has emerged from them
with his honour unblemished.
Some mention should be made of the remarkable results of Mr.
Staveley Bulford, a talented psychic student, who has produced most
excellent genuine psychic photographs. No one can look over his
scrapbook and note the gradual development of his gift from mere
blotches of light to very perfect faces without being convinced of the
reality of the process.
The subject is still obscure, and all the author’s personal experience goes to support the view that in a certain number of cases
nothing external is ever built up, but the effect is produced by a sort
of ray carrying a picture upon it which can penetrate solids, such as
the wall of the dark slide, and imprint its effect upon the plate. The
experiment, already cited, where two cameras have been trained
409
ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
simultaneously, with the medium midway between them, appears
to be conclusive, since it showed a result on one plate and not on
the other. The author has obtained results on plates which never
left the dark slide, quite as vivid as any which have been exposed to
light. It is probable that if Hope never took the cap off the lens his
results would often be the same.
Whatever the eventual explanation, the only hypothesis which
at present covers the facts is that of a wise invisible Intelligence,
presiding over the operation and working in his own fashion,
which shows different results with different circles. So standardized
are the methods of each that the author would undertake to tell
at a glance which photographer had taken any print submitted to
him. Supposing such an Intelligence to have the powers claimed,
we can then at once see why every normal photographic law is violated, why shadows and lights no longer agree, and why, in short,
a whole series of traps are laid for the ordinary conventional critic.
We can understand also, since the picture is simply built up by the
Intelligence and shot on to the plate, why we fi nd results which are
reproductions of old pictures and photographs, and why it is as possible that the face of a living man may appear on the plate as that
of a disembodied spirit. In one instance, quoted by Dr. Henslow, the
reproduction of a rare Greek script from the British Museum appeared in one of the plates from Hope, with a slight change in the
Greek which showed that it was not a copy.
Intelligence had noted the inscription, had shot it on to the plate,
but had made some small slip of memory in the conveyance. This
explanation has the disconcerting corollary that the mere fact that
we get the psychic photograph of a dead friend is no proof at all that
the friend is really present. It is only when that fact is independently
asserted in some seance, before or after, that we get something in the
nature of proof.
[112]
Here apparently the
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