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Index
https://t.me/medicina_free
Note: Locators in italics represent gures and bold indicate tables in the text.
A
AC, see Afnity chromatography
Accelerated solvent extraction, 43
Acetoxy eugenol acetate, 191
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA),
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 8, 61, 191
Acetyl-CoA, 224
AChE, see Acetylcholinesterase
Acorus calamus, 99
ACTH, see Adrenocorticotropic hormone
AD, see Alzheimer’s disease
Adaptive responses, stimulation of, 223–224
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 224
ADHD, see Attention decit/hyperactivity
AD mouse models, see Atopic dermatitis mouse
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 87
Adsorption chromatography, 47
Aducanumab, 190
Advanced glycation end product (AGEs) levels, 66
Afnity chromatography (AC), 47
AG, see Angelica gigas
AGEs levels, see Advanced glycation end product
AKBA, see 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
ALA, see α-linolenic acid
Albumin, 136
Alginate, 136
Alkaloids, 21, 27, 55, 68–70
Allicin, 31, 227
Allyl-sulde sulphides, 32
Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole
α-linolenic acid (ALA), 28
ALS, see Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 1, 3, 4–5, 39, 61, 116,
AM P, see Adenosine monophosphate
AMPA, see Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-
175–176
disorder
models
levels
(α7nAChRs) positive modulator, 61
propionate (AMPA), 87
126, 129, 207–209, 231
eugenol in, 190–193
neurohormetic phytochemicals reducing
symptoms of,
neuroprotective mechanisms of eugenol in, 192
methylisoxazole propionate
232
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
pathway, 59
Amphetamines, 99
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 31, 59, 192
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), 4, 231
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 1, 5, 126, 129
Angelica Archangelica L., 10
Angelica gigas (AG), 209
Annurca apple polyphenols, 210
Anthocyanins, 27, 151–152
Antibacterial and antiviral effect, 225–226
Anti-neuroinammatory phytoconstituents,
97–98
Antipsychotic medicines, 99
Anx iety, 22–23, 83
phytoconstituents used for, 87–88
related to separation, 23
Anxiolytic drugs, 6
Apigenin, 119
APP, see Amyloid precursor protein
Artemisia annua L., 210
Asafetida, see Ferula Assafoetida
ASD, see Autism spectrum disorder
Ashwagandha, see Withania Somnifera
Atmo Gas Capsule, 153
Atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse models, 212
Atropine, 57
Attention decit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), 23
Attention/vigilance (AV), 101
Autism, 115
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 115, 232
neurohormetic phytochemicals reducing
symptoms of, 233
AV, see Attention/vigilance
Ayurveda, 99
Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani,
Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH)
system, 125
B
Bacopa monniera (Brahmi), 8
Bacopa monnieri L., 101
BBB, see Blood-brain barrier
BChE, see Butyrylcholinesterase
BD, see Bipolar disorder
BDN F, see Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Benincasa hispida, 101
241
242 Index
https://t.me/medicina_free
Benzodiazepines, 6
Berberine, 28–29, 58–59, 118, 155
β-carotenes, 212
Bevacizumab, 166
Bioactive phytochemicals, 21
Bioactive phytopharmaceutical, emerging
nanotechnology delivery approach for,
179–180
Biochemical activities, phytochemicals in the
regulation of
adaptive responses, stimulation of, 223–224
antibacterial and antiviral effect, 225–226
antioxidant and anti-inammatory effects, 224
DNA methylation, 224
enzyme activities, modulation of, 223
immune system, stimulation of, 225
tumour suppressor genes, induction of, 225
Biogenic gold nanoparticles, 131
Biopolymer-based nanoparticles, 133
Biotechnology application for better use of
neurophytomedicine, 154–155, 156
Biphasic dose responses, phytochemicals and, 234
Bipolar disorder (BD), 83
Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 9, 14, 26, 58, 60,
126, 129–130, 136–137, 138, 173,
178, 179, 187
BMS, see Brain monoaminergic systems
Boldine, 60
Bombyx mori, 209
Boswel l ic a cids, 175–176
in inducing apoptosis in tumour cells, 177
structures of, 176
BPRS, see Brief psychiatric rating scale
Brahmi, see Bacopa Monniera
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 30,
32, 62, 86, 119, 189
Brain monoaminergic systems (BMS), 194
Brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), 100
Brief visuospatial memory test (BVMT), 101
Burseraceae, 11
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), 191
BVMT, see Brief visuospatial memory test
C
CA, see Cantella asiatica
CA1, see Cornu ammonis 1
Caffeine, 60
Cajaninstilbene acid, 98
Camellia sinensis L., 86
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB),
32, 64, 98, 222, 223
Cannabidiol (CBD), 99–100
Cannabinoid, 100
Cannabis, 98
Cannabis sativa, 100
Cantella asiatica (CA), 226
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 138
Carotenoids (CT), 211–212
Cassia zelynicum, 194
Catechins, 227
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), 118
CBD, see Cannabidiol
CBT, see Cognitive behavioural therapy
CC, see Column chromatography
CCI-induced neuropathy, see Chronic
constriction injury-induced
neuropathy
CCK, see Cholecystokinin
CeA, see Central amygdala
Centella asiatica (mandookaparni), 8–9, 97
Central amygdala (CeA), 194–195
Central nervous system (CNS), 3, 21
CGI-S, see Clinical global impression
scale-severity
Chandan, see Santalum album
Chemotherapy, 166–168
bioactive phytopharmaceutical as adjuncts
to, 169
boswellic acids, 175–176, 176, 177
cu rcum in, 173 –175, 174
epigallocatechin gallate (ECGG),
176 –179, 177
querc etin, 172 –173, 172
resverat rol, 170 –172, 170
shortcomings of, 168–169
Chitosan, 136
1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
(mCPP), 102
Cholecystokinin (CCK), 87
Cholinesterase inhibitors, 27
Chromatographic techniques, 46
adsorption chromatography, 47
afnity chromatography (AC), 47
ion exchange chromatography, 47–48
partition chromatography, 47
size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 48
Chromatography, types of
column chromatography (CC), 49
gas chromatography (GC), 49–50
high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), 50
paper chromatography (PC), 48–49
thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 49
Chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced
neuropathy, 63
CIG, see Cornel iridoid glycoside
Cilengitide, 166
CJD, see Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Clinical global impression scale-severity
(CGI-S), 100
CNS, see Central nervous system
CN Ts, see Carbon nanotubes
Coffea arabica, 60
243Index
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Cognition, 209
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), 99
Cold extraction, 41–42
Colocasia esculenta, 101
Column chromatography (CC), 49
Commiphora whighitti, 11
COMT, see Catechol-O-methyltransferase
Continuous extraction, see Soxhlet extraction
Convolulus prostratus, 101
Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based
automated COVID screening
model, 214
Convolvulus pluricaulis, 101, 138
Coptidis rhizoma, 58, 155
Coriander, see Coriandrum sativum
Coriandrum sativum (coriander), 10
Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG), 208
Cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), 191
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, 87
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 87, 97
COVID-19 pandemic, 145, 158
CREB, see cAMP response element-binding
protein
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 1
CRF system, see Corticotropin-releasing factor
system
CRH, see Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Crocin, 102
Crocus sativus, 7–8, 98, 102
Cruciferous plants, 29
CT, see Carotenoids
CTL, see Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Curcuma longa, 9, 96, 173
Curcumin, 25, 30–31, 102, 118–119, 173–175, 227
structure of, 174
Cuscuta chinensis, 152
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 27
Cyanoglucoside, 101
Cytochrome c (Cyt c), 59
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), 228
D
Daffodil, 27
DA LYs , see Disability-adjusted life-years
DA production, see Dopamine production
Decoction, 41
Deep eutectic solvents, 43
Deep learning, 214
in natural product drug discovery and
development, 214–215
Degumming, 133
Dementia, 24, 39, 126
Demyelination, 6
Dentate gyrus (DG), 191
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 114
Depression, 23
eugenol in, 189–190
phytoconstituents used for, 88
anti-neuroinammatory
phytoconstituents, 97–98
hypothalamuspituitary-adrenal axis (HPA
ax is), 97–98
kynurenine pathway, inhibition of, 98
monoamine oxidase a inhibitors
DG, see Dentate gyrus
DHM, see Dihydromyricetin
Diallyl trisulde, 25
Digestion, 41
Dihydromyricetin (DHM), 209
Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), 2
Disease control, phytomedicine in, 156–158
DNA, see Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA methylation, 224
DNA methylation mechanism (DNMTs), 121
DNMTs, see DNA methylation mechanism
Dopamine (DA) production, 99
Drosophila melanogaster, 59
(MAOI-A), 96
E
ECGG, see Epigallocatechin gallate
Enzyme activities, modulation of, 223
Epigallocatechin gallate (ECGG), 25, 26, 118,
Epigenetic modications by phytoconstituents in
Epilepsy, 24, 61
Eugenol, 187
132, 176 –179, 228–229
structures of, 177
neurological ailments, 114
epigenetic mechanism of neurological
disorders, 116 –117
epigenetic modications of the
phytochemical, 120–121
neurological disorder mechanism, 114
Alzheimer’s disease, 116
autism, 115
multiple sclerosis, 116
Parkinson’s disease, 116
sickle cell disease (SCD), 115–116
phytochemicals for neurological
disorder, 117
apigenin, 119
berberine, 118
curcumin, 118–119
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), 118
limonoids, 119 –120
resveratrol, 119
and its properties, 188–189
neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of
Alzheimer’s disease,
depression, 189–190
Parkinson’s disease, 193–194
190 –193
244 Index
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stress and stress-related disorders,
194–195
stroke, 195–196
traumatic brain injury (TBI), 196
Excitotoxicity, 24
Extraction, 39, 40
accelerated solvent extraction, 43
cold extraction, 41– 42
decoction, 41
deep eutectic solvents, 43
digestion, 41
infusion, 4 0 –41
maceration, 40
microwave-assisted extraction, 42
percolation, 41
pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 43– 44
pulsed electric eld (PEF) extraction, 44
soxhlet extraction, 42
supercritical uid extraction, 43
ultrasound-assisted extraction, 42
F
Fabaceae, 11
False palisades, 163
Fatty acids, 28
Ferula Assafoetida (asafoetida), 9
FIS, see Fisetin
Fisetin (FIS), 212
Flavonoids, 21, 26–27, 151, 212–213
Forkhead box O (FOXO) family, 223
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), 52
FOXO family, see Forkhead box O family
Fractional crystallization, 46
Fractional distillation, 45–46
Fractional liberation, 46
Fractionation and purication techniques, 44
chromatographic techniques, 46
adsorption chromatography, 47
afnity chromatography (AC), 47
ion exchange chromatography, 47–48
partition chromatography, 47
size exclusion chromatography (SEC), 48
chromatography, types of
column chromatography (CC), 49
gas chromatography (GC), 49–50
high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC), 50
paper chromatography (PC), 48– 49
thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 49
fractional crystallization, 46
fractional distillation, 45–46
fractional liberation, 46
separation funnel technique, 45
sublimation, 46
French Paradox, 170
Fruits, phytochemicals in, 1
FTIR, see Fourier transform infrared
FUC, see Fucoxanthin
Fucoxanthin (FUC), 211
spectroscopy
G
GABA, see Gamma amino butyric acid
see Generalized anxiety disorder
GAD,
Galantamine, 60–61
Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), 57, 87, 119
Gas chromatography (GC), 39, 49–50
Gastrodia elata, 96
GBM, see Glioblastoma multiforme
GC, see Gas chromatography
GCI, see Global cerebral ischemia
GCs, see Glucocorticoid receptors
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 23
Genetic disorders, 114
GFR, see Growth factor receptors
Ginkgo biloba, 207
Ginsenoside Ro (GRo), 211
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), 161
bioactive phytopharmaceutical, emerging
nanotechnology delivery approach for,
179 –180
characteristics of, 162
chemotherapy, bioactive phytopharmaceutical
as adjuncts to, 169
boswellic acids, 175–176, 176, 177
curcumin, 173 –175, 174
epigallocatechin gallate (ECGG),
176 –179, 177, 178
quercetin, 172–173, 173
resveratrol, 170–172
future prospectives, 180 –181
oncogenic signalling pathways involved in, 164
pathogenesis of, 162
oncogenic pathways, 163 –164
unique histopathology, 163
phytopharmaceuticals, regulatory aspect
of, 180
temozolomide (TMZ) and, 162, 166–168,
169, 170
therapeutic approaches to, 165
chemotherapy, 166 –168
chemotherapy, shortcomings of, 168–169
radiation therapy, 165–166
su rger y, 165
Global cerebral ischemia (GCI), 61
GLT-1, see Glutamate transporters 1
Glucocorticoid receptors (GCs), 97
Glutamate, 87
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, 61
Glutamate transporters 1 (GLT-1), 61
Glycosides, 152
245Index
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Glycyrrhiza glabra, 11
GPCR, see G-protein coupled receptors
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), 32
Green synthesized nanoparticles, 137–138
GRo, see Ginsenoside Ro
Growth factor receptors (GFR), 32
Guggulu, see Commiphora whighitti
Gynostemma pentaphyllum, 209
H
HAC P, see Helicteres angustifolia L
Haldi, see Curcuma Longa
HAND, see HIV-associated neurocognitive
Harmine, 61–62
HD, see Huntington’s disease
HDAC9 gene, 117
Health care system, phytomedicine and, 149
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 232
HedC, see Hederoside C
Hederoside C (HedC), 210–211
Helicteres angustifolia L (HACP), 225
Herbal medications, 1
Herbal medicine, 227
Herbs, medicinal properties of, 13
High-performance liquid chromatography
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
hMD2, see Human myeloid differentiation
Hormesis-induced memory performance,
Hormetic studies
HPA axis, see Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
HPLC, see High-performance liquid
Hs p27, 172
HSPs, see Heat shock proteins
5-HT, see 5-Hydroxy tryptamine
Human medical care, application of
Human myeloid differentiation factor-2
Huntington’s disease (HD), 1, 3, 5–6, 61, 126,
Huperzia serrate,
Huperzine, 62–63
disorders
(HPLC), 39, 50
(HAND), 1
factor-2
228–229
Alzheimer’s disease, 231, 232
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 232, 233
Huntington’s disease (HD), 230–231, 231
Parkinson’s disease (PD), 229, 229
schizophrenia, 230, 230
axis
chromatography
phytomedicine in, 146 –148
(hMD2), 191
129, 230–231
neurohormetic phytochemicals reducing
symptoms of, 231
62
Huperzine A, 28
Hydrastis canadensis, 155
Hydrogen peroxide, 27
6-Hydroxydopa mine (OHDA), 25, 28, 60, 193
5-Hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), 23, 87
Hyperforin, 102
Hypericin, 30, 102, 227
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis),
83, 97–98, 194
I
Identication of phytochemicals, 50, 51
infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 52
mass spectroscopy (MS), 53
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(NMR), 52–53
UV–visible spectroscopy, 51–52
IL -1, see Interleukin-1
IL-1 beta levels, 97
Immune function
neurohormetic phytochemicals regulating,
227–228
stimulation of, 225
Indole alkaloids, 27
Infantile autism, 115
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 52
Infusion, 40– 41
Insomnia, 83
phytoconstituents for, 103
Insulin receptors (IR), 32
Interleukin (IL)-1, 225
Ion exchange chromatography, 47–48
IR, see Insulin receptors
I/R injury, see Ischemia/reperfusion injury
IR spectroscopy, see Infrared spectroscopy
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, 60
J
Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein
phosphorylation, 86
K
Kainic acid, 87
Korean red ginseng (KRG), 86
Koumine, 63
KRG, see Korean red ginseng
Kynurenine pathway, inhibition of, 98
L
LA, see Linoleic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 62
Lagenaria leucantha Rusby, 102
Lamiaceae, 11
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