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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_4517_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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Index
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Note: Page numbers in bold indicate non-text material.
A
A-rings, 354, 355
Abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), 38–39
Abducens nucleus, 22
About Your Child’s Eating–Revised
(AYCE-R), 330
Absent contractility, 359
Achalasia, 97, 269–270, 356, 356, 356–357
Acupuncture, 200
Adaptability, 107–108
Addison’s disease, 37
Adenocarcinoma, esophageal, 431
Adenopathy, 42
AEclose (AEc), 149, 153, 158, 165
Aeroview system (Glottal Enterprises),
238
AEstart (AEs), 149, 153, 158, 165
Age differences
in spatial measures, 167–168
in swallow gesture time, 157
in transit times, 151–152
Airflow alteration, 35
Airway
anatomy and physiology of, 273–274
clinical examination or observation
of, 56
management of, 273–286
protection during pharyngeal phase
of swallowing, 273–274, 284–285
ALARA principle (As Low As
Reasonably Achievable), 89
Albumin, 290–292
Alendronate (Fosamax), 353
Alertness/endurance, 55
Alimentary tract, 39
Alpha-blockers, 378–379
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 40,
283, 288, 365, 366, 373–374, 374
Alzheimer’s disease, 266, 366, 377–378
Ambulatory pH testing, 183–184, 184
American Academy of Otolaryngology-
Head and Neck Surgery, 431
American Bronchoesophagological
Association, 428
American College of Gastroenterology,
426
American Speech-Language-Hearing
Association (ASHA)
NOMS (National Outcomes
Measurement System), 226
position regarding FEES, 82
templates for pediatric feeding history
and clinical evaluation, 329
terminology, 425
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 40,
283, 288, 365, 366, 373–374, 374
Analgesics, 379
Anatomy
airway/pharyngeal, 273–274
congenital anomalies, 440
of distal esophagus, 96, 97
of normal deglutition, 1–44
oropharyngeal abnormalities, 128
spinal abnormalities, 440–446
structural displacements after
chemoradiotherapy, 410–413,
411–412
455
456
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DYSPHAGIA ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT PLANNING: A TEAM APPROACH
Andy Gump deformity, 399–400
Ankylosing spondylosis, 442
Annulus fibrosus, 442
Antacids, 265, 432
Anterior digastric muscle, 18
Anteroposterior (AP) esophageal
screens, 94–95, 269–270
analysis, 137
examples, 95, 137, 138
filming, 110
protocol for adults, 111
Anthropometric data, 289–290
Anticholinergics, 37, 378–379
Antidepressants, 37
Antihistamines, 378–379
Antipsychotics, 37
Antireflux regimens, 265, 431–432
Arnold-Chiari malformation, 366
Articulation, 58
Aryepiglottic (AE) folds
AEclose (AEc), 149, 153, 165
AEstart (AEs), 149, 153, 158, 165
ASHA. See American Speech-Language-
Hearing Association
Aspiration
in Alzheimer’s disease, 377–378
assessment of
barium radiographic evaluation,
93–94
FEES vs fluoroscopy, 70–71, 71
in children, 325, 326, 342, 342
during fluoroscopy, 134–135, 136
in head and neck cancer patients,
394–395, 395
during laryngeal closure for swallow,
135
odds ratios, 146, 146
in Parkinson’s disease, 372
precautions against, 276–277
risk during DSS, 104–105
risk factors, 275, 275
silent, 94, 275
in Parkinson’s disease, 372
pediatric, 342, 342
after stroke, 368–369
after stroke, 368–369
after swallow, 135
Aspiration pneumonia, 274–276, 365,
367–368
in head and neck cancer patients, 394,
395, 405–406, 406
Assessment
ambulatory pH testing, 183–184, 184
of aspiration/penetration, residue, 70,
70–71, 71
clinical swallow evaluation, 49–61
dietary
indications for, 287–288
in swallowing history, 53
dynamic swallow study (DSS),
101–120, 121–140, 141–174
feeding skills, 325–348
FEES vs fluoroscopy, 70, 70–71, 71
flexible endoscopy, 65–81, 73–78
of gastric emptying, 181–183, 183
instrumental, 342–344
of motility, 178–184
in neurogenic dysphagia, 366–367
normative data in adults, 141–174,
143–144
nutritional, 288–294, 290
objective measures for, 141–174
oral sensory-motor, 333–339
other technologies, 175–186
parent-report instruments, 328
pediatric clinical feeding assessment,
325–348
physical examination, 38–43
psychosocial interactional feeding,
325–348
self-assessment tools, 226
Atos Medical, 199
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs),
342
AYCE-R (About Your Child’s Eating–
Revised), 330
B
B-rings, 354, 354
B1, 148–150, 149, 165
BaByVFSSImP (MBSImP infant version),
343–344
Ballard Medical Products, 306
BAMBI (Brief Autism Mealtime
Behavior Inventory), 330
Bamboo spine, 442
Barium meal, 87
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457
Barium radiographic evaluation, 87–99
equipment for, 88
examination technique, 92, 92–97, 93,
96–97
example findings, 95
indications for, 91–92
radiation exposure and safety, 88–91
Barium swallow, 87, 95, 97
Barrett’s esophagus, 431
Barthel index, 369
Bazaz dysphagia grading system, 445,
445–446
BCR (bolus clearance ratio), 166
Becker muscular dystrophy, 382
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 331
Bedside swallowing safety evaluation
(BSE), 374
Behavioral approaches
for dysphagia, 190–199
for reflux symptoms, 265
Behavioral changes, 35
Behavioral observation, 332
Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment
Scale (BPFAS), 328, 330
Bell’s palsy, 2
Biofeedback, 198, 246–249
Biofeedback in Strength and Skill
Training (BiSSkiT), 246–248
Biomechanical interrelationships, 122
Biomechanical measures, 222
“Bird’s beak” appearance, 356, 356–357
Bisphosphonates, 379
BiSSkiT (Biofeedback in Strength and
Skill Training), 246–248
Bite reflex, 57, 333, 334, 338–339
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 289, 292
Body mass index (BMI), 290, 291, 330
Body tone, size, posture, or positioning,
55–56
Bolus characteristics, 107, 109
consistency, 209–210
properties that affect deformability
and flow, 209–211
properties that maximize sensory
feedback, 208–211
size, 210–211
size/consistency differences
in spatial measures, 167–168
in swallow gesture time, 157
in transit times, 151–152
that lend themselves to manipulation,
208
Bolus clearance ratio (BCR), 166
Bolus manipulation, 208
Bolus materials, 80
Bolus movement, 125
Bolus placement, 211
Bolus transit, 115
Bolus transit time, 148, 149–150, 153, 165
age, gender, and bolus size/
consistency differences in,
151–152
dyscoordinated, 154
hypopharyngeal, 131, 151
oral, 125–126
oropharyngeal, 127–128, 151
pharyngeal, 151–152
prolonged
clinical implications, 128, 152
coordinated, 154
vs swallow gesture time, 123–124, 124,
154, 157–159
time of arrival at the sphincter (BP1),
149, 151, 158, 165
time of clearance of the sphincter
(BP2), 149, 151, 158, 165
Botulinum toxin, 269, 357
BPFAS (Behavioral Pediatric Feeding
Assessment Scale), 328, 330
Brain injury, 374–375
Brainstem
interneurons, 22, 23–24
motoneurons, 21–23, 22
sensory neurons, 22
Breathing evaluation, 58
Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior
Inventory (BAMBI), 330
Bronchitis, chronic, 274
Buccinator muscles, 2, 3, 11–12, 30, 45
BV1, 149, 150, 165
BV2, 149, 150–151, 165
C
C-reactive protein (CRP), 292
Calibration, 160, 160
California: endoscopy certification
requirements, 82
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DYSPHAGIA ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT PLANNING: A TEAM APPROACH
Caloric requirements, 294
Cancer. See Head and neck cancer
Candida albicans, 352, 352
Candidiasis, esophageal, 352, 352
Capital extension, 212–213
Capital flexion, 212–213
Capital rotation, 213
Carbonation, 209
CEBI-R (Children’s Eating Behavior
Inventory–Revised), 330
Center for Nutrition Policy and
Promotion (CNPP), 293
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), 290, 330
Central nervous system disorders,
367–379
Central pattern generator, 18–23
Cerebral palsy (CP), 376–377
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 147,
169, 366, 367–371
Cervical auscultation, 50
Cervical kyphosis or lordosis, 440–441,
442
Cervical root 1 (C1), 16, 32, 47
Cervical spinal surgery, 444, 446, 448
Chambers and valves
assessment of, 72
compensation/facilitation, 113–114
conceptual perspective, 122–137
laryngeal, 76–79, 77–78, 123
oral, 114–116
pharyngeal, 73–76, 74–76, 116–118
physiology of, 1–2
Chart review, 38
Chemoradiation therapy
for head and neck cancer, 397, 406,
406–415, 411–412, 414
risk factors for permanent dysphagia
after, 394, 407
swallowing coordination after, 413,
414
swallowing physiology after, 408–415,
411–412
Chief complaint, 34–35
Child abuse, 330–331
Children
clinical feeding assessment for,
325–348
DSS instruction for, 112–113
etiologies associated with feeding
problems, 325, 326
feeding skills assessment, 341
feeding skills development, 334–337
neurogenic dysphagia in, 374–375
older, 341
readiness for feeding, 331–332
signs of aspiration, 325, 326
signs of malnutrition, 332
traumatic brain injury, 374–375
young. See Infants and young children
Children’s Eating Behavior Inventory,
328
Children’s Eating Behavior Inventory–
Revised (CEBI-R), 330
Chin tuck (neck flexion), 212
Chin tuck against resistance (CTAR),
192, 202, 220
“Chip in the tip” endoscopes, 65–66
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), 35, 274
Cimetidine, 265
Cine-MRI, 87–88
Cinefluoroscopy, 431
Cineradiography, 88
Cleft palate, 267
Clinical evidence, 225–226
Clinical feeding assessment, pediatric,
325–348
Clinical swallow evaluation, 49–61
in children, 331–332
clinical examination or observation,
55–59
equipment for, 51–52
impressions and recommendations,
59–60
indications for, 50–51
interview questions, 54–55
limitations of, 51
tasks, 52–59
Clinical swallow evaluation form, 62–63
Cochlear nuclei
dorsal, 22
ventral, 22
Cognitive deficits, 135
Cognitive status, 55, 189
Commercial thickeners, 301, 320
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459
Compensation/facilitation
apparent attempts, 35
by chambers and valves, 113–118
evaluation of, 55
general principles, 113–114
of laryngeal valves, 117
of oral chambers and valves, 114–116
of pharyngeal chambers and valves,
116–118
strategies, 113–114
Computed tomography (CT), 87, 178
Conditioning, overall, 55
Congenital anomalies, 440, 441
Connective tissue disease, 359–360
Cough
with food or liquid, 34
during or after swallow, 35
questions to elicit description of, 54
at rest/between feedings, 35
volitional, 58–59
CP (cerebral palsy), 376–377
Cranial nerve II (optic nerve), 38–39
Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve),
38–39
Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve), 38–39
Cranial nerve V. See Trigeminal nerve
Cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve),
38–39
Cranial nerve VII. See Facial nerve
Cranial nerve IX. See Glossopharyngeal
nerve
Cranial nerve X. See Vagus nerve
Cranial nerve XII. See Hypoglossal nerve
Cricoarytenoid muscle, 32, 47
Cricopharyngeal achalasia, 268
Cricopharyngeal bar
DSS analysis, 135–136, 268
obstructive, in inclusion body
myositis, 381, 381
on videofluoroscopic swallowing
study, 15, 17
Cricopharyngeal myotomy, 268–269
Cricopharyngeus muscle, 46, 92–93, 93
Cricothyroid muscle, 32, 47
Crohn’s disease, 37
CTAR (chin tuck against resistance), 192,
202, 220
Cuffed tracheostomy tubes, 279, 280
Curtis, James, 238–245
Cushing’s disease, 37
CVA. See Cerebrovascular accident
D
Daily calorie requirements, 294
DAP (dose area product), 82
Database management, 222, 223–225
DCS. See Direct current stimulation
DDS (Dysphagia Disorders Survey), 328
Deglutition. See Swallowing
Dehydration, 292
Dementia, 365, 366, 377–378
Dermatomyositis (DM), 359, 379–382
DES (distal esophageal spasm), 356–358,
358
Description of problem, 54
Desyrel, 37
Development
global, 332
observation of, 332
pediatric feeding skills, 334–337
Developmental history, 329
Diabetes mellitus, 360
Diagnostic studies, 113, 189
Diet(s)
Dysphagia I Diet, 308–309
Dysphagia II Diet, 308–309
Dysphagia III Diet, 308–309
International Dysphagia Diet
Standardization Initiative
(IDDSI), 92, 209–210, 300, 300–301
patient education materials, 322–323
for people with difficulty chewing
and swallowing (NDD), 308–309
pureed, 301
recommended modifications in LPR,
432
for reflux symptoms, 265
soft, 301
Dietary assessment, 53
history of dietary intake, 292–293
indications for, 287–288
Dietary guidelines, 293
Dietitians, 307
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
(DISH), 442–444, 443
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DYSPHAGIA ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT PLANNING: A TEAM APPROACH
Digastric muscle, 14, 16, 30, 45
Digital radiography, rapid sequence, 88
Digital Swallowing Workstation
(Pentax), 198
Direct current stimulation, transcranial
(tDCS), 201, 250–251, 253–255
Direct muscle stimulation, 200–201, 207,
220
Direct stimulation of oral-pharyngeal
structures, 217
DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal
hyperostosis), 442–444, 443
Displacement measures, 125, 159–171,
165
calibration, 160, 160
reference “Hold” position, 160–162,
161
Distal esophageal spasm (DES), 356–358,
358
Diuretics, 378–379
Diverticula
traction diverticulum, 444, 445
Zenker’s diverticulum, 168, 183–184,
268
surgical correction of, 269
visualization of, 92–93, 93, 104
DLP (dose length product), 82
DM (dermatomyositis), 359, 379–382
DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy),
366, 382
Documentation
clinical swallow evaluation form,
62–63
recording food intakes, 315
recordkeeping, 222
Dorsal motor nucleus, 22
Dorsal swallowing group (DSG), 22,
23–24
Dose area product (DAP), 82
Dose length product (DLP), 82
Down syndrome, 330–331
Drugs. See Medications
Dryness, 332
medications that cause, 37, 378–379
mucosal, 128–129
DSG. See Dorsal swallowing group
DSQMS (Dysphagia Screening
Questionnaire for multiple
sclerosis), 376
DSS. See Dynamic swallow study
Dual-probe pH testing, 184, 184
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD),
366, 382
Dumping syndrome, 307
DYALS (dysphagia in amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis) questionnaire,
373
DYMUS (dysphagia in multiple
sclerosis) questionnaire, 376
Dynamic swallow study (DSS), 51, 87,
101–120, 137–139, 367
analysis, 123–124, 124, 125–137
anteroposterior (AP) esophageal
screen, 269–270
analysis, 137, 138
filming, 110
protocol for adults, 111
aspiration risk, 104–105
bolus characteristics, 107, 109
bolus sizes and consistencies, 111
calibration, 160, 160
in children, 325–327
diagnostic probes, 113
displacement measures, 125, 159–171
environmental influences, 107
findings of interest, 93–94
full assessment, 104–105
general principles, 113–114
indications for, 91–92, 101–102
instructions for adults and children,
112–113
lateral view protocol for adults, 111
limitations of, 102–104, 103
limited protocol, 111
lubrication for, 107
in neurogenic dysphagia, 369
objective measures and normative
data in adults from, 141–174
observation of nonswallow tasks, 115
of oral cavity, 114–115
participants, 110–111
patient positioning for, 105–106
patient stamina and endurance and,
107
patient-tailored tasks, 109–110
postural stability and flexibility and,
106
protocol details, 111–112
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461
protocol for adults, 111
protocol for infants, 112
radiation exposure and safety, 91
reference “Hold” position, 160–162,
161
respiratory sufficiency, 106–107
standardized approach, 108–109, 171
systematic approach, 121–140
teamwork, 118
therapeutic probes, 113
timing measures, 148–152, 149–150
variables, 105–108
views, 108
whiteout strategy, 104
Dyskinesia, 332
Dysphagia Disorders Survey (DDS),
328
Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI), 264
Dysphagia I Diet, 308–309
Dysphagia II Diet, 308–309
Dysphagia III Diet, 308–309
Dysphagia lusoria, 440, 441
Dysphagia Screening Questionnaire for
multiple sclerosis (DSQMS), 376
Dystrophia myotonia-protein kinase
(DMPK), 383
E
E-STIM (electrical muscle stimulation),
199–200, 206, 220
Early Feeding Skills Assessment (EFS),
331–332
EAT-10, 226
Eating assessment, 53
Eating time, 55
Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 22
Edrophonium chloride treatment,
384–385
EE (eosinophilic esophagitis), 352–353,
353
Effect of Early Nutritional Support on
Frailty (EFFORT) trial, 288
Effortful swallow, 206, 213–214, 220, 410
EFS (Early Feeding Skills Assessment),
331–332
EGJOO. See Esophagogastric junction
outflow obstruction
Elavil, 37
Electrical stimulation, 218
electrical muscle stimulation (EMS,
E-STIM), 199–200, 206, 220
functional (FES), 200, 207
neuromuscular (NMES), 199–200, 206,
220
pharyngeal (PES), 250
application, 253
future work, 255
results/evidence for, 254–255
technology/mechanism, 252
Electromyography (EMG), 367
biofeedback systems, 198, 246–249
surface (sEMG), 246–249
Emotional impact assessment, 54
Emphysema, 274
EMS (electrical muscle stimulation),
199–200, 206, 220
EMST (expiratory muscle strength
training), 193–194, 204, 220–221
Endoscopy, 65–85, 175–177
certification requirements, 82
cricopharyngeal myotomy with,
268–269
flexible
as assessment tool, 65–81, 325–327,
367
in children, 325–327
single-use, 66
as therapeutic tool, 81–82
flexible endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing. See Fiberoptic
endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing (FEES)
flexible endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing safety (FEESS), 65
flexible endoscopy with sensory
testing (FEEST), 65
high-definition distal chip (“chip in
the tip”) endoscopes, 65–66
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
(PEG), 302, 302–303, 305–307
percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy
(PEJ), 302–303, 305
supraglottic laryngectomy with, 402,
403
transnasal esophagoscopy, 175–176
videoendoscopic evaluation of
dysphagia (VEED), 65
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DYSPHAGIA ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT PLANNING: A TEAM APPROACH
Endotracheal tubes
cuffed, 283
risk factors for aspiration, 275–276
Endurance, 55
Endurance training, 191–199, 201, 202–207
Enteral feeding, 277, 296, 302–307
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE), 352–353,
353
Epiglottectomy, partial, 448
Epiglottis
displacement (Em), 150, 156, 165
inversion, 136
valve behavior, 123, 129–131, 274
visualization of, 92–93
Equipment
for barium radiographic evaluation, 88
for clinical swallow evaluation, 51–52
for flexible endoscopy, 65–68
Esomeprazole, 265–266
Esophageal adenocarcinoma, 431
Esophageal candidiasis, 352, 352
Esophageal manometry, 179, 179
Esophageal motility disorders, 97,
355–356, 359
Esophageal neoplasms, 360
Esophageal peristalsis, 25, 356
Esophageal phase dysphagia, 349–364,
350
in disorders of peristalsis, 357–359
in esophageal motility disorders,
355–356
with esophageal webs and rings, 354,
354–355, 355
in esophagitis, 350–354
in esophagogastric junction outflow
disorders, 356–357
medications that may cause, 353, 353
systemic (secondary) causes, 359–360
Esophageal reflux, 431
Esophageal rings, 97
A-rings, 354, 355
B-rings (Schatzki’s rings), 96, 97, 354,
354
Esophageal spasm, diffuse (DES), 137,
356–358, 358
Esophageal strictures, 97
diagnosis of, 270
example findings, 95, 137, 138
surgical treatment of, 269–270
Esophageal webs, 94, 97, 354–355
Esophagitis, 350–354
eosinophilic, 352–353, 353
GERD, 350, 350–351
iatrogenic, 353–354
infectious, 352, 352
pill-induced, 353, 353, 379
radiation, 353–354
Esophagogastric junction outflow
disorders, 356–357
Esophagogastric junction outflow
obstruction (EGJOO), 356–357
Esophagogram, timed barium (TBE), 355
Esophagoscopy, transnasal, 175–176, 176
Esophagram, 87, 95
Esophagus
absent contractility, 359
anatomy of, 96, 97
AP screens, 94–95, 269–270
DSS analysis, 137
examples, 95, 137, 138
filming, 110
protocol for adults, 111
approximate measurement of, 96
assessment of
barium radiographic evaluation of,
87–99, 96
guided observation of swallowing
in the esophagus (GOOSE),
176–177, 177
other technologies, 179, 179,
180–181, 181
radiographic examination, 87, 102,
103
Barrett’s, 431
hypercontractile, 358–359
peptic disease, 176
physiology of, 1–2
European Commission (EC), 253
Evaluation
barium radiographic, 87–99
Bazaz dysphagia grading system, 445,
445–446
clinical examination, 49, 55–59
clinical swallow evaluation, 49–61,
62–63
direct physical, 56–58
dynamic swallow study (DSS),
101–120, 121–140, 141–174
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463
flexible endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing. See Fiberoptic
endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing (FEES)
flexible endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing safety (FEESS), 65
flexible endoscopy, 65–81, 73–78
nutrition, 288
physical examination, 38–43
pretreatment, 394–395
screening tests, 49–50
of treatment, 222–226
videoendoscopic evaluation of
dysphagia (VEED), 65
water swallow tests, 49–50
Evidence-based medicine, 225–226
Excessive oral secretions, 35
Exercise therapy, 191–199, 201, 202–207
indications and exercises, 220–221
preventive, 412
respiratory-swallow training (RST),
238–245
tongue-strengthening exercises, 193,
203, 220, 410
Expiratory muscle strength training
(EMST), 193–194, 204, 220–221
Extend-flex position sequence, 212
Extraesophageal reflux. See
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
F
Facial muscles, 2, 3, 14, 30, 45
Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), 56–57
extracranial course, 4
impact of deficit on swallowing and
physical examination findings,
38–39, 45
role during swallowing, 2, 18–19, 30
Facial nucleus, 22
Facilitative devices, 215–218
Facilitative maneuvers, 213–215
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
(FSHD), 382
Failure to thrive, 330–331
Falsetto pitch, 205, 220
Family interview, 329–330
Family observation, 35
Famotidine, 265
FAR (forehead against resistance), 192
Fatigue, 35, 196
Feedback
biofeedback systems, 198, 246–249
FEESback sessions, 81
performance feedback tools, 197–199
Feeding
aspiration precautions, 276–277
enteral, 277, 296, 302–307
method and schedule of feeding or
eating, 53
nonoral, 301–302
oral, 276–277, 296–301
pediatric etiologies associated with
problems, 325, 326
pediatric skills, 334–337, 339–341
readiness for, 331–332
self-feeding, 56, 340–341
Feeding assessment, 53
by clinical examination or
observation, 56
instrumental, 342–344
pediatric, 325–348
psychosocial interactional, 341–342
Feeding history, 329, 331
Feeding Readiness Scale, 331–332
Feeding tubes, 302–307
reflux precautions, 278
types and access sites, 302, 302–303
FEES. See Fiberoptic endoscopic
evaluation of swallowing (FEES)
FEESS. See Flexible endoscopic
evaluation of swallowing safety
FES (functional electrical stimulation),
200, 207
Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of
swallowing (FEES), 51, 65, 109,
176–177, 367
as assessment tool, 71–72, 80–81
in assessment of aspiration/
penetration, residue, 70, 70–71, 71
bolus characteristics for, 109
bolus materials for, 80
in children, 325–327
vs fluoroscopy, 70, 70–71, 71
implications of findings, 80–81
indications for, 68–69
limitations of, 69
in children, 325–327
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