Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5883_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

Olive is affected by a wide range of biotic constraints such as soil-borne diseases which can cause significant damage and economic losses. Currently, plants diseases are managed mainly through the use of chemical pesticides, which can generate negative effects, such as health problems, loss of ecological diversity, and the bioaccu­mulation of toxic substances [1]. Nowadays, a key practice to deal with plant patho­gens in sustainable agriculture is the biological control, which is based on managing natural resources and developing antagonistic activities against harmful microorgan­isms [2] which make it an effective and eco-friendly approach against plant diseases [3]. Many microorganisms with antagonistic activity such as Trichoderma spp. offer an environment-friendly alternative to get out of chemical pesticides damages [4–7]. Trichoderma spp. are known as promising fungal for the management of plant diseases, especially against soil-borne pathogens [8]. Therefore, Trichoderma spp. are most investigated and employed as biopesticide [9–11]. This genus has antagonistic activities and can act by various mechanisms against a wide range of soil-borne phy­topathogenic fungi including competition for nutrients and the systemic activation of plant defense responses [12–14]. Thus, Trichoderma spp. are used as biopesticides in management of plant diseases worldwide [15]. Furthermore, they act by different modes of action against plant pathogens, including, mycoparasitism through the production of the cell wall degrading enzymes such as chitinases, glucanases, and proteases [16, 17], production of antibiotics and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [18]. Trichoderma spp. produce wide spectrum of VOCs which are part from several chemical groups such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic compounds, esters, furans, hydrocarbons, ketones, and compounds containing S and N elements [19, 20]. These volatile compounds can diffuse through pores in the soil, move long distance, and affect pathogen without direct contact [21], which makes it more efficient at microbial interactions compared to non-volatile compounds [22]. Hence, it could be responsible for several biological processes such as biocontrol or communication between microorganisms [23]. Importantly, Trichoderma spp. are considered as plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) which can colonize and prolifer­ate within the rhizosphere environment and enhancers of plant defense mechanisms. They display stimulation of plant growth because of their capacity to produce plant growth promoters [24–26]. Trichoderma species are able to promote plant growth through various mechanisms such as solubilizing insoluble phosphate, production of siderophore and plant hormone such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) [27].