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Pearls and Pitfalls

●

Transmedullary veins may be visible on enhanced T1weighted scans and are normal routes of drainage to connect the anterior and posterior spinal perimedullary venous systems.

●

As the anterior spinal veins are subpial, they will only be visible when grossly dilated, whereas the posteriorly located veins are subarachnoid in location and, therefore, more readily visible on routine MR sequences, even if they are only mildly dilated. This peculiar arrangement can explain why some arteriovenous shunts (that drain into the anterior system) may pose a diagnostic challenge, as they may only present with edema but no apparent abnormal venous flow voids.

●

A hairpin course can be present both for the anterior or posterior spinal arteries and the radicular vein. As the veins are larger, static computed tomographic angiography or MR angiography will not be able to diﬀerentiate whether a “hairpin” vessel is arterial or venous in origin.

●

In rare instances, the epidural venous plexus can interconnect with the perimedullary veins if the reflux mechanism of the epidural venous plexus is insuﬃcient.

The Spinal Cord Veins

227

achieve a cure by a transarterial endovascular route, as the refluxing vein may be some distance away from the epidural shunt location (▶ Fig. 43.12).

Index

Note: Page numbers set bold or italic

indicate headings or figures, respectively.

Abducens nerve 142 Aberrant right subclavian artery (AR-

SA) 6, 6, 7–9 ACA, See Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Accessory anterior communicating ar-

tery 54 Accessory basal vein 189 Accessory meningeal artery

– in meningeal supply 154 – in petro-cavernous anastomo-

ses 135 Accessory middle cerebral artery 64,

64, 65 Accessory middle meningeal artery 72 Accessory spinal nerve 144, 145 AComA, See Anterior communicating

artery (AComA) ACP, See Anterior clinoid process (ACP) Adamkiewicz artery 208, 209, 218–219 AICA, See Anterior inferior cerebellar

artery (AICA) Aneurysm – anterior communicating artery fen-

estrations and 50, 50–51

– cortico-ophthalmic 33 – dural ring 27, 27, 29 – in aberrant right subclavian ar-

tery 6–7 – in anterior cerebral artery 61 – in anterior communicating artery 4,

49, 67–68 – in anterior inferior-posterior inferior

cerebellar artery complex 97

– in basilar artery 100–101, 102, 102,

104, 107

– in basilar tip 105, 111, 111–113 – in callosomarginal artery 54 – in dorsolateral spinal artery 209 – in frontopolar artery 60 – in infraoptic anterior cerebral ar-

tery 48

– in lenticulostriate artery 73, 75 – in middle cerebral artery 80 – in pericallosal artery 61 – in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar

anastomoses 20, 22

– in posterior cerebral artery 118,

124–125

– in posterior communicating ar-

tery 118 – in posterior inferior cerebellar ar-

tery 96

– in sulcocommissural artery 212 – in superior cerebellar artery 95 – primitive persistent olfactory artery

and 50 – with azygos anterior communicating

artery 54

– “kissing” 102 – “mirror” 102

Angular temporal artery 84 Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

– cortical branches of 58–61 – dual origin of 47

– duplication 47, 103 – embryology of 62 – infraoptic course of 46, 46, 47–48 – leptomeningeal anastomoses

with 84

Anterior choroidal artery (AChoA) 38,

38, 39–43 Anterior clinoid process (ACP) 27 Anterior communicating artery (ACo-

mA)

– A1 segment fenestration in 49, 50 – accessory 54 – aneurysm 4, 49, 67–68 – azygos 54, 54, 55–57 – complex 49, 49, 50–53 – duplication 57 – fenestration 49, 50–51 – plexiform 48 – primitive persistent olfactory artery

and 50, 51

– segments 49 – trifurcation 54, 55

Anterior communicating vein 189, 189,

191 Anterior falcine artery 158 Anterior falcine meningioma 160 Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AI-

CA) – -posterior inferior cerebellar artery

complex 96, 96–97

– anatomy of 96 – aneurysm 97 – occlusion 98

Anterior median spinal vein 220 Anterior perimedullary vein 221 Anterior pontomesencephalic vein 189 Anterior spinal artery (ASA)

– anastomoses of 208 – anatomy 211 – anterior course of 207 – cervical nonfusion of 208 – in arteriovenous malformation 211,

212, 212–214 – in filum terminale artery anato-

my 216, 218 – in perimedullary arteriovenous fistu-

la 213 – in radiculomedullary artery anato-

my 207 – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 201 – in spinal perimedullary arteriove-

nous fistula 206 – in vertebral body metastatic dis-

ease 203

– origin of 207 – pediatric 210 – trifurcation of 216 – unfused segments in 102

Anterior spinal vein 224 Anterior tympanic artery 144 Aorta

– anatomic variations of 3 – embryology of 3, 6

Aortic arch – direct origin of left vertebral artery

form 3, 5 – embryology of 2, 6 APhA, See Ascending pharyngeal artery

(APhA)

Arcade of cone 208, 208 Arcade of dens 200, 201 ARSA, See Aberrant right subclavian ar-

tery (ARSA)

Arteria radiculomedullaris magna 208,

209

Arteriovenous fistula

– of filum terminale 216–217, 217–

218, 219

– perimedullary 213 – pial 181 – spinal perimedullary 205–206 – vertebra-venous 223, 225–226

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

– angular artery in 86 – anterior choroidal artery in 40, 43 – anterior spinal artery in 211, 212,

212–214

– arterial steal in 87 – calcarine artery in 121–122, 125 – choroidal 179–180 – deep middle cerebral vein in 190–

191, 195

– deep venous system in 196 – developmental venous anomalies

and 182

– hydrocephalus in 179–180 – intramedullary spinal 212, 214 – juvenile spinal 200–201 – lateral mesencephalic vein in 194–

195, 197

– lenticulostriate artery in 73–74 – leptomeningeal anastomoses

and 86, 87, 87

– medial choroidal artery in 120 – medial palpebral arteries in 35 – median parietal vein in 191 – middle cerebral artery branch in 82,

– ophthalmic artery in 31 – parieto-occipital artery in 125 – pericallosal artery in 61 – petrosal vein in 194 – pial 202, 211–212, 213, 214 – posterior cerebral artery in 125 – posterior inferior cerebellar artery

in 98

– posterior parietal branch in 86 – posterior spinal artery in 212, 214 – radicular 202 – recurrent artery of Heubner in 71 – Rolandic artery in 81 – subcallosal artery in 53 – sulcocommissural arteries in 213–

214

– superficial middle cerebral vein

in 175–177

– superior cerebellar artery in 97–98 – superior hemispheric veins in 193–

194

– thalamoperforating arteries in 115–

116, 117, 120

– thalamostriate veins in 186 – transmedullary veins in 179–180 – uncal vein in 190, 195 – vein of Galen in 185, 186 – vein of Labbé in 176–177, 190 – vein of Rosenthal in 176, 189–191,

195

– vein of Trolard in 175–176, 190

– venous circle of Trolard in 188

Arteriovenous shunt

– anterior venous system in 223, 224 – dural 209 – epidural venous plexus in 223, 226 – in carotid-cavernous fistula 171 – in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiec-

tasia 148

– lateral mesencephalic vein in 143 – leptomeningeal anastomoses in 86 – meningohypophyseal trunk in 25,

– ophthalmic anastomoses in 128 – paravertebral venous plexus in 223,

225–226

– posterior auricular artery in 141 – Rolandic artery in 81 – segmental spinal arteries in 202, 204 – spinal cord veins in 222 – thalamoperforating arteries in 115 – transmedullary veins in 181

Artery of Davidoﬀ 158 Artery of falx cerebri 158 Artery of foramen rotundum 133, 135,

152

Artery of Schechter 158 ASA, See Anterior spinal artery (ASA) Ascending cervical artery 200–201 Ascending pharyngeal artery (APhA)

– anatomy 132, 150 – embryology 137, 150 – external carotid artery origin of 150 – in aberrant internal carotid ar-

tery 12–13 – in dural arteriovenous fistula 153 – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 201

– internal carotid artery origin of 150 – occipital artery origin of 150 – potential anastomoses of 151 – vertebral artery anastomoses

with 137, 138 Azygos anterior communicating ar-

tery 54, 54, 55–57

BA, See Basilar artery (BA) Balloon angioplasty – anterior communicating artery anat-

omy and 51

– artery of Percheron and 116 – in brainstem perforators 106 – in inferolateral trunk 25 – in meningohypophyseal trunk 25,

– unfused basilar artery and 101, 102 Basal vein of Rosenthal, See Vein of

Rosenthal Basilar artery (BA)

– absence of distal 103 – anatomy 101, 106 – aneurysm 100–101, 102, 102, 104,

107

– cerebellar arteries and 106 – double lumen in 103 – duplication 102–103 – embryology 101, 106 – fenestration 100–102, 102, 103–105

Index

229

– in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar

anastomoses 78

– pontine arteries and 106 – segmentally unfused 101, 102 – trunk 100, 100, 101–105 – unfused 100–101, 104

Basilar tip

– absence of 119 – anatomy 111 – aneurysm 105, 111, 111–113 – asymmetric fusion 111, 112 – caudal fusion type 111, 112 – cranial fusion types 111, 112 – embryology 111

Bitruncus arch 8 Brainstem perforators 106, 106, 107–

109

– anatomy of 106 – balloon angioplasty in 106 – embryology of 106 – ischemia 107–108 – stenting in 107

Brainstem veins 195 Branchial apparatus development 3

Calcarine artery

– anatomy 121 – in arteriovenous malformation 121–

122, 125 Callosomarginal artery 54 Caroticotympanic artery (CTymA) 13 Carotid body paraganglioma 150 Carotid cave 27, 27 Carotid-cavernous fistula 169–170,

171

Cavernous anastomosis 132, 132, 133–

136

Cavernous sinus

– anatomy 168 – connections of 170 – dural arteriovenous fistula in 133–

135, 141, 152, 168–169, 172, 174 – embryology 168 – routes to 170 – tumors 156

Central retinal artery (CRA) 35 Cerebellar arteries 94, 94, 95, 96, 96–98 – basilar artery and 106 Cervical arteries

– ascending 200–201 – vertebral arteries anastomoses

with 139 Choroidal blush 35, 36 Choroidal point 96 Clivus meningioma 159 Cobb syndrome 200–201 Cortico-ophthalmic aneurysm 33 Cranial ner ve supply 140, 140, 141–

145

CSF, See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CTymA, See Caroticotympanic arter y

(CTymA)

dAVF, See Dural arteriovenous fistula

(dAVF) Deep cervical artery – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 200–201

– vertebral arteries anastomoses

with 139 Deep infratentorial veins 195 Deep venous system 184, 184, 185–186

– anatomy 184, 188 – embryology 184 – in arteriovenous malformation 196

Developmental venous anomaly

(DVA) 181, 181, 182, 182, 183, 183 Dissecting aneurysm

– in basilar artery 109 – in posterior cerebral artery 85 – in posterior inferior cerebellar ar-

tery 95 – in superior cerebellar artery 94 Diverticulum of Kommerell 6 DO, See Dorsal ophthalmic artery (DO) Dorsal meningeal artery 156 Dorsal nasal artery 36 Dorsal ophthalmic artery (DO) 12–13,

31, 31, 32–34 Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)

– accessory meningeal artery in 171 – anterior ethmoidal artery in 37 – artery of foramen rotundum in 133–

134, 152, 168, 171

– ascending pharyngeal artery in 153 – asymptomatic spinal 223, 225 – in cavernous sinus 133–135, 141,

152, 168–169, 172, 174, 195 – in persistent petrosquamosal si-

nus 165

– in posterior fossa 153 – in superior sagittal sinus 162, 162–

164

– in transverse sigmoid sinus 138 – in transverse sinus 156, 164–165,

166, 166

– induced distal pial supply in 159 – inferolateral trunk in 133, 152, 171 – internal maxillary artery in 166 – lateral clival artery in 133–134 – meningohypophyseal trunk in 152–

153, 168, 171 – middle meningeal artery in 133,

140–141, 168, 171

– occipital artery in 156, 166 – of petrous ridge with cortical venous

reflux 140–141 – radiculomeningeal arteries in 202 – recurrent meningeal artery in 134 – spinal 204, 224 – vein of Rosenthal in 191 – vs. filum terminale fistula 218

Dural ring 27, 27, 29 DVA, See Developmental venous anom-

aly (DVA) Dysphagia lusoria 6, 8

Embolization materials – in ascending pharyngeal artery 139,

151

– in external carotid system 144 – in meningeal supply 159 – in spinal arteries 210, 212 – petro-cavernous anastomoses

and 135 Encephalomalacia 78 Epidural venous plexus 222–223, 223,

226 Epistaxis 147, 147

– ascending pharyngeal artery

and 150

– deep temporal artery from internal

maxillary artery anastomosis and 128

– ethmoidal arteries and 36, 146 – in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiec-

tasia 146

– in juvenile angiofibroma 147 – sphenopalatine arteries and 146

Ethmoidal arteries 36, 146 External carotid artery (ECA) – ascending pharyngeal artery origin

from 150

– embryology of 129 – occlusion 137 – ophthalmic artery anastomoses

with 36

Extraorbital group 36

Facial arcade 142, 144 Facial nerve 142–143, 143 Falcine artery 160 Fenestration – anterior communicating artery 49,

50–51

– middle cerebral artery 63, 63, 66

Filum externa 216 Filum interna 216 Filum terminale artery 216

– anatomy 216 – embryology 216 – in arteriovenous fistula 216–217,

217–218, 219 Frontopolar artery 59, 60, 84 Fused pericallosal artery 48

Glomus tumor 151 Glossopharyngeal nerve 144, 145 Greater palatine artery 146–147, 147

HA, See Hypoglossal artery (HA) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

(HHT) 146, 148 Hippocampal vein 189 Hypoglossal artery (HA) – ascending pharyngeal artery

and 137

– in meningeal supply 154 – in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar

anastomoses 18, 21 – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 201 Hypoglossal ner ve 144, 145 Hypothalamic vein 189

ICA, See Internal carotid artery (ICA) ICV, See Internal cerebral veins (ICVs) ILT, See Inferolateral trunk (ILT) IMA, See Internal maxillary artery

(IMA) Infarct(s)

– anterior choroidal artery 39, 42 – brainstem perforator 107

– lenticulostriate artery 72 – middle cerebral artery 84 – paramedian perforator 109 – pontine arter y 108 – posterior inferior cerebellar ar-

tery 91, 96

– recurrent artery of Heubner 68 – See also Stroke – spinal cord 213, 215 – thalamoperforating arteries 117 – thalamotuberal arteries 119 – tuberothalamic artery territory 118 – with basilar dissection 108 – with persistent carotid-vertebrobasi-

lar anastomoses 20 Inferior parietal arteries 59 Inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) 170, 173–

174

Inferior pharyngeal artery 150 Inferior striate vein 189 Inferior thalamic vein 189 Inferior ventricular vein 189 Inferolateral trunk (ILT) 23, 23, 24–26,

31, 132, 133, 135, 152, 157 Infraoptic course of anterior cerebral

artery 46, 46, 47–48 Infratemporal vein 189 Infratentorial veins 193, 193, 194–197

– anatomy 193 – bridging 197 – deep 195 – superficial 193

Infratympanic artery 144 Internal auditory artery 144 Internal carotid artery (ICA)

– aberrant 12, 13–16 – ascending pharyngeal artery origin

from 150

– development of 12 – duplication 14, 103 – embryology of 137 – in basilar tip embr yology 111 – in meningeal supply 156 – paraclinoid 27 – segmental agenesis of 13 – segments 12–13

Internal cerebral veins (ICVs)

– absence 186 – anatomy 184 – embryology of 184

Internal frontal arteries 59 Internal maxillary artery (IMA)

– anatomy 129 – ascending pharyngeal artery anasto-

mosis with 151 – in petro-cavernous anastomo-

ses 135 Intraparenchymal transmedullary ve-

nous anastomoses 220, 222 Intrinsic arteries of cord

– anatomy 211 – in arteriovenous malformation 211–

212

Jugulotympanic paraganglioma 15 Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibro-

ma 147, 148, 148 Juvenile spinal arteriovenous malfor-

mation 200

Index

230

Kommerell diverticulum 6

Labyrinthine artery 144 Lacrimal artery 35 Lateral medullary syndrome 90 Lateral mesencephalic vein

– anatomy 197 – arteriovenous shunt in 143 – in arteriovenous malformation 194–

195, 197

– in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189 Lateral striate arteries 67 LCCA, See Left common carotid artery

(LCCA)

Lenticulostriate arteries 67–68, 70, 72–

Leptomeningeal anastomoses

(LMAs) 83, 83, 84, 84–87

LMAs, See Leptomeningeal anastomo-

ses (LMAs) Locus Kiessel-bachii 147 Long lateral posterior ciliary artery 35 Long posterior ciliary artery 35

Mandibulovidian artery 13 MCA, See Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Medial dural tentorial artery 158 Meningeal supply 154, 154, 155–158,

160

Meningioma

– clivus 159–160 – middle meningeal artery feed-

ing 154–155 – olfactory groove 157 – tentorial incisura 184–185

Meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT) 23,

24–26, 152, 156, 156 Meningo-ophthalmic artery 129–130 Metamere – in segmental artery anatomy 200–

201 – in spinal arteriovenous metameric

syndrome 200–201 Middle cerebral arter y (MCA)

– accessory 64, 64, 65 – anatomical variations of 62 – anatomy of 76 – aneurysm 80 – cortical branches of 76, 76, 77–82 – duplicated 64, 65, 65–66 – early branching of 63 – embryology of 62, 67, 76 – fenestration 63, 63, 66 – in arteriovenous malformation 86 – leptomeningeal anastomoses

with 83, 84 – occlusion 85 Middle cerebral arter y trunk 62, 62,

63–66

Middle meningeal artery (MMA) 35

– accessory 72 – anatomy 129 – from ophthalmic artery 48, 129 – from right internal carotid artery

through persistent stapedial ar-

tery 129

– in dural arteriovenous fistula 133,

140–141, 168, 171

– in facial nerve supply 144 – in meningeal supply 154 – in petro-cavernous anastomo-

ses 134, 135

– meningioma fed by 154–155 – pseudoaneurysm of 158

Middle pharyngeal artery 150–151 MMA, See Middle meningeal artery

(MMA)

MPV, See Median prosencephalic vein

(MPV)

Musculociliary trunk 35

Nasal fossa tumors 147, 148 Nasal septal arteries 36 Nasopalatine artery 146–147 Nasopharyngeal cancer 149 Neuromeningeal trunk 132, 150, 153,

154

OA, See Ophthalmic artery (OA) Occipital artery – ascending pharyngeal artery origin

from 150

– embryology of 137 – in dural arteriovenous fistula 156 – in meningeal supply 155, 155–156 – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 201

– vertebral arteries anastomoses

with 138, 139 Ocular group 35 Oculomotor nerve 142 Olfactory groove meningioma 157 Olfactory nerve 142 Olfactory vein 189 Ophthalmic anastomoses 128, 128,

129–130

Ophthalmic artery (OA)

– branches of 35, 35, 36, 36–37 – dorsal 12–13, 31, 31, 32–34 – from middle meningeal artery 48,

129

– in meningeal supply 156–157 – ventral 31, 31, 32–34

Optic chiasm vein 189 Optic nerve 142 Optic strut 27 Orbital artery 31 Orbital group 35 Orbitofrontal artery 59, 84 Otic artery 19

PaAs, See Proatlantal arteries (PaAs) Palpebral arteries 36 Paracentral arteries 59 Parietal arteries 59, 84 Parieto-occipital artery

– anatomy 121 – in arteriovenous malformation 125 – in leptomeningeal anastomosis 84

PCA, See Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) PcomA, See Posterior communicating

artery (PcomA)

Peduncular vein

– anatomy 195 – in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189

Percheron artery 111, 113, 116, 117 Pericallosal artery 84

– aneurysm 61 – fused 48 – in anterior cerebral artery anato-

my 58 – in arteriovenous malformation 61 Perimedullary arteriovenous fistu-

la 213 Perioptic arterial plexus 46 Persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anas-

tomoses 17, 17, 19–22 Persistent median callosal artery 57 Persistent occipital sinus 196, 197 Persistent primitive olfactory ar-

tery 50, 51 Persistent stapedial artery (PSA) 14,

16, 129 Persistent trigeminal arter y 19, 20–21,

90 Petrous anastomosis 132, 132, 133–

136

PHACE syndrome 20 Pharyngeal trunk 150 Pharyngo-occipital system 137 Pial arteriovenous fistula 181 PICA, See Posterior inferior cerebellar

artery (PICA) Plexiform anterior communicating ar-

tery 48 PMI, See Primitive maxillary artery

(PMI) Pontine arteries

– basilar artery and 106 – infarction in 108

Posterior auricular artery 141 Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

– absence of 119 – aneurysm 118–119, 124–125 – cortical branches of 121, 121, 122–

125

– in arteriovenous malformation 125 – in meningeal supply 158 – leptomeningeal anastomoses

with 84, 85 Posterior communicating artery (Pco-

mA)

– aneurysm 118–119 – embryology 18 – hypoglossal artery and 19 – hypoplastic 116 – trigeminal artery and 20

Posterior communicating vein

– anatomy 195, 197 – in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

(PICA) – -anterior inferior cerebellar artery

complex 96, 96–97

– absence of 96 – anatomy 90, 96 – aneurysm 96 – bihemispheric 96, 98 – embryology 90, 96 – in arteriovenous malformation 98 – in radiculomedullary artery anato-

my 208

– infarct 91, 96 – segments 90 – variations of 96

– variations of origin of 90, 90, 91–92

Posterior lateral nasal arter y 146 Posterior medial nasal artery 146 Posterior median spinal vein 220 Posterior meningeal artery 96, 138,

160

Posterior mesencephalic vein 189 Posterior spinal artery

– anatomy 212 – in arteriovenous malformation 212,

214

– in radiculomedullary artery anato-

my 207 Posterior temporal artery 78, 79, 84 Posterolateral spinal artery 212 Precentral artery 84 Precentral vein 189 Prefrontal artery 84 Prelaminar arter y 201 Primitive maxillary artery (PMI) 12 Primitive ventral opthalmic artery

(PVOA) 31 Proatlantal arteries (PaAs) 18, 18, 19,

21, 137 PSA, See Persistent stapedial artery

(PSA) Pseudoaneurysm

– of anterior choroidal artery 41 – of internal carotid artery 149 – of middle meningeal artery 158

Pterygovaginal artery – ascending pharyngeal artery anasto-

mosis with 151 – in petro-cavernous anastomo-

ses 135, 135–136

Radiculomedullary arteries

– anatomy 205 – anterior 207, 207, 208 – embryology 205 – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 201 – in spinal perimedullary arteriove-

nous fistula 205–206 – posterior 207, 207 Radiculomeningeal arteries 202 Radiculopial arteries

– anatomy 205 – embryology 205 – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 202 – in spinal perimedullary arteriove-

nous fistula 205–206 Recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) 62,

64, 64, 65, 67, 69–72 Recurrent meningeal artery

– in dural arteriovenous fistula 134 – in orbital group 35

Retrocorporeal arter y 201 Right subclavian artery

– aberrant 6, 6, 7–9 – isolation of 8 Rolandic artery 77–78, 81

SCA, See Superior cerebellar artery

(SCA) Schwannoma 203 Segmental spinal arteries

Index

231

– anatomy 200 – arteriovenous shunt in 202 – in spinal arteriovenous metameric

syndrome 200–201

SMV, See Superficial middle cerebral

vein (SMV)

Sphenopalatine artery 146, 146–147,

148 Sphenoparietal sinus 177 Spinal arteries

– See Intrinsic arteries of cord – See specific arteries

Spinal arteriovenous metameric syn-

drome 200–201 Spinal cord veins 220, 222 Spinal perimedullary arteriovenous f is-

tula 205–206

Splenial artery

– anatomy 124 – in leptomeningeal anastomosis 84

SSS, See Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) Stapedial artery 14

– anatomy 129 – middle meningeal artery from inter-

nal carotid artery through 129 – persistent 14, 16 Stroke – aberrant internal carotid artery

and 15

– basilar artery perforator 102, 106–

107

– internal carotid artery 132 – leptomeningeal anastomoses and 84 – middle cerebral artery 40, 83–84 – orbital region embolization and 130 – See also Infarct(s)

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

– persistent occipital sinus in 196 – with azygos anterior communicating

artery 55 Subcallosal artery 53 Subclavian artery, embryology of 6 Sulcal arteries 211 Sulcocommissural arteries 211, 212–

214

Superficial cortical veins 175–177 – anatomic variations in 175 – anterior group 175 – balanced 175 – mediodorsal group 175 – posteroinferior group 175

Superficial infratentorial veins 193 Superficial middle cerebral vein (SMV)

– anatomy 176 – cavernous capture of 177 – dominant 176 – drainage of 177 – in arteriovenous malformation 175–

177

Superficial sylvian vein, See Superficial

middle cerebral vein (SMV)

Superficial temporal artery 36, 36, 130,

158

Superficial temporal veins 171, 172 Superior anastomotic vein, See Vein of

Trolard

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

– anatomy 97 – embryology of 94 – in arteriovenous malformation 97–

98, 193

– occlusion 99 Superior hemispheric veins

– anatomy 193 – in arteriovenous malformation 193–

194

Superior hypophyseal artery com-

plex 28 Superior labial artery 147 Superior parietal artery 59 Superior pharyngeal artery 150, 151 Superior sagittal sinus (SSS)

– anatomy 162 – drainage to 163 – duplication of 162, 164 – dural arteriovenous fistula in 162–

163

– embryology 162 – variations of 162

Superior vermian vein

– anatomy 193 – in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189

Supraorbital artery 36 Supratrochlear artery 36 Supreme intercostal artery 200

Tectal vein 189 Tectogeniculate vein 189

Tentorial incisura meningioma 184–

185

Thalamoperforating arteries

(ThPA) 115, 115, 116–120

Thalamostriate vein

– anatomy 186 – drainage of 185 – in arteriovenous malformation 186

Transmedullary veins 179, 179, 180–

183

Transverse sinus

– absence of 221 – anatomy 162 – aplasia 165 – dural arteriovenous fistula in 138,

156, 164–165, 166, 166 – embryology 162 – hypoplasia of 165

Trigeminal artery

– in basilar artery embryology 101 – persistent 19, 20–21, 90

Trigeminal nerve 142, 143 Trochlear nerve 142 Tuberothalamic arteries

– absence of 115 – anatomy of 115 – infarct in 118

Tympanic paraganglioma 15

Uncal vein

– in arteriovenous malformation 190,

195

– in vein of Rosenthal anatomy 189 Upper cervical anastomoses 137–138

Vagus nerve 144, 145 Vasocorona 208, 211 Vein of Galen

– anatomy 186 – embryology of 184 – in arteriovenous malformations 185,

186 Vein of Labbé

– absent 175–176 – anatomy 176 – dominant 176

– duplicated 176 – in arteriovenous malformation 177,

190

Vein of Markowski, See Median prosen-

cephalic vein (MPV)

Vein of Rosenthal

– absence 186 – anatomy 188 – anterior drainage of 184 – discontinuous 188, 197 – embryology 188 – in arteriovenous malformation 176,

189–191, 195 – in dural arteriovenous fistula 191 – inferior temporal vein drainage

of 185 – tributaries of 189 Vein of Trolard

– anatomy 175 – dominant 175 – duplicated 175 – in arteriovenous malformation 175,

190

Venous angle 186 Venous circle of Trolard

– anatomy 191 – in arteriovenous malformation 188

Ventral ophthalmic artery 31, 31, 32–

Ventral schwannoma 203 Vertebra-venous fistulas 223, 225–226 Vertebral artery (VA)

– anatomy 200 – anterior spinal artery origin

from 207 – ascending pharyngeal artery anasto-

moses with 137

– embryology of 3 – in persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar

anastomoses 17 – in radiculomedullary artery anato-

my 208 – in segmental spinal artery anato-

my 200–201 – “kissing” 103 Vestibulocochlear nerve 142–143, 143,

144

Vidian artery

– in dural arteriovenous fistula 135 – in petro-cavernous anastomo-

sis 135, 135

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