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41.RabeE,OttoJ,SchliephakeD,etal.Efficacyandsafetyofgreatsaphenousveinsclerotherapyusingstandardizedpolidocanolfoam
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44.BiemansAA,KockaertM,AkkersdijkGP,etal.Comparingendovenouslaserablation,foamsclerotherapy,andconventionalsurgeryfor
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45.RasmussenLH,LawaetzM,BjoernL,etal.Randomizedclinicaltrialcomparingendovenouslaserablation,radiofrequencyablation,
foamsclerotherapyandsurgicalstrippingforgreatsaphenousveins.BrJSurg.2011;98:1079-1087.
46.DarvallKA,BateGR,BradburyAW.Patient-reportedoutcomes5-8yearsafterultrasound-guidedfoamsclerotherapyforvaricose
veins.BrJSurg.2014;101:1098-1104.
47.WeissRA,SadickNS,GoldmanMP,etal.Post-sclerotherapycompression:controlledcomparativestudyofdurationofcompressionand
itseffectsonclinicaloutcome.DermatolSurg.1999;25:105-108.
48.NoothetiPK,CadagKM,MagpantayA,etal.Efficacyofgraduatedcompressionstockingsforanadditional3weeksafter
sclerotherapytreatmentofreticularandtelangiectaticlegveins.DermatolSurg.2009;35:53-58.
49.KingJT,O’ByrneM,VasquezM,etal.Treatmentoftruncalincompetenceandvaricoseveinswithasingleadministrationofanew
polidocanolendovenousmicrofoampreparationimprovessymptomsandappearance.EurJVascEndovascSurg.2015;50(6):784-793.
50.ToddKL,WrightDI.TheVANISH-2study:arandomized,blinded,multicenterstudytoevaluatetheefficacyandsafetyofpolidocanol
endovenousmicrofoam0.5%and1.0%comparedwithplaceboforthetreatmentofsaphenofemoraljunctionincompetence.Phlebology. 2014;29(9):608-618.
51.VasquezM,GasparisAP;VarithenaInvestigatorGroup.Amulticenter,randomized,placebo-controlledtrialofendovenousthermal
ablationwithorwithoutpolidocanolendovenousmicrofoamtreatmentinpatientswithgreatsaphenousveinincompetenceandvisible varicosities.Phlebology.2017;32(4):272-281.
52.QuinnJ,WellsG,SutcliffeT,etal.Arandomizedtrialcomparingoctylcyanoacrylatetissueadhesiveandsuturesinthemanagementof
lacerations.JAMA.1997;277(19):1527-1530.
53.PollakJS,WhiteRI.Theuseofcyanoacrylateadhesivesinperipheralembolization.JVascIntervRadiol.2001;12(8):907-913.
54.VintersHV,GalilKA,LundieMJ,etal.Thehistotoxicityofcyanoacrylates.Aselectivereview.Neuroradiology.1985;27:279-291.
55.ProebstleTM,AlmJ,DimitriS,etal.TheEuropeanmulticentercohortstudyoncyanoacrylateembolizationofrefluxinggreatsaphenous
veins.JVascSurgVenousLymphDisord.2015;3(1):2-7.
56.MorrisonN,GibsonK,McEnroeS,etal.Randomisedtrialcomparingcyanoacrylateembolizationandradiofrequencyablationfor
incompetentgreatsaphenousveins(VeClose).JVascSurg.2015;61(4):985-994.
57.GibsonK,FerrisB.Cyanoacrylateclosureofincompetentgreat,smallandaccessorysaphenousveinswithouttheuseofpost-procedure
compression:initialoutcomesofapost-marketevaluationoftheVenaSealSystem(theWAVESStudy).Vascular.2017;25(2):149-156. doi:10.1177/1708538116651014.[Epubaheadofprint].
58.SydnorM,MavropoulosJ,SlobodnikN,etal.Arandomizedprospectivelong-term(>1year)clinicaltrialcomparingtheefficacyand
safetyofradiofrequencyablationto980 nmlaserablationofthegreatsaphenousvein.Phlebology.2017;32(6):415-424. pii:0268355516658592.[Epubaheadofprint].
59.DaviesHOB,PopplewellM,DarvallK,etal.Areviewofrandomizedcontrolledtrialscomparingultrasound-guidedfoamsclerotherapy
andendothermalablationforthetreatmentofgreatsaphenousveins.Phlebology.2016;31(4):234-240.
60.BozkurtAK,YilmazMF.Aprospectivecomparisonofanewcyanoacrylateglueandlaserablationforthetreatmentofvenous
insufficiency.Phlebology.2016;31(1suppl):106-113.
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Index
Note:Pagenumbersinitalicsdenotefigures;thosefollowedby“t”denotestables.
A
Abdominalaorticaneurysms,12 ACESSeeAsymptomaticCarotidEmboliStudy(ACES)
ACSTSeeAsymptomaticCarotidSurgeryTrial(ACST) Acutedeepveinthrombosis,388–389
Acutefemoralarterialocclusion
diagnosis,332–333
limbischemia,332 management,333–334
riskfactors,332 Acuteischemicstroke,11
Acutelimbischemia(ALI)
clinicalpresentation,300
differentialdiagnosis,301
duplexultrasound(DUS),301
epidemiology
peripheralarterialdisease(PAD),298–299
thrombosis,299
etiology
acutethrombosis,299 in-situthrombosis,299
origin,299–300 noninvasivediagnosticimaging,301
occlusiveperipheralarterialdisease,298 physicalexamination,300
reperfusioninjury,306–307 Rutherfordclassification,301
surgicalrevascularization,306 treatmentstrategies
anticoagulation,302
clotremoval,302
percuataneousultrasonography-assistedfibrinolysis,306
percutaneousaspirationthrombectomy,306
percutaneousmechanicalthrombectomy(PMT),305
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PURPOSEtrial,303
SurgeryvsThrombolysisforIschemiaoftheLowerExtremity(STILE)trial,305
thrombolysis,302–304
thrombolysisorperipheralarterialsurgery(TOPAS),304–305
thrombolyticagents,303
Acutepulmonaryembolism(PE)
classification,350
clinicalpresentation,350 diagnosis,350–351
epidemiology,349 high-risk(massive)PE
catheter-directedembolectomy,352–353
catheter-directedthrombolysis(CDT),353
intravenous(IV)unfractionatedheparin,354
surgicalembolectomy,353
thrombolysis,351–352 intermediate-risk(submassive)PE,354
low-risk(nonsubmassive)PE,354 pathophysiology,349–350
riskfactors,349
Acutestrokeintervention
casestudies,25–27,26–28 EndovasculartreatmentforSmallCoreandAnteriorcirculationProximalocclusionwithEmphasis(ESCAPE)trial,23
epidemiology,18–19 ExtendingtheTimeforThrombolysisinEmergencyNeurologicalDeficits-Intra-Arterial(EXTEND-IA)trial,24
IMS-III,22–23 InterventionalManagementofStroke(IMS)trial,21–22
intravenous(IV)thrombolytics,18 intravenoustissueplasminogenactivator(IVtPA),20–21
largevesselocclusions(LVOs),18 Acutestrokeintervention(Continued)
MechanicalRetrievalandRecanalizationofStrokeClotsUsingEmbolectomy(MRRESCUE),23
mechanicalthrombectomy,18
acutebasilarocclusion,24–25
foranteriorcirculation,25
distalclots,25
posteriorcirculationstrokes,24–25 MERCItrial,22
MulticenterRandomizedClinicalTrialofEndovascularTreatmentforAcuteIschemicStrokeintheNetherlands(MRCLEAN),23 noninvasiveimaging,20
pathophysiology,19 ProlyseinAcuteCerebralThromboembolism(PROACT)trial,21
RandomizedTrialofRevascularizationwithSolitaireFRDeviceversusBestMedicalTherapyintheTreatmentofAcuteStrokeDueto
AnteriorCirculationLargeVesselOcclusionPresentingwithin8hoursofSymptomOnset(REVASCAT)trial,24 SolitairewiththeIntentionforThrombec-tomyasPrimaryEndovascularTreatmentforAcuteIschemicStroke(SWIFTPRIME),24
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symptomaticintracranialhemorrhage(ICH),21
SYNTHESIS,22
Adenosinediphosphate(ADP),319–320
ADSORBtrialSeeAorticDissectionStent-graftORBestMedicalTreatment(ADSORB)trial AIODSeeAortoiliacocclusivedisease(AIOD)
AlbertaStrokeProgramEarlyCT(ASPECT)Score,11,20 ALISeeAcutelimbischemia(ALI)
AmericanCollegeofChestPhysicianGuidelines,368–369,372 Angiogram,3,4
Angiographicrestenosis,250,252 Angiography,2–4
CO2,11
definition,7
optimalimagingprojection,vascularterritory,7,7t,8 peripheralvascularangiographyandintervention,8–9
vesselabnormalities,7
Angioplasty
aortoiliacocclusivedisease(AIOD),206–207 balloons
aorticcoarctation,82–85,83t
infrapopliteallesions,239
May-Thurnersyndrome(MTS),391
pulmonaryarterystenosis,159–163
carotidarterystenosis,55 cuttingballoon,pulmonaryarterystenosis
complications,163–164
long-segmentstenoses,163
procedure,164 percutaneoustransluminalangioplasty(PTA),218–219SeeAlsoPercutaneoustransluminalangioplasty(PTA)
stent
aorticcoarctation,85–93,90t
pulmonaryarterystenosis,165–166,165
AngioplastyandStentingforRenalArteryLesions(ASTRALTrial),187–188
Angiosomes,237,238 Antihypertensivetherapy,322
Antithrombotictherapy
antiplateletagents
adenosinediphosphate(ADP),319–320
AntithromboticTrialists’Collaborationstudies,318
aspirin,319
vascularevents,319
benefits,320 heparin,320
oralanticoagulationagents,321
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vorapaxar,320
AntithromboticTrialists’Collaborationstudies,318 Aorticarch,39–40
anatomy,41,42 classification,41,42t
endovasculartherapy
branchedendografts,115–116,115t
complications,113
E-vitaopenandtheE-vitaplus,117,117–118
extra-anatomicbypass,117
frozenelephanttrunkprocedure,117
openaorticarchrepair,117
Thoraflex™HybridAnte-Flo,118,119
Thoraflex™HybridPlexus,118,119 landingzones,113–114,114
misconceptions,113 parallelstenttechnique,114–115
physician-modifiedstentgrafts,116 retrogradedissection,113
insitufenestration,116 surgicaldebranchingprocedure
mediansternotomy,118
zone0,118–119
zone1,119
zone2,119–120
Aorticcoarctation
anatomicconsiderations,79–80
arterialcollaterals,77 bicuspidaorticvalve,77
congenitalheartlesions,77 extracardiacvascularanomalies,77
follow-up,93 geneticinfluences,76
history,77 hypertension,76–77
indications,80,80t lifeexpectancy,77
morbidityandmortality,77 MRA,78–79
physicalexamination,78 presentation,78,79
residualcoarctationrate,76 testing,78
therapygoals,80
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thoracicCTA,78–79
treatment
balloonangioplasty,82–85,83t
balloondilation,83–84
interventionrecommendations,81–82
native/recurrentcoarctation,81
procedure-relatedmorbidityandmortality,81
progradecatheter,84
stentangioplasty,85–88
surgicalintervention,81 Turnersyndrome,76
AorticDissectionStent-graftORBestMedicalTreatment(ADSORB)trial,132 Aortoiliacocclusivedisease(AIOD)
accesssite,202–203 angioplastyandstentplacement,206–207
complications
arterialdissection,209
psuedoaneurysm,209
ruptures,208
stentthrombosis,209 computertomographyangiography(CTA),201
concurrentcommonfemoraldisease,203 duplexultrasound(DUS),201
endovascularinterventionindications
claudication,200
criticallimbischemia,200
erectiledysfunction,200
vascularaccess,201 Frenchsheath,202
invasiveangiography,201–202 lesioncrossing
commoniliacarteryocclusions,204
externaliliacartery,203
infrarenalanddistalaorticocclusions,204
retrogradeapproach,203–204
magneticresonanceangiography(MRA),201 medicaltherapy,209–210
patency,207,208t physicalexamination,201
physiologictesting,201 procedureplanning,202
reentry
Outbackcatheter,205
Pioneercatheter,205,205
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requirementfor,205
retrogradewireadvancementtechnique,205
standardwireandcatheterstrategy,204
subintimalcrossing,204
subintimalwire-tracking,205
sheathsize,203
Archaortography,subclavianarterystenosis,68,68
Archvesselbypass,142–143 Arterialdissection,209
Arterialocclusion
acutefemoral
diagnosis,332–333
limbischemia,332
management,333–334
riskfactors,332
brachialartery,334
Arterialthrombosis,374
Arteriovenousfistula(AVF)
arterial-venousshunting,329
diagnosis,329 etiology,328–329
incidence,328 management,329–330
Ascendingaortaandaorticarch,endovascularmanagement
anatomy,108
aorticaneurysm,98 CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,98
complications,112 computedtomography(CT),111–112
endografts
deploymentof,110–111
types,110,111t endovasculartherapySeeAorticarch,endovasculartherapy
hemodynamicforces,108 implementation,107–108
indications,109 intravascularultrasound(IVUS),112
ligamentumarteriosum,98 managementandtreatments,99
noncontrasttime-of-flightmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI),111–112 patientselection,109
preoperativeplanning,111 thoracicaorticaneurysms(TAAs)SeeThoracicaorticaneurysms(TAAs)
Ascendingaortaandaorticarch,endovascularmanagement(Continued)
thoracicaorticdissectionSeeThoracicaorticdissection
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thoracicendovascularaorticrepair(TEVAR),99
transcranialDoppler,112 transesophagealechocardiography(TEE),112
ValiantPS-IDEendograft,110 ZenithAscenddevice,110
ASDsSeeAtrialseptaldefects(ASDs) ASPECTScoreSeeAlbertaStrokeProgramEarlyCT(ASPECT)Score
Aspirin,319 ASTRALTrialSeeAngioplastyandStentingforRenalArteryLesions(ASTRALTrial)
AsymptomaticCarotidEmboliStudy(ACES),45 AsymptomaticCarotidSurgeryTrial(ACST),45–46
Asymptomaticextracranialcarotidarterystenosis,43,46 Atherectomy,240
Atheroscleroticdisease
carotidarterystenosisSeeCarotidarterystenosis
ischemicstroke,causes,41 revascularizationmodality,43
riskfactors,41 subclavianarterystenosis,66
Atheroscleroticrenalarterystenosis,182–183,182
balloonangioplasty,185,186
Atheroscleroticrenovasculardisease
anatomicrenalarterystenosis,178
communitycongestiveheartfailure,176 essentialhypertension,178
nonatheroscleroticcauses,178 prevalence,176
renovascularhypertension,178
Atrialseptaldefects(ASDs)
anti-arrhythmicsandanticoagulation,358 clinicalpresentation,358
closuremethods,359 defectsize,358–359
diagnosis,358 epidemiology,358
medicaltherapy,359 pathogenesis,358
AVFSeeArteriovenousfistula(AVF)
B
Balloonangioplasty
aorticcoarctation
complications,84–85
postangioplastyaorticaneurysmformation,82
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techniqueandprocedure,82–83
treatment,recurrentcoarctation,82,83t atheroscleroticrenalarterystenosis,185,186
infrapopliteallesions,239 May-Thurnersyndrome(MTS),391
pulmonaryarterystenosis
advancements,160
balloonexpansion,161–162
congenitalcardiaccatheterizationlaboratory,159
high-pressureballoonangioplasty,162–163
low-pressureballoonangioplasty,162
Balloondilation,83–84 Balloon-expandablecoveredstents
vs.bare-metalstents(BMS),261,263 principles,261
TASCCandDlesions,263
Baremetalstents(BMS),245
balloon-expandablestents
commoniliacartery,260–261,262t
principles,260 efficacy,225
patency,224–225 SirolimusCoatedCordisSmartNitinolSelf-expandableStentfortheSuperficialFemoralArteryDisease(SIROCCO)randomizedtrial,225
Belowkneedisease
drug-coatedballoons(DCB),251–252
drug-elutingstents(DES)
DESTINY,248–249
limb-savingstrategy,248
PARADISE,249
YUKON-BTKtrial,248
Belowkneerevascularization
angiosomes,237,238 antegradeaccess,238
atherectomy,240 chroniclimbischemia(CLI)
definition,234
endovascularrevascularization,235
managementalgorithm,235,236
RutherfordandFontaine’sclassification,234,235t
symptomsandclinicalmanifestations,234 chronictotalocclusions(CTOs),238
complications,240–241 cuttingballoons,239
drug-coatedballoons,240
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infrapoplitealendovascularintervention,239
infrapopliteallesions,237–238
angioplastyballoons,239
noninvasiveimagingmodalities,239 poplitealartery,anatomy,235–236,237
scoringballoons,239 treatment,240
Bicuspidaorticvalve,77 Bilateraliliacdisease,severe,313
BMSsSeeBaremetalstents(BMS) Brachialhemorrhage,328
Branchedendografts,aorticarch,115t
benefits,115
CookArchBranchdevice,115 MedtronicArchBranchdevice,115–116
W.L.GoreArchBranchdevice,116
Bremsstrahlung,5
C
CAGSeeCyanoacrylateglue(CAG) CALCIUM360study,283
CAPRIEtrial,319 Captoprilrenalarteryscintigraphy,181
CardiovascularOutcomesinRenalAtheroscleroticLesions(CORAL)trial,188 Carotidangiography,7
Carotidarterydisease
aorticarch,39–40
anatomy,41,42
classification,41,42t
atheroscleroticdiseaseSeeAtheroscleroticdisease
Carotidarteryimagingassessment
catheter-basedtechniques,34 computedtomographicangiography(CTA),36,37–38
cross-sectionaltechniques,34 digitalsubtractionangiography(DSA),39,40–41
duplexultrasound(DUS),34,35,36 magneticresonanceangiography(MRA),36,38,39
Carotidarterystenosis,11
angioplastyandstenting,55
asymptomatic,43 computedtomographicangiography(CTA),43,44
digitalsubtractionangiography(DSA),43,44 embolicprotectiondevices(EPDs)SeeEmbolicprotectiondevices(EPDs)
endarterectomyversusangioplastyinpatientswithsymptomaticseverecarotidstenosis(EVA-3S)trial,55
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