Книга_2817_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

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Doll’s eye (vestibulo- ocular) reflex,

brainstem, 130 Donepezil, Alzheimer’s disease therapy, 310 Dopamine cells, reticular formation, 126 Dopamine receptor 1 (D1), 207 Dopamine receptor 2 (D2), 207 Dopamine receptor agonists, 212, 213f Dopamine receptor antagonists, 363 Dopamine receptor partial agonists, 363 Dopamine receptor reuptake inhibitors, 363 Dopamine receptor(s), 213b

antipsychotic drugs, 327 depression, 339

Dopaminergic drugs

half- lives, 212t Parkinson’s disease treatment, 210–212

Dopaminergic systems, 213b

addiction, 358

schizophrenia, 326 Doppler scanning, clinical examination, 64 Dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), 163 Dorsal rami, spinal nerves, 24 Double vision, 145 Driving, epilepsy, 292 Drug classification, addiction, 358b Drug combinations, addiction, 371 Drugs of abuse

addiction, 358t

See also specific drugs Duloxetine, 343 Duplex scanning, clinical examination, 64 Dura mater, 3, 257–258

falx cerebri, 258

meningeal layer, 258

periosteal layer, 258

sensory innervation, 258

spinal cord, 68

tentorium cerebelli, 258 Dysarthria, 199 Dysdiadochokinesis, 199 Dyskinesias, L- DOPA, 211–212 Dysmetria, 199 Dysphonia, 199

Ear anatomy, 159–160, 159f, 159t

cochlea, 159f, 160, 161f

cochlear nerve, 159f

eardrum, 159–160, 159f

Eustachian tube, 159f

external auditory canal, 159f

incus, 159–160, 159f

internal auditory canal, 159f

malleus, 159–160, 159f

outer ear, 159–160, 159f

round window, 159f

scala tympani, 160

scala vestibuli, 160

semicircular canal, 159f

stapes, 159–160, 159f

tensor stapedius, 160

tensor tympani, 160

Ear anatomy (Continued)

vestibular apparatus, 160

vestibular nerve, 159f Eardrum, 159–160, 159f Eating control, hypothalamus, 22 Ecstasy (MDMA), 356, 369–370

animal studies, 369–370

hyperthermia, 369

structural changes, 369, 370f ECT. See Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Edinger–Westphal nucleus, pupillary light

reflex, 127–129

EEG. See Electroencephalography (EEG) Efferent output, autonomic nervous system,

Elderly

Alzheimer’s disease, 302–308

benzodiazepine problems, 350t Electrical activity, clinical examination, 64 Electrical synapses, 43–44 Electrocochleography, 167 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 344b

depression treatment, 344–345

side effects, 344 Electrode placement, EEG, 277, 278f Electroencephalography (EEG)

cerebral cortex neurones, 278b

clinical examination, 64

electrode placement, 277, 278f

epilepsy diagnosis, 279f, 280–281

generalized seizures, 280f

normal patterns, 278–280, 279f

alpha rhythm, 278–280 delta rhythm, 278–280 desynchronicity, 278–280 schizophrenia, 322–323

theta rhythm, 278–280 Electromyography (EMG), 64 Emmetropia, 144f Emotions

pain physiology, 100 prefrontal cortex, 326b

schizophrenia, 319 Encapsulated mechanoreceptors, 23 Encephalitis, 268–269

herpes simplex virus infection, 268

viral infections, 268, 268t Enteric nervous system, 25–26, 30 Entorhinal cortex, hippocampus LTP, 300 Environmental factors

Parkinson’s disease, 208–209

schizophrenia, 322 Epidural route, opioids, 109 Epilepsy, 274–275

animal models, 285

kindling, 285 case history, 275b childhood, 276t, 277 classification, 274 depression, 276 diagnosis, 276–282

CT, 281

EEG, 277–278, 280–281, 280f

magnetoencephalography, 277–278

Epilepsy (Continued)

MRI, 281 MRS, 281–282 PET, 281–282

SPECT, 281–282 dietary treatment, 291–292 differential diagnosis, 276–282 epidemiology, 275–276, 276t focal seizures, 282

with secondary generalization, 282 GABA transmission, 284

GABA A receptors, 284

GABA B receptors, 284

GAT- 1 transporter, 285 generalized seizures, 274, 282–283

absence seizures, 282

EEG, 281f

tonic–clonic seizures, 282–283 genetics, 277b glutamate transmission, 283–284

AMPA receptors, 283

kainate receptors, 283

LTP, 283

NMDA receptors, 283 ion channels, 284

Ca2+channels, 284

K+ channels, 284

Na+ channels, 284, 284f nerve stimulation, 291 neurobiology, 283–285 partial seizures, 274 pathogenesis, 285–287

cortex chandelier cells, 285, 287f

paroxysmal depolarization shift, 285,

285f

pharmacological treatment, 287–291

drug choice, 289

pharmaco- resistance, 291b

See also specific drugs seizure types, 275, 275f, 282–287

absence seizures, 282

clonic seizures, 275

febrile seizures, 283

focal onset seizures, 282

focal seizures, 282

generalized seizures. See above

myoclonic seizures, 275

partial seizures. See above

status epilepticus. See below

tonic seizures, 275

tonic–clonic seizures, 282–283 social consequences, 292

driving, 292

leisure activities, 292

occupations, 292

stigma, 292 status epilepticus, 283

diazepam, 292

resuscitation, 292

treatment, 292 suicide risk, 276 surgery, 291

callostomy, 291

focal seizures, 291

INDEX

379

INDEX

Epithalamus, diencephalon, 18 Epsps. See Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

(epsps) Ergotamine, migraine treatment, 113 Erlander–Gasser peripheral nerve

classification, 23–24 ERPs. See Event- related potentials (ERPs) Ethosuximide, epilepsy treatment, 288 Eustachian tube, 159–160, 159f Event- related potentials (ERPs)

clinical examination, 64

schizophrenia, 323 Excitatory neurons, spinal cord, 73 Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (epsps),

39 hippocampus LTP, 300 inhibitory postsynaptic potential

interactions, 51–52, 52f

Excitotoxic cascade, spinal cord injury, 82 Excitotoxicity, Huntington’s disease, 220 Expressive aphasia, lesions, 166b External auditory canal, 159f Extradural haemorrhage. See Head injury Extrapyramidal pathway, motor systems,

187t, 188

Eye(s)

anatomy, 136–139, 137f

aqueous humour, 137 blind spot, 139, 147f canal of Schlemm, 137, 137f choroid, 137, 137f ciliary body, 137, 137f ciliary process, 137 conjunctiva, 136–137, 137f cornea, 137f fovea, 137f iris, 137, 137f lateral rectus muscle, 137f lens, 137, 137f macula lutea, 137f optic nerve, 137, 137f, 139 sclera, 136–137, 137f suspensory ligaments, 137, 137f vitreous humour, 137–138, 137f

examination, 138–139, 139b

See also Ophthalmoscopy

movement control, 144–146

muscles, 144, 145f, 145t oculomotor nerve, 145–146 See also Saccades; Vestibulo- ocular reflex testing, 145–146

vestibulo- ocular reflex, 171–173

Facial nerve. See Cranial nerve VII (facial

nerve)

Falx cerebri, dura mater, 258 Fampridine (4- aminopyridine), spinal cord

injury management, 85

Fast motor unit, skeletal muscle contraction,

181–182

Febrile convulsions, epilepsy, 283

Fentanyl, 108 Fine movements, left brain hemisphere, 15 Flaccid (floppy) paralysis, 193t Flexor reflexes, 186, 186f Flocculonodular lobe, cerebellum, 197 Fluoxetine, 343t Flurazepam, 350t Focal onset seizures, 282 Focal seizures, 282

with secondary generalization, 282 Focusing defects, 142–144 Foramen of Monro, 7, 8f Forebrain

anatomy, 12

cholinergic system, 309f, 309b Formal thought disorders, schizophrenia,

320, 320b Fornix, sagittal plane, 9–10 Fovea, 137f Free radicals

ischaemic stroke, 239–240, 239f

Parkinson’s disease, 209, 209f Frontal eye field, motor cortex, 191 Frontal lobes, functions, 4t Frontotemporal dementia, 313 Functional imaging, auditory perception, 165 Functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI), 63

Fused tetanus, 182, 182f

G- protein- coupled receptors (GPCRs), 49

activation, 49–50

desensitisation, 49–50

signalling, 49–50, 49f

second receptor pathways, 48–49, 49f

GABA

basal ganglia, 203

depression, 341

epilepsy. See Epilepsy

as neurotransmitter, 45–46

receptor modulators, 288 GABAA receptors, 284 GABAB receptors, 284 GABAergic nigrostriatal projections,

Parkinson’s disease, 207–208

Gabapentin

efficacy, 288t

neuropathic pain management, 111 Gag reflex, brainstem, 130 Gait

clinical examination. See Clinical

examination

Parkinson’s disease, 205–207 Gait ataxia, 200 Galantamine, Alzheimer’s disease therapy,

310

Gamma (γ) motor neurones, 184 Ganglion cells. See Retina Gap junctions, synaptic transmission, 43–44 GAT- 1 transporter, epilepsy, 51 Gating, pain, 96

Generalized anxiety disorder, 348t Gepirone, 351 Glasgow Coma Scale

cortical function examination, 62

head injury assessment, 244, 245t Glaucoma, 137 Glial cells, 36–39 Glial fibrillary acidic protein, astrocytes, 36 Globus pallidus, movement, 202 Globus pallidus external (GPe)

horizontal sections, 11–12

sagittal plane, 5–6, 11–12 Globus pallidus internal (GPi), 9–10, 10f Glossopharyngeal nerve. See Cranial nerve

IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

Glue- sniffing. See Solvent abuse Glutamate

epilepsy. See Epilepsy

as neurotransmitter, 45–46 Glutamate receptors, 327b Glutamatergic agents, Alzheimer’s disease

treatment, 310 Glutathione, ischaemic stoke therapy, 240 Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation, 41 Golgi cells, cerebellum, 196 Golgi tendon organs (GTO), 184–185

inverse myotactic reflex arc, 185f sensory inputs, 185, 185f structure, 185

GPCRs. See G- protein- coupled receptors

(GPCRs) Granule cells, cerebellum, 195 Graphesthesia, cortical function

examination, 61 Great cerebral vein of Galen, 228–229 Grey matter, spinal cord, 69–70, 71f Grommets (tympanostomy tubes), deafness

treatment, 169 GTO. See Golgi tendon organs (GTO) Guillain–Barré syndrome, 29 Gyri, brain anatomy, 4, 5f

Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis,

263–264 Haemorrhage

intracerebral. See Intracerebral

haemorrhage

intraventricular, haemorrhagic stroke, 236 subarachnoid. See Subarachnoid

haemorrhage

subdural, head injury, 248f Haemorrhagic rash, bacterial meningitis, 263 Haemorrhagic stroke, 230, 235, 276t

aneurysms, 235–236

arteriovenous malformations, 236, 236f

Berry aneurysms, 235–236, 236f

causes, 233f

intracerebral haemorrhage, 235, 236f

intraventricular haemorrhage, 236

prognosis, 236

subarachnoid haemorrhage, 247–249

380

Hair cells

auditory system, 158–169 saccule, 170–171 semicircular canals, 169–170

utricle, 170–171 Hallpike’s manoeuvre, 175 Hallucinations

L- DOPA, 211–212

schizophrenia, 319

solvent abuse, 371 Hallucinogens, 370–371 Hamilton Rating Scale, depression,

336b–338b

Head injury, 243–245

assessment, 251, 244–245

Glasgow Coma Scale, 245t, 254

brain damage, 245t, 249f

‘contrecoup‘, 249–250, 254 ‘coup‘, 249–250, 254

contusions/lacerations, 249–250 brain movement, 244 cytotoxic brain swelling, 244b diffuse pathology, 250

axonal injury, 250

brain swelling, 250

diffuse axonal injury, 250

hypoxic–ischaemic injury, 245–246 extradural haemorrhage, 246, 248f

treatment, 251–253 focal pathology, 245–251 head input, 244 incidence, 224–225 interstitial brain swelling, 244b intracerebral haemorrhage, 250 meninges, 246–250 MRI, 249f raised intracranial pressure, 235–236 skull fractures, 245–246

orbit fractures, 246

X- ray, 229, 245–246 subarachnoid haemorrhage, 247–249 subdural haemorrhage, 247, 248f treatment, 251–253

rehabilitation, 253 vasogenic brain swelling, 244b

Head movements, vestibulo- ocular reflex, 171 Hearing

speaking relationship, 166b tests, 167

audiometry, 167

auditory brainstem response, 1580

electrocochleography, 167

Rinne test, 167, 167t tympanometry, 167 Weber test, 167, 167t

Hearing aids, 169 Heart rate control, brainstem, 128f, 128b Hebb’s rule, 300 Hemianopia, definition, 142t Hemiparesis (hemiplegia), reflexes, 193 Heparin, stroke prevention, 241–242 Hepatitis, alcohol dependence, 356 Hepatotoxicity, solvent abuse, 371 Heroin (diamorphine), 108, 361

Herpes simplex virus infection, 256

encephalitis, 256 Herpes zoster virus infection, 256 Heteronymous, definition, 142t, 155 Hippocampus, 16–17

circuitry, 300f

functions, 16t

lesions, 16

LTP, 300, 300f

AMPA receptors, 300–301 CA1 outputs, 300 CA3 neurons, 300 dentate gyrus, 300 entorhinal cortex, 300 excitatory postsynaptic potentials, 300 mossy fibres, 300 NMDA receptors, 300–301 Papez circuit, 300 protein synthesis, 301 Schaffer colaterals, 300 transient, 301

memory, 299–302

synaptic connectivity, 300

sagittal plane, 5–6 Hirschsprung’s disease, 30 Histamine, 46 HIV infection

associated infections, 270–271

HIV- associated dementia, 270–271 Homonymous, definition, 142t Horizontal cells. See Retina Horizontal sections, brain anatomy, 7–8,

11–12, 11f

Horner’s syndrome

cranial nerve IV, 56–57

pupil asymmetry, 143t

pupillary light reflex, 127–130 Hunger, hypothalamus, 20 Huntingtin

CAG repeats, 219–220

functions, 219–220

Huntington’s disease, 218–221

knockout mice, 219–220 Huntington’s disease, 218–221

antidopaminergic agents, 220

chorea, 220

CT, 218–219

definition, 218–219

mortality, 224–225

movement suppression, 220

MRI, 218–219

pathogenesis, 211–212

excitotoxicity, 220 huntingtin, 220

neurodegeneration, 220 Hydrocephalus, 260b 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A agonists,

351

5- hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists,

migraine prevention, 341

5- hydroxytryptamine receptor(s),

depression, 339

5- hydroxytryptamine transporter,

depression, 339

5- hydroxytryptamine (5- HT), 45–46 Hyperopia, 142–144, 144f Hyperreflexia, 59, 193 Hypertonia, reflexes, 193 Hypocarbia, cerebral blood flow, 225 Hypoglossal disease. See Cranial nerve XII

(hypoglossal nerve) Hypophysial artery, 227 Hyporeflexia, 191–192 Hypothalamus

anatomy, 30–31 angiotensin II, 22 circadian rhythm, 18 circulatory input, 20 eating control, 22 hunger, 22 nervous input, 22 nuclei, 19t oxytocin, 22 suprachiasmatic nucleus, 21 temperature regulation, 21t thirst centres, 22 vasopressin, 22 ventrolateral system, 76

Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)

axis, depression, 341, 341t Hypothermia, stroke treatment, 252 Hypotonia, 199 Hypoxia, cerebral blood flow, 225 Hypoxic ischaemic injury, head injury, 312

Ibuprofen, 111 IC. See Inferior colliculus (IC) Ideas, abnormal, schizophrenia, 318 Imaging. See Neuroimaging specific

methods Imipramine, mood disorder therapy, 343t Immunocompromised patient, infections,

265 Impaired concentration, mental state

examination, 56 Impotence, autonomic nervous system

dysfunction, 29t Incoherence, schizophrenia, 320b Incus, 159f Indirect inhibition, supraspinal (descending)

analgesia, 98 Infantile spasms (West’s syndrome), 276t Infections, 256, 257t

deafness. See Deafness immunocompromised patient, 264 See also specific infections spinal cord injury, 69t

types, 256–257 Inferior cerebellar peduncles, cerebellum, 188f Inferior colliculus (IC), 164

auditory pathways, 165, 163–164 Inferior olivary nuclei (ION)

cerebellum, 195–196

medulla, 6

spino- olivary tract, 78

INDEX

381

INDEX

Inhibition, indirect, supraspinal

(descending) analgesia, 98, 109 Inhibitory neurones, spinal cord, 109 Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPS),

excitatory postsynaptic potential

interactions, 39, 40f Inner hair cells, auditory system, 160 Innervation ratio, skeletal muscle

contraction, 181 Insomnia, 351–353

chronic, 351

definition, 351 Integrative functions, brainstem, 120 Intention tremor, 199 Internal auditory canal, 159f Internal carotid arteries (ICA), 226 Internal medullary lamina, thalamus, 18 International Association for the Study of

Pain (IASP), 91 Interneurones, spinal cord, 72 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 132f Interstitial brain swelling, head

injury, 244b Intracerebral haemorrhage

haemorrhagic stroke, 231–235, 233f

head injury, 243–245 Intracranial pressure, ischaemic stroke, 238 Intramuscular route, opioids, 108 Intrathecal route, opioids, 109 Intravenous route, opioids, 109–110 Intraventricular haemorrhage, haemorrhagic

stroke, 236

Inverse myotactic reflex arc, Golgi tendon

organs, 185f

Ion channels

action potentials, 41–42

epilepsy. See Epilepsy

inhibitors, 287–288

nociceptors, 93t ION. See Inferior olivary nuclei (ION) Ionotropic glutamate receptors, 327b Ionotropic receptors, 46–48, 47t

signalling, 45–46 Ipsapirone, 351 Ipsps. See Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

(ipsps) Iris, 137, 137f Ischaemia, spinal cord injury, 82 Ischaemic penumbra, ischaemic

stroke, 238 Ischaemic stroke, 230–231

causes, 239f cell injury mechanisms, 238–241, 239f

AMPA receptors, 239–240 anoxia, 238 ATP- dependent Na pumps, 238 free radicals, 239–240 intracranial pressure, 238 nitric oxide, 240–241

NMDA receptors, 239–240 ischaemic penumbra, 238 prognosis, 243 time course, 239f

Jacksonian epilepsy, 282 Jaw jerk reflex, brainstem, 130 Juvenile absence epilepsy, 276t Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 276t

Kainate receptors, 327b

epilepsy, 285 Kappa(κ) opioid receptors, 107, 108t, 359 Kernig’s sign, meningitis, 265 Kindling, epilepsy animal models, 285 Klüver–Bucy syndrome, 16–17, 17b Knockout mice, huntingtin, 219–220,

342b

Korsakoff’s psychosis, alcohol dependence,

367

L- DOPA

benserazide combination, 211–212

biosynthesis, 210f

carbidopa combination, 211–212

complications, 211t

metabolism, 212

nausea and vomiting, 211–212

Parkinson’s disease treatment, 207–208

side effects, 213b

dyskinesias, 211–212

hallucinations, 211–212 Labyrinthitis, 175 Lamina V, pain perception, 95 Lamotrigine

epilepsy treatment, 287–291 trigeminal neuralgia management,

116 Language, left brain hemisphere, 14 Language centres, brain hemispheres, 14 Lateral fissure, 5f Lateral fissure of Sylvius, 4–5 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

information processing, 151–152 receptive fields, 73 visual pathways, 139–141

Lateral lemniscus body (LLN), auditory

pathways, 164 Lateral rectus muscle, eye, 137f Lateral region, reticular formation, 125 Lateral ventral enlargements, schizophrenia,

322, 323f Learning

declarative, 299 models of, 299

procedural, 299 Left common carotid artery, 232f Leisure activities, epilepsy, 292 Lens, 130, 137, 138f Lesion level effects, spinal cord injury, 80,

120, 131t

Lesions

amygdala, 9–10 basal ganglia, 9–10, 18 conduction aphasia, 166b hippocampus, 16–17 orbitofrontal cortex, 18 pain perception, 95t peripheral nerves, 23–24, 25t right brain hemisphere, 14 site identification, 76 visual cortex primary outputs, 130

Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease, 208, 296,

312–313

LGN. See Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) Light focusing, retina, 142–144 Light sensitivity, rods, 147 Limbic association area, 17 Limbic cortex, anatomy, 12 Limbic lobe, functions, 16, 323–324 Limbic system

anatomy, 14 cingulate gyri, 16 connections, 12f–13f, 16 inputs, 12 parahippocampal gyri, 16 prefrontal cortex connections, 17

Lissauer’s tract, 76 Listeria monocytogenes, bacterial meningitis, 264 Lithium, 312

bipolar disorder, 335

Lloyd–Hunt system, 23–24 LMNs. See Lower motor neurones (LMNs) Local anaesthetics, 111b

neuropathic pain management, 111 Local gating, pain, 96 Locus coeruleus (LC), supraspinal analgesia,

Lofexidine, opiate addiction therapy, 361 Long- term depression (LTD), cerebellum See

Cerebellum Long- term memory, 17, 250 Long- term potentiation (LTP)

epilepsy, 300 hippocampus. See Hippocampus molecular mechanisms, 300–301

Longitudinal fissure, brain anatomy, 3–4, 4f Lou Gehrig’s disease. See Amyotrophic lateral

sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) Loudness, central neural codes, 162 Lower motor neurones (LMNs)

damage, reflexes, 192–193, 193t motor systems. See Motor systems

skeletal muscle contraction, 179–182 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 326, 370 Lumbar puncture, 70f, 70b

CSF sampling, 266 Lung cancer, nicotine addiction, 366 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 326, 370

M pathway, visual cortex, 153–154 Macrophages, spinal cord injury, 82–83

382

Macula, vestibular system, 170f Macula lutea, 137f Macular degeneration, 140b Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Alzheimer’s disease, 305b brainstem, 121–123 clinical examination, 55–62 CT vs., 62 dementia, 296–299 epilepsy diagnosis, 244 functional, 63, 298–299 head injury, 249f horizontal brain sections, 11–12 Huntington’s disease, 218–221 schizophrenia, 318, 322–327, 323f spinal cord, 80–86, 81f T1- weighted, 62, 63f T2- weighted, 62, 63f

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS),

epilepsy diagnosis, 281–282

Magnetoencephalography, epilepsy

diagnosis, 277–278 Magnocellular (M) cells, 150–151 Malleus, 159–160, 159f Marcus Gunn syndrome, pupil asymmetry,

143t Marijuana. See Cannabis (marijuana) McGill Pain questionnaire, 100–101 MDMA. See Ecstasy (MDMA) Mechanoreceptors, 22–23, 22t

encapsulated, 23 rapidly adapting, 23 slowly adapting, 23

Medial geniculate nucleus, auditory

pathways, 159–160 Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), 120, 172b Medulla. See Brain anatomy Memantine, Alzheimer’s disease therapy, 310 Memory

hippocampus, 299 impairment, Parkinson’s disease, 205–207 models of, 299

Ménière’s disease, 174–175

treatment, 175 Meningeal layer, dura mater, 258 Meninges, 3, 257–259

anatomy, 258f

arachnoid mater, 3

dura mater, 3

head injury, 246

pia mater, 3

See also specific types Meningitis, 256, 263–268

aseptic, 265t

case history, 257b

CSF sampling, 266, 267t

lumbar puncture, 267, 269–270 deafness, 167–168 diagnosis, 265–266

Kernig’s sign, 265 treatment, 265–268

antibiotics, 267

anticonvulsants, 267–268 viral, 265t

Mental state. See Clinical examination Mepps (miniature endplate potentials),

neuromuscular junctions, 48

Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), seizures,

285, 286f

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, opiate

addiction, 360–361

Mesolimbic/mesocortical pathway,

dopaminergic systems, 213b Metabolic disorders, spinal cord injury, 80t Metabolic rate, neurones, 35–36 Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs),

327b

cerebellum long- term depression, 301, 364

Metabotropic receptors, 46, 48–51

ligands, 48t structure, 48

Methadone, 108

opiate addiction therapy, 361–362

Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(MRSA), 267b 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine. See

Ecstasy (MDMA) Meyer’s loop, visual pathways, 141 Microglia, Alzheimer’s disease, 308 Microglial cells, 37–38 Microtubule bundling, Alzheimer’s disease,

306–307 Midbrain, 7

inferior colliculi, 7 superior colliculi, 7 tectum, 7

Middle cerebellar peduncles, cerebellum,

5–6 Middle cerebral artery (MCA), 226, 228f, 234b

functional anatomy, 231t Middle cerebral candelabra, 227 Midline nodulus, cerebellum, 197 Midline region, reticular formation, 125 Midsagittal section, brain anatomy, 9f Migraine, 111–113

aura, 112

pathophysiology, 112–113

preventive treatment, 115–116

5- HT receptor antagonists, 113, 115 anticonvulsants, 115 beta- adrenergic receptor agonists, 115 calcium- channel blockers, 115 tricyclic antidepressants, 115

triptans, 118 psychological evaluation, 101f sensory disturbances, 100–101 treatment, 113–115

aspirin, 113

dihydroergotamine, 113

ergotamine, 113

non- pharmacological strategy , 113

opioids, 113

triggering factors, 113

triptans, 113–114 triggers, 118

Mild cognitive impairment, 296–297 Mini Mental State Examination, 56, 297–298,

298t

Miniature endplate potentials (MEPPS),

neuromuscular junctions, 48 Mirtazapine, 343, 369 Mitchell’s disease, 91 Moclobemide, 343 Modulation physiology, pain. See Pain Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors

Alzheimer’s disease therapy, 314–315 Parkinson’s disease treatment, 214b

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),

342–343

cocaine addiction treatment, 363

tyramine interaction, 342–343 Monoamine transporters, 342f, 342b Monoaminergic systems, depression, 340–341 Monosynaptic reflexes. See Reflexes Mood, mental state examination, 55 Mood disorders

case history, 335b

classification, 334

clinical features, 334–335

DSM- 5classification- , 335t

genetics, 339

See also specific disorders Morphine, 56–57, 90b, 106–108 Mortality, Huntington’s disease, 224–225 Mossy fibres

cerebellum, 195

hippocampus LTP, 300 Motor cortex, 190–191, 190f

frontal eye field, 191

prefrontal cortex, 191

premotor area, 190

primary (MI), 190

limb movements, 191

supplementary motor area, 190, 204 Motor disorders, schizophrenia, 319–320 Motor function. See Clinical examination Motor learning. See Procedural (motor)

learning

γ- Motor neurones, skeletal muscle

contraction, 182

α- Motor neurones

polysynaptic reflexes, 186

skeletal muscle contraction, 184 Motor pools, skeletal muscle contraction. See

Skeletal muscle contraction

Motor survival centre coordination, reticular

formation, 126 Motor systems, 23, 30, 60, 179f, 181 Motor systems, descending pathways,

186–191, 187t

extrapyramidal pathway, 187t, 188 LMNs, 182, 186

upper motor neurone interaction, 191

pyramidal pathway, 186, 187t

corticobulbar tract, 188

corticospinal tract, 188 pyramidal tract, 188 reticulospinal tract, 188–189, 190f

posture, 189–190 rubrospinal tract, 188–190 See also Cerebellum; Motor cortex;

Reflexes

INDEX

383

INDEX

Motor systems, descending pathways

(Continued)

spinal cordinterneurons, 188 spinomedullary junction, 188 tectospinal tract, 188–190, 188f upper motor neurones, 191

decerebrate rigidity, 192b decorticate rigidity, 192b LMN modulation, 191

vestibulospinal tract, 192b

posture, 189–190

Motor unit. See Skeletal muscle contraction Movement control. See Cerebellum Movement suppression, Huntington’s

disease, 220

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Mu(μ) opioid receptors, 107, 108t Müller cells, 37, 146 Multiple sclerosis, 15b, 29 Multipolar neurones, 35f Muscle power, motor function examination,

58, 59t

Muscle spindles, 23–24, 87, 182–184

nuclear bag fibres, 183 nuclear chain fibres, 183 structure, 183–184, 183f

Muscle tone

motor function examination, 57

polysynaptic reflexes, 186 Muscular nociceptors, 93 Muscular pain pathways, 94–95 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bacterial

meningitis, 264

Myelography

clinical examination, 64

spinal cord, 69f Myoclonic seizures, 275 Myopathies, 27b Myopia, 142–144, 144f

case history, 136b

Naltrexone, alcohol dependence treatment,

362

National Institute of Stroke Scale (NIHSS),

237–238

stroke, 238t Nausea and vomiting, 107

L- DOPA, 211

pathways, 127f Neck immobilization, spinal cord injury,

84–85 Neisseria meningitidis infections, 263 Neologisms, schizophrenia, 320b Nernst equation, 41 Nerve conduction, 43

clinical examination, 64 nodes of Ranvier, 43 See also Neurone excitability unmyelinated axons, 43 voltage- gated K+channels, 43 voltage- gated Na+channels, 43

Nerve deafness, 166–167 Nerve injury, peripheral sensitization,

101–102, 102f Nerve stimulation, epilepsy, 291 Neural stem cells, 37b Neuritic plaques, Alzheimer’s disease,

304–306, 304f Neurodegeneration

bipolar disorder, 345–346 Huntington’s disease, 219f tonic–clonic seizures, 282–283

Neurofibrillary tangles, Alzheimer’s disease,

306–307 Neuroimaging, 299, 305b Neuroinflammation, Alzheimer’s disease.

See Alzheimer’s disease Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 329–330 Neuroleptics. See Antipsychotic drugs Neurological assessment

spinal cord injury, 68 stroke, 235t

Neuromas, acoustic. See Acoustic neuromas Neuromelanin, Parkinson’s disease, 209 Neuromuscular blocking agents, 51