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NeuroPhytomedicine
Neurological disorders categorized as neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and
neurotraumatic impose a substantial health burden and cause a frail impact on life
attributes. The use of synthetic drugs can have undesirable side effects, making neurotherapeutics challenging. Research on neuroprotection aiming for the utilization of
safer natural compounds; phytochemicals specically – is a cutting-edge approach.
NeuroPhytomedicine intends to present readers with a wide-ranging and state-ofthe-art appearance at the benecial properties of phytochemicals on various neurological ailments.
It additionally contains sections explaining:
• Applications of phyto-nanotechnology in neurological ailments,
• Phytoconstituents related deep learning and machine learning-based solutions for neurological disorders,
• Epigenetic relevance pertaining to modulation by phytochemicals.
The goal of NeuroPhytomedicine is to give readers a thorough and up-to-date look at
how phytochemicals affect the brain and neurological illnesses in a way that is helpful for research scholars, academicians, scientists, neuroscientists, physicians, and
researchers from the pharmaceutical industry.
NeuroPhytomedicine
Edited by
Mithun Singh Rajput, Tewarit Sarachana,
Purnima Dey Sarkar, and Manan Raval
First edition published 2024
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by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Mithun Singh Rajput, Tewarit Sarachana, Purnima Dey Sarkar
and Manan Raval; individual chapters, the contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.
The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been
obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microlming, and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com
or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.
co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used
only for identication and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Singh Rajput, Mithun, editor. | Sarachana, Tewarit, editor. | Dey Sarkar,
Purnima, editor. | Raval, Manan, editor.
Title: Neurophytomedicine / edited by Mithun Singh Rajput, Tewarit Sarachana,
Purnima Dey Sarkar and Manan Raval.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2024. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identiers: LCCN 2023044509 (print) | LCCN 2023044510 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032485935 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032485959 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003389781 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Neuropharmacology--Research. | Phytochemicals--Therapeutic use-Research. | Nervous system--Degeneration--Chemoprevention--Research. | Materia
medica, Vegetable--Research.
Classication: LCC RM315 .N4815 2024 (print) | LCC RM315 (ebook) |
DDC 615.7/8--dc23/eng/20231107
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023044509
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023044510
ISBN: 978-1-032-48593-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-48595-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-38978-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389781
Typeset in Times
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Contents
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List of Figures and Tables ...................................................................................... xiii
Preface....................................................................................................................xvii
Editor Biography .....................................................................................................xix
List of Contributors .................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Phytochemicals: Recent Trends Pertaining to Benecial
Effects on Neurological Disorders ....................................................... 1
Sonam Pandey
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Global Burden of Neurological Disorders ................................. 2
1.3 Pathophysiology of NDs ............................................................ 3
1.3.1 Alzheimer’s Disease ..................................................... 4
1.3.2 Parkinson’s Disease ...................................................... 5
1.3.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) .......................... 5
1.3.4 Huntington’s Disease ....................................................5
1.3.5 Multiple Sclerosis ......................................................... 6
1.4 Medical Treatment Strategies for Neurological
Disorders....................................................................................6
1.5 Neuroprotective Effects of Medicinal Plants ............................ 7
1.5.1 Crocus sativus .............................................................. 7
1.5.2 Nigella sativa ................................................................8
1.5.3 Bacopa Monniera (Brahmi) ......................................... 8
1.5.4 Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) ............................8
1.5.5 Centella asiatica (Mandookaparni) ............................. 8
1.5.6 Santalum album (Chandan) ..........................................9
1.5.7 Curcuma Longa (Haldi) ...............................................9
1.5.8 Ferula Assafoetida (Asafoetida) .................................. 9
1.5.9 Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) ............................................ 9
1.5.10 Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) ............................... 10
1.5.11 Shankhpushpi ............................................................. 10
1.5.12 Angelica Archangelica L. (Umbelliferae) .................. 10
1.5.13 Melissa ofcinalis L. (Lamiaceae) .............................11
1.5.14 Commiphora Whighitti (Burseraceae) ....................... 11
1.5.15 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) .................................. 11
1.6 Nanodrug Delivery of Natural Compounds ............................ 11
1.7 Medicinal Properties of Herbs and their
Clinical Uses............................................................................ 13
1.8 Future Direction ...................................................................... 14
1.9 Conclusion ............................................................................... 14
References .......................................................................................... 15
v
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Chapter 2 Neuroprotective Potentials of Phytochemicals .................................. 21
Odangowei Inetiminebi Ogidi and Imomotimi Ajoko
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 21
2.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases .................................................... 22
2.2.1 Anxiety ....................................................................... 22
2.2.2 Attention Decit/Hyperactivity
Disorder ...................................................................... 23
2.2.3 Depression .................................................................. 23
2.2.4 Dementia ....................................................................24
2.2.5
Epilepsy ...................................................................... 24
2.2.6 Excitotoxicity..............................................................24
2.2.7 Schizophrenia ............................................................. 24
2.3 Overview of Phytochemicals ................................................... 24
2.4 Neuroprotective Potential of Phytochemicals ......................... 25
2.4.1 Phenols and Polyphenols ............................................25
2.4.2 Flavonoids ..................................................................26
2.4.3 Alkaloids ....................................................................27
2.4.4 Terpenoids .................................................................. 27
2.4.5 Fatty Acids .................................................................28
2.4.6 Berberine .................................................................... 28
2.4.7 Limonoids ...................................................................29
2.4.8 Sulforaphane ...............................................................29
2.4.9 Hypericin and Pseudohypericin .................................30
2.4.10 Curcumin ....................................................................30
2.4.11 Resveratrol ..................................................................31
2.4.12 Allium and Allicin ..................................................... 31
2.5 Mechanism of Action of Phytochemicals with
Respect to Neuroprotection ..................................................... 31
2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................... 32
References .......................................................................................... 33
Chapter 3 Novel Extraction and Characterization Methods for
Phytochemicals Identied as Neuroprotective ................................... 38
Umme Habiba Saeeda, Aneela Nawaz, Alina Majid, Muqaddas
Shahzadi, Malik Badshah, and Samiullah Khan
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 38
3.2 Preliminary Preparation of Plant Material ..............................39
3.3 Extraction ................................................................................ 39
3.3.1 Maceration .................................................................. 40
3.3.2 Infusion.......................................................................40
3.3.3 Percolation .................................................................. 41
3.3.4 Digestion.....................................................................41
3.3.5 Decoction ................................................................... 41
3.3.6 Cold Extraction .......................................................... 41
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3.3.7 Soxhlet Extraction ...................................................... 42
3.3.8 Microwave-assisted Extraction .................................. 42
3.3.9 Ultrasound-assisted Extraction ..................................42
3.3.10 Accelerated Solvent Extraction .................................. 43
3.3.11 Supercritical Fluid Extraction .................................... 43
3.3.12 Deep Eutectic Solvents ............................................... 43
3.3.13 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) ......................... 43
3.3.14 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Extraction ...................... 44
3.4 Fractionation and Purication Techniques .............................. 44
3.4.1 Separation Funnel Technique ..................................... 45
3.4.2
Fractional Distillation.................................................45
3.4.3 Fractional Crystallization ........................................... 46
3.4.4 Fractional Liberation .................................................. 46
3.4.5 Sublimation ................................................................46
3.4.6 Chromatographic Techniques ....................................46
3.4.7 Types of Chromatography .......................................... 48
3.5 Identication of Phytochemicals ............................................. 50
3.5.1 UV–Visible Spectroscopy ........................................... 51
3.5.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy ........................................52
3.5.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy (NMR) ................................................. 52
3.5.4 Mass Spectroscopy (MS) ........................................... 53
References .......................................................................................... 53
Chapter 4 The Neuroprotective Effect of Alkaloids and
Synthetic Derivatives..........................................................................55
Likhit Akotkar, Aditya Ganeshpurkar, and Ankit Ganeshpurkar
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 55
4.2 Neuroprotective Alkaloids ...................................................... 57
4.2.1 Atropine ...................................................................... 57
4.2.2 Berberine .................................................................... 58
4.2.3 Boldine .......................................................................60
4.2.4 Caffeine ...................................................................... 60
4.2.5 Galantamine ............................................................... 60
4.2.6 Harmine ...................................................................... 61
4.2.7 Huperzine ................................................................... 62
4.2.8 Koumine ..................................................................... 63
4.2.9 Lobeline ...................................................................... 63
4.2.10 17 Oxo Sparteine ........................................................ 64
4.2.11 Papaverine ..................................................................64
4.2.12 Piperine ......................................................................64
4.2.13 Protopine .................................................................... 65
4.2.14 Skimmianine .............................................................. 65
4.2.15 Solasodine ..................................................................66
4.2.16 Tomatine and Tomatidine ...........................................66
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4.2.17 Trigonelline ................................................................66
4.2.18 Vincamine ..................................................................67
4.3 Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Derivatives of
Neuroprotective Alkaloids ..................................................67
4.4 Future Prospects ......................................................................67
References .......................................................................................... 73
Chapter
Chapter
5 Molecular Mechanism of Action of Phytoconstituents in
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ................................................................83
Urmila Aswar, Rashmi Patil, Likhit Akotkar, and
Atmaram Pawar
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................83
5.2 Phytoconstituents for Stress-Related Disorders ......................83
5.3 Phytoconstituents Used for Anxiety ........................................87
5.4 Phytoconstituents Used for Depression ...................................88
5.4.1 Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibitors
(MAOI-A) ................................................................... 96
5.4.2 HPA Axis and Anti-Neuroinammatory
Phytoconstituents .......................................................97
5.4.3 Inhibition of Kynurenine Pathway .............................98
5.5 Phytoconstituents Used for Psychosis .....................................98
5.6 Phytoconstituents Used for OCD .......................................... 101
5.7 Phytoconstituents for Insomnia ............................................. 103
5.8 Conclusion ............................................................................. 103
Acknowledgements ..........................................................................104
Conict of Interest ............................................................................104
References ........................................................................................ 104
6 The Role of Epigenetic Modications by Phytoconstituents
in Neurological Ailments ................................................................. 114
Aarthi Narasimhan, Sri Raagavee Sivakumar,
Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai, Kamarajan
Rajagopalan, and Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
6.1 Neurological Disorder Mechanism........................................ 114
6.1.1 Autism ...................................................................... 115
6.1.2 SCD .......................................................................... 115
6.1.3 Parkinson’s Disease .................................................. 116
6.1.4 Alzheimer’s Disease ................................................. 116
6.1.5 Multiple Sclerosis ..................................................... 116
6.2 Epigenetic Mechanism of Neurological Disorders ................ 116
6.3 Phytochemicals for Neurological Disorder ........................... 117
6.3.1 Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate....................................... 118
6.3.2 Berberine .................................................................. 118
6.3.3 Curcumin .................................................................. 118
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6.3.4 Resveratrol ................................................................ 119
6.3.5 Apigenin ................................................................... 119
6.3.6 Limonoids ................................................................. 119
6.4 Epigenetic Modications of the Phytochemical ....................120
References ........................................................................................ 121
ixContents
Chapter
Chapter 8 Application of Neurophytomedicine for Protective
7 Applications of Phyto-Nanotechnology in Neurological
Disorders .......................................................................................... 125
Manoj Kumar Srinivasan, Nivedha Jayaseelan,
Kanimozhi Kaliyamoorthi, Kamalesh Balakumar Venkatesan,
Saravanan Alamelu, and Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 125
7.2 Neurodegenerative Disease ...................................................126
7.3 Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role
of Phyto-Nanomedicine ......................................................... 128
7.4 Recent Trends of Phyto-Neuro Medicine .............................. 131
7.4.1 Protein-Based Nanoparticles .................................... 133
7.4.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles .......................................... 136
7.4.3 Liposomes-Based Drug Delivery
Systems ..................................................................... 136
7.4.4 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles ............................ 137
7.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Nanobers .............. 138
7.5 Current Pros and Future Scope ............................................. 138
7.6 Conclusions ............................................................................139
References ........................................................................................ 139
Intervention and Remediation of Multiple Diseases ........................ 145
Sumanta Bhattacharya
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 145
8.2 Application of Phytomedicine in Human
Medical Care ......................................................................... 146
8.3 Therapeutic Approach to Neurological Diseases
Through Neurophytomedicine .............................................. 148
8.4 Application of Nanotechnology in
Neurophytomedicine ............................................................. 152
8.5 Application of Biotechnology for Better Use of
Neurophytomedicine ............................................................. 154
8.6 Future Prospective of Phytomedicine in Disease
Control ................................................................................... 156
8.7 Conclusion ............................................................................. 158
References ........................................................................................ 159
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