Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5888_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

purpose of the stabilizing excipient is to prevent flocculation and crystallization, known as Ostwald ripening (Ostwald 1900). If the obtained suspension is chemically and physically stable, it can be preserved in its current state. However, if the suspension is not stable, additional processing is required for which spray drying, freeze drying (Müller et al. 2001), or fluid bed granulation can be used (Dua et al.

Commonly, chips have two or three liquid entrance ports and one exit port. Similar to conventional methods, the drug, and the polymeric or lipidic excipients solubilized in a water-miscible solvent will pass through one of the inlet ports while water containing a surfactant will run through the other port (Fig. 14.9). The fluid flow is controlled by the same rules governing the flow of a fluid at the macroscale. Microfluidic devices are not simply a miniaturized type of their macroscale versions, due to several physical features (e.g. high ratio of surface/volume and mass transfer based on diffusion) that do not linearly scale from macrodomains to microdomains. The key points to select before manufacturing nanomedicines are the total flow rate, the ratio between the aqueous and the solvent phase, and the composition of the particles. The self-assembly occurs inside the micrometric channels. When param­eters are properly selected, high encapsulation loadings can be achieved (<90%) with tuneable particle size. Solvent removal takes place by dialysis (in batch manufacturing) or using flow-tangential units (Osouli-Bostanabad et al. 2022). Currently, a few industrial companies, such as Precision Nanosystems, have devel­oped microfluidic units allowing the manufacturing of 10 L batch size continuously.

applicable. Besides difficulties in formulation design and manufacture, once nanomedicine have been administered, they will face both anatomical and physical barriers that have to be overcome to elicit a pharmacological effect (Fig.

Surface properties such as charge and hydrophobicity play a key role in the cellular uptake, clearance, and biodistribution of nanomedicines. For example, hydrophobic and charged nanocarriers have shorter blood circulation times because of the adsorp­tion of the opsonin proteins onto their surface that render them easily recognizable by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system and thus, they will not arrive at the desired target to elicit their effect.

are smaller in size and lack the Fc domain and the complement-activating region (which might reduce the immune response) while keeping their antigen-binding affinity. In addition, their identification and manufacture are easier compared to whole antibodies.