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Файл:Cross-Cultural Communication in Transport Industry. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов-бакалавров направления «Лингвистика»
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lower tare weight, and in the case of articulated units,
reduced slack action.
Double-stack cars are most common in North
America where intermodal traffic is heavy and
electrification is less widespread; thus overhead
clearances are typically more manageable.
The Cattle Car/Stock Car
The cattle car (although they hauled all types of
livestock) once a common staple of freight trains the
USA. Today, livestock traffic is virtually non-existent
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and the stock car, like the caboose, has become an
obsolete piece of equipment
The Classic Caboose (USA): An American Legend
Perhaps no other symbol of American railroading has
defined the industry as the simple caboose. An
endearing piece of equipment, even to the general
public, the car was an all too common sight that many
folks anticipated watching pass as the end of the train
went by. First reportedly developed just a few decades
after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was chartered the
caboose became a vital part of a freight train for over a
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century with several different types and versions of
the car developed during that time mostly in regards to
how a particular railroad designed their particular type
for everyday use. While still in limited use today the
beloved caboose has mostly went extinct as it rapidly
disappeared beginning in the 1980s.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. What are Box Wagons commonly used for?
2. What commodities are carried in ‘Open-top’
Hopper Wagons?
3. What do Flat Wagons carry?
4. What kind of freight car design are gondolas?
5. What is the primary purpose of well cars?
6. What car is considered the symbol of American
railroading?
7. What car was used for hauling livestock?
8. What cars are used for shipment of perishable food
products such as dairy, meat, and vegetables?
9. What versatile piece of rolling stock has long been
used to handle liquid or liquefied products?
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Exercise 2. Decide whether the following statements
are true (T) or false (F):
1. ‘Open-top’ Hopper Wagons can be loaded in many
different ways and carry commodities that will not be
damaged by exposure to weather such as aggregates,
coal, and mineral ores.
2. Railroad boxcars truly became an industry icon and
remained so through the 1950s, used to haul about any
and every type of non-bulk traffic moved by train
3. Tank wagons are often specialized for the type of
commodity they carry, for example, chemicals, oils,
and oil products may be carried in a stainless steel
tank.
4. While the well car has been embraced by railroads
for its efficiency it is actually little more than a flat
car.
5. Before the advent of efficient highways and trucks,
railroads were able to derive considerable profit from
hauling livestock thanks to its high priority status and
time sensitive nature.
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6. Tank car use has increased over the years
boxcar (4), hopper(3), tank , rolling stock,
customer, car fleet, flatcar
diversified to also include food-based products and
ethanol.
7. While still in limited use today the caboose has
mostly went extinct as it rapidly disappeared
beginning in the 1970s.
8. The modern open-top hopper cars haul everything
from coal to aggregates, such as ballasting ( the
crushed rock used under the railroad tracks that acts as
support and cushioning), and feature a number of
different drop-bottom designs to empty their cargo.
9. The history of railroad cars moving lading (freight)
can be traced back to the earliest days of the industry
using simple boxcar designs.
10. The least popular in today's industry is the
"Bathtub" gondola for use in hauling coal.
Exercise 3. Complete the extract with appropriate
words or phrases from the box.
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The railroads own and maintain their own ……... The
characteristics of these cars have changed
considerably to suit……. requirements; for example,
the conventional...…. has been deemphasized but has
seen resurgence in the past few years. Today’s……..
is highly specialized and is designed to meet the needs
of the individual shipper. Following is a list of eight
generalized car types: ……. (plain): Standardized
roofed freight car with sliding doors on the side used
for general commodities. …….. (equipped): Specially
modified……. used for specialized merchandise, such
as automobile parts. ……. car: A freight car with the
floor sloping to one or more hinged doors used for
discharging bulk materials. Covered ……..: A …….
car with a roof designed to transport bulk commodities
that need protection from the elements. …….: A
freight car with no top or sides used primarily for
TOFC service machinery and building materials. The
…… car has long been used to handle liquid or
liquefied products.
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Exercise 4. Match the words and phrases to their
explanations:
1. box wagons
2. high-sided gondolas
3. covered hopper wagons
4. open-top hopper wagons
5. low-sided gondola
6. flat wagons
7. the caboose
8. the cattle car
9. well cars(double-stack cars)
10. refrigerator cars (reefers)
11. tank wagons
12. hoppers
a) are commonly used for many commodities such as
auto-parts, canned goods, bags of cement, and even
loose grains
b) carry liquids such as oil or oil products, chemicals,
or consumables such as seed oils, milk, beer, or water
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c) carry commodities that will not be damaged by
exposure to weather such as aggregates, coal, and
mineral ores
d) are used for heavier materials such as steel slabs,
steel structural members, machinery, and other
materials that can tolerate exposure to the weather
e) carry machinery, logs, plywood, containers, and
road transport trailers
f) feature some type of angled or sloped chutes or
hatches, which use the force of gravity to quickly
unload their cargo and never requiring being tilted or
turned upside-down in any way
g) allowed for the widespread shipment of perishable
food products such as dairy, meat, and vegetables
h) are used for aggregates, coal, and other relatively
low-density materials, including cement in bags
i) hauled all types of livestock, was once a common
staple of freight trains
j) haul commodities such as grains, cement, sand,
fertilizers, flour and sugar, or chemical or powdery
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materials that may be damaged by exposure to the
elements
k) the sight that many folks anticipated watching pass
as the end of the train went by
l) their primary purpose is to haul international
containers in loads of one or two (typically two if
railroad tunnel and bridge clearances will allow) from
port to market and vice-versa
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SUPPLIMENTARY TEXTS
Text 1
UK Transport System and How It Compares With
the USA
Car is without a doubt the main mode of passenger
transport in both America and Britain, but that is
where the similarity ends.
It’s impossible to make an exact comparison because
official statistics in both countries are compiled
differently. For example, although car is by far the
most popular mode of transport, for some reason the
UK government statistics lump both cars and taxis
together in the same figure;
In Britain these days buses tend to be used more for
short journeys, and trains for the longer journeys.
Although there was a time when trains and trams used
to be as popular as buses for local urban travel. A
Branch Line being a railway line that branches off
from the main (artery) rail network to provide a
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