Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5602_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

In a chemical reaction, the reactant substance changes to a product substance, and the product substanc e will have different physical and chemical properties than the reactant substance. All chemical reactions involve a detectable change: color change, bubbling, heat evolution, heat absorption, light emission, or formation of a precipi­tate. Reactions are classified into three main reacti ons: precipitation reactions, acid­base reactions, and oxidation-reduction reactions. The counting unit for a number of atoms, ions, or molecules in a laboratory seize sample is mole, abbreviated mol. A lim­iting reactant is a reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction; it lim­its and determines the amount of product formed; the other reactants are called excess reactants. The quantities of product formed and reactant consumed are re­stricted by the amount of limiting reactant. This chapter presents the methods used to increase the quality of a bubble-forming product, increasing the amount of bubbling per table by using the difference in chemical and physical properties of the chemical compounds included in the ingredient. The chapter also presents chemical com­pounds in the ingredient that would be harmful to the quality of the product, and it also presents new additives that would increase the quality of the product.

Some of the companies in the US are looking to produce kid-safe foaming tablets from household chemicals that would produce bubbles when placed in the snow. The ingre­dient included the following chemical compounds: corn starch (pure starch), red beet powder (betanin), salt (sodium chloride), cream tartar (potassium bitartrate), baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), vitamin C (citric acid), and drops of water (H amount of bubbling was minimal; also, the tablet didn’t hold together and was grainy and fragile. Since bubbling forms when the fragile tablet is placed in the snow, it is the evidence of a chemical reaction.

Carboxylic acids are the largest category of weak organic acids that contain car­boxylic groups (−COOH). The generic formula for carboxylic acids is R-COOH, where R = alkyl group.

The acidic behavior of carboxylic acids is due to the oxygen atom bonded to the carboxyl group carbon drawing electron density from the hydroxyl bond. It helps sta­bilize the conjugate base and increases the polarity of the −OH bond. The carboxylate anion, the conjugate base of acid, has resonance, which spreads the negative charge over several atoms and contributes to the stability of the anion.

In medicine, modification to the method of delivery of the drug to the organ is necessary to improve its performance. In 2020, Chen et al. [19] developed an optimal method to deliver the drug formulation to the pancreas; they used a bubble bursting­mediated oral drug delivery system that enables concurrent delivery of hydrophilic and lipophilic chemotherapeutics for treating pancreatic tumors in rats. The optimal formulation consisted of paclita xel (PTX; 1 mg) that had been predissolved in capric acid (18 mg), gemcitabine (GEM; 1 mg), sodium bicarbonate (5 mg), and citric acid (0, 2, 4, 6, o r 8 mg) was exposed to a simulated intestinal fluid (SIF; 3 mL, pH 6.4) that contained bile extract (5 mg/mL). The oral drug delivery system that initiates an ef­fervescent reaction to form gas-bubble carriers was proposed; these carriers deliver lipophilic PTX and hydrophilic GEM in the small intestine. The bursting of the bubbles promotes the absorption of the drugs in the intestines. The study revealed that the

orally delivered formulation has no toxic side effects that are associated with the i.v.­injected formulation. It resulted in an increase in the bioavailability of PTX, and the oral formulation had a greater impact than the i.v. formulation on tumor-specific stro­mal depletion, resulting in greater inhibition of tumor growth with no evidence of metastatic spread. This unique approach of oral che motherapy has the potential for use on outpatients, greatly improving the quality of their lives and enhancing thera­peutic efficacy.

In order to get the maximum amount of yield, the maximum amount of CO tablet, intern the greatest amount of bubbling, the number of moles of citric acid to

sodium hydrogen carbonate must be 1:3, and the number of moles of sodium bitar­trate to sodium hydrogen carbonate must be 1:1 according to the balanced chemical equations.

Vitamin C, citric acid, is a triprotic acid containing three acidic groups and one hy­droxyl group. The hydroxyl groups (−OH) are alcoholic groups, and they don’t react with sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda, while the acidic groups, carboxylic group (−COOH), can react with sodium hydrogen carbonate to form a salt, carbon diox­ide, and water. The bubbling is due to the formation of carbon dioxide as a product.

Using 1 g of vitamin C with formula C

in the ingredients, the amount needed for a reaction to go to completion and produce the maximum amount of carbon dioxide, and hence the maximum amount of bubbling would be 1.3 g of baking soda as follows:

Using 1 g of cream tartar, potassium bitartrate with formula KC₄H₅O

For optimal performance, the molar amounts of reactants were calculated to produce the greatest amount of bubbling per tablet. The bubbling power of the tablets in water is due to the reaction between vitamin C and cream tartar with baking soda. Using 1 g of vitamin C and 1 g of sodium bitartrate, 1.76 g of sodium hydrogen carbon­ate is required to be used as an ingredient to get the maximum amount of yield, the maximum amount of CO per tablet in the formula.

Sugars, including glycerol, sugar alcohol, and sucrose, are good additives to cause the persistence of the bubbling forming ability of the tablet created, and it is not recom­mended to use sodium chloride in the formulation as it would prevent forming bubbles.

5) What’s the molar amount in grams of baking soda required for the optimal per-