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Nasal Perforation and Septal Prosthesis
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8 Nasal Per foration and Septal Prosthesis
Meritxell Valls, Alfonso Santamaría, Isam Alobid
Summary
Surgical repair of a nasal septal perforation is a complex
situation for which many different techniques have been
described in this book. This suggests that there is no single ideal procedure. Nonsurgical closure of nasal perforation can be achieved with a simple technique inserting
a preformed or a custom-made prosthesis. Not all
patients tolerate the presence of a nasal foreign body;
however, many find it more acceptable than their symptoms before insertion of the obturator.
8.1 Anatomy
The nasal septum divides the nose into two similar
halves. The majority of the anterior septum is made up by
the quadrangular cartilage. The posterior aspect of the
septum is predominantly bony and includes the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone superiorly and the
vomer inferiorly. The nasal septum might present deviation or other deformities that should be taken into
account given that it could complicate the adaptation of a
nasal prosthesis in a septal perforation.
8.2 Indications
●
Symptomatic small and large nasal septal perforations.
●
Patients with contraindication for surgical approach to
repair the perforation.
●
Patients who refuse further surgical approaches.
●
The perforation must have a complete circumferential
ridge of nasal septal tissue around the perforation to
support the prosthesis.
8.3 Materials
Tolerance of nasal septal prosthesis may be influenced by
the type of material. The initial nylon and Luxene prosthetics have been replaced by more biocompatible silicone elastomer and acrylic ones.
stitutes most prefabricated prosthetics—as seen in 20
(87%) of 23 of this systematic review’s case series—
whereas acrylic prosthetic outcomes were presented in
only one case study, involving a custom, two-piece,
magnetized heat-processed acrylic resin.
orized that acrylic may be the preferred material as
1
Silicone currently con-
2
It has been the-
silicone’s porous struc ture may sorb comparably more
mucus, leading to greater crusting, surrounding tissue
irritation, and patient discomfort. It has been proposed
that silicone may deteriorate more over time than acrylic
due to its lesser inherent physical strength.
However, these speculations are unable to be assessed
at the present time due to the paucity of data on acrylic
prosthetics. Prosthetic construction may influence
patient comfort and symptom improvement. There are
prefabricated prosthetics models in one and two pieces.
The two-piece models may facilitate insertion by the surgeon and regular cleaning by the patient. Though this
cleaning offers the advantage of less crust accumulation
on the prosthetic, there are reports of patients discontinuing their use due to difficult reinsertion after cleaning.
3
4
8.3.1 Prefabricated versus Custom
Made
In a recent review no studies were found directly comparing prefabricated prosthetics with custom-made ones.
general, custom-made prosthetics are the preferred
choice for symptomatic perforations of large size (≥ 2 cm),
posterior or basal location, or irregular edges.
mentioned characteristics increase the likelihood of an
imprecise fit, which may contribute to greater crusting,
nasal obstruction, foreign-body sensation, mucosal
necrosis, prosthetic migration, and prosthetic loss.
defect can be outlined using aluminum foil, blotting
paper, or measured by computed tomographic (CT) scan
to design the custom-made prosthetic. With these techniques, personalized prosthetics can accommodate variations in septal thickness better than prefabricated prosthetics and are comparatively more fixed in place by their
contour. These features theoretically minimize crust
buildup, which can be further reduced by using removable custom prosthetics, such as those described by Blind
et al or magnet-attached two-piece prosthetics.
limitation of custom prosthetics is that they require a prosthetist to construct them, leading to longer operative times
and greater costs than prefabricated prosthetics.
4,5,6
1
Septal
7
The main
1
The
In
8.4 Surgical Steps
Positioning of nasal prosthetics can be performed under
local or general anesthesia, but generally local anesthesia is
preferred.Inthischapterweillustrateoneofthepossible
methods to place a conventional one-piece Silastic button.
55
Nasal Perforation and Septal Prosthesis
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1. Topical nasal decongestion and anesthesia. Infiltration
of the anterior septum, floor of the nose, and
surroundings of the perforation with a solution of
lidocaine and epinephrine (1:100.000) to achieve
correct homeostasis and anesthesia.
2. Ensure to de-crust the edges of the perforation
meticulously to expose it completely.
3. The perforation can be measured by placing a template
(e.g., a piece of card or white paper) on the one side
and marking the perforation from the other side. The
template should be correctly placed against the nasal
septum. A cotton swab dipped in methylene blue can
be used to mark the shape and size of the perforation,
so that a bespoke button can be shaped to the
individual septal perforation
4. Carefully r emove the card from the nasal cavity and
cut the dyed part to assess the real size of the
septal perforation. Then place it over the septal
button as a template. Disks may be trimmed but
must remain larger than the perforation, so cut the
septal button (silicone Silastic button) around the
marked perforation area leaving an appropriate
margin (3–5 mm beyond t he edge of the nasal
perforation) (▶ Fig. 8.2).
5. To make easier the insertion of the septal button, use a
purse-string suture technique with 2–0 silk suture to
collapse one disk of the Silastic obturator with approximately 8-mm spaces between each puncture site
(▶ Fig. 8.3a), as described by Kelly and Lee.
6. Tie the suture and the Silastic disc will fold over itself.
The silk suture is then looped around the folded flange
and a second knot is tied, which further collapses the
disk (▶ Fig. 8.3b).
8
(▶ Fig. 8.1).
9
Fig. 8.1 This drawing exemplifies one possible method for
determining the exact shape and size of the septal perforation.
A piece of cardboard is used as a template and introduced into
the lef t nasal cavity attached to the septum. From the right
nasal cavity, the edges of the perforation are marked with a
cotton swab dipped in methylene blue obtaining a custommade template that will be used to shape the button to the
individual septal perforation.
a
Fig. 8.2 Modifications of the septal button/s. Template of the septal perforation dyed in methylene blue. (a) The disks may be trimmed
but must remain larger than the perforation, so cut the septal button (red marks) around the marked perforation area leaving an
appropriate margin (3–5 mm beyond the edge of the nasal perforation). (b) Drawing of a double septal button. If the perforation is too
large to be covered up for one single button, it is possible to cut and suture two of them to cover the perforation fully (Illing, 2012).
56
b
Nasal Perforation and Septal Prosthesis
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Fig. 8.3 (a) Purse-string suture technique
with 2–0 silk suture with approximately
8-mm spaces between each puncture site.
The entrance and exit of the suture should
be placed in the medial aspect of the
Silastic flange. (b) Tie the suture and
automatically the disk will fold up. Then
loop the suture around the folded flange to
narrow even more this half of the septal
button.
ab
Fig. 8.4 Introduction of the septal button into the nasal cavity.
The unfolded disk of the Silastic button is grasped with a
Tilley or a Blakesley forceps and introduced into one nasal
cavity. The collapsed disk is advanced through the septal
perforation under endoscopic vision.
7. Lubricate the button. The other disk of the Silastic
button is then grasped with forceps and introduced
into one nasal cavity. The collapsed disk is advanced
through the septal perforation under direc t headlight
illumination or endoscopic ally (▶ Fig. 8.4).
8. Grasp the folded flange of the septal button with
a clamp through the contralateral side and pull to fit
it into the septal perforation (▶ Fig. 8.5). Once in
place, the suture is cut allowing the Silastic disk to fold
Fig. 8.5 Introduction of the septal button into the perforation.
From the contralateral nasal cavity, grasp the folded flange of
the septal button and pull to fit it into the septal perforation
avoiding damaging the septal mucosa.
out and return to its original shape (▶ Fig. 8.6,
▶ Fig. 8.7a, b).
9. Ensure the flanges fit against the upper lateral
cartilage–septum junction, and avoid pressure against
the septal floor.
10
Thomas et al
described a different insertion technique:
performing a circular slit starting from the outer edge of
one of the flanges of the one-piece septal button. The slit
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Nasal Perforation and Septal Prosthesis
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Fig. 8.6 Cut the suture allowing the Silastic disk to fold out and
return to its original shape.
4
Blind et al
silicone prosthesis. The shape of the prosthesis is made
from an alginate mold, an adequate material to give a
very detailed template and delicate with the sensitive
nasal mucosa (▶ Fig. 8.8). The prosthesis is grasped from
the handle and introduced from one side and fit into the
nasal septal perforation with little discomfort because of
the soft and elastic material. The central part of the button is thinned down to maximize breathing through the
nose. When in place, the handle will be hidden under the
alar dome (▶ Fig. 8.9a, b). This system allows the patient
and the physician to remove and reinsert the prosthesis
easily. The main disadvantage is the technical difficulty of
molding the prosthesis, as it usually requires cooperation
of a dental prosthetist and specialized materials.
described this custom-made nasal septal
8.5 Postoperative Care
Proper nasal hygiene plays a vital role in success and
requires patient cooperation. Nasal irrigation is encouraged three times a day followed by topic vitamin A ointment that helps hydrate and regenerate nasal mucosa
after septal button insertion.
goes in toward the hub covering 300 degrees of the circle
of the flange. Then split end of the flange is pulled
through the perforation into the other nasal cavity. By
rotating the button, all of the flange will be in the other
nostril, and thus the button will be positioned accurately.
8.6 Discussion
Although surgical closure should always be considered
first as the best therapy option, septal perforation surgery
has some disadvantages—the main being difficulty in
effectively closing the septal perforation, which is directly
related to the size of the defect. Another problem is the
a
Fig. 8.7 (a) Septal button unfolding after cutting the sutures. (b) Septal button correctly placed covering the septal perforation
completely.
58
b
Fig. 8.8 Custom-made nasal septal silicone prosthesis described
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by Blind et al.
the lef t nasal cavity. The central part is thinned to avoid
interfering with nasal breathing.
4
This piece is manufactured to be inserted from
fact that an unsuccessful operation can result in a larger
11
perforation.
has been reported to achieve good results.
The use of composite grafts and prostheses
12,13
Among nonsurgical options to treat nasal septal perforation, there are prosthetics, including buttons and other
obturators, which close the defect mechanically without
requiring tissue disruption. Buttons have been made from
Nasal Perforation and Septal Prosthesis
acrylic and plastic in the past but are now primarily made
of soft silicone. Prefabricated buttons are typically twopiece units with a flexible hub and pliable disks allowing
them to adapt to the curvatures of the septum.
available are two-piece units, which tend to have greater
ease of insertion. Buttons may be placed as temporary or
long-term treatment and do not preclude future surgical
closure. Nasal prosthesis for septal perforation is also an
option for the patients in whom surgery may be contraindicated because of age, comorbidities, or underlying
pathology.
Custom-designed and prefabricated prosthetics have
been described, with prefabricated models having the
advantage of decreased operative time but the potential
1
disadvantage of imprecise f it.
Prosthetics can be placed
in the outpatient facility with or without local anesthesia
or in the operating room under general anesthesia,
depending on surgeon preference, patient-specific factors, and type of prosthetic used. Surgical closure is difficult in larger perforations and has the risk of failure. In
these cases septal prosthesis is an effective alternative.
Prosthetic closure can be achieved using prefabricated
buttons or personalized obturators.
6
However, they also have potential adverse effects:
increase in epistaxis, pain and discomfort, erosion of the
edges of the perforation, and they may serve as a site for
5
crust deposition
(▶ Fig. 8.10). Patient intolerance occurs
usually due to local irritation, nasal obstruction, or
14
Also
Fig. 8.9 (a) Insertion of the nasal silicone prosthesis from the left nasal cavity without clamps; the prosthesis is grasped by its handle.
(b) View from the left nasal cavity once the prosthesis is well placed. In this drawing the prosthesis is shown in purple to highlight from
the background but normally is made in pink or red color to match the nasal mucosa.
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Nasal Perforation and Septal Prosthesis
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Fig. 8.10 (a, b) Infected septal button with secretions and crusts seen from the right nasal cavity.
accumulation of thick secretions. Patients who request
15
removal usually do so within 6 months.
Difficult
reinsertion of the prostheses may also lead to chronic
irritation at the perforation borders that can enlarge the
perforation over time and cause prosthetic dis-
7
lodgement.
The risk for this is increased in an ill-fitting
prosthetic, which is the primary limitation of prefabricated models.
16
Luff et al
studied 14 patients who underwent insertion
of a septal button between 1990 and 2000 with a specific
questionnaire and only 45% of patients maintained their
button in a cumulative follow-up period of 10 years. On
14
the other side, Eliachar and Mastros
and Mullace et al
report that 70% of patients remain with their nasal obtura-
18
tor in situ. Federspil and Schneider
presented a series of
57 patients with septal button followed during 7 years and
75% of the patients kept using the button after all those
19
years with a high level of satisfaction. Artal et al
studied
22 patients with septal perforation treated with nasal buttons and reported 100% improvement in nasal obstruction
and whistling, but only 59% of the patients ameliorated
nasal dryness and crusting.
The systematic review recently conducted by Taylor
1
and Sherris
reported that prosthetics were well tolerated
and that the nasal symptoms improved in patients with
17
perforations secondary to cocaine abuse,
systemic lupus
erythematosus, and bevacizumab t reatment. Other
reported etiologies of nasal septal perforation such as
Wegener’s granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, malignant granuloma, tuberculosis, and Rendu-Osler-Weber disease have
also been treated with a nasoseptal prosthetic, but the
outcomes of these individual cases were not specified.
Several recent studies have examined outcomes when
using CT with reformatted images to obtain a threedimensional (3D) image of the defect to custom-fit septal
buttons. These techniques are particularly useful for large
(> 3 cm) perforations in which adjacent soft tissue to
secure the button in place is limited. A precise fit is necessary to avoid movement of the button, which can enlarge
the perforation and allow the button to be dislodged.
Additionally, CT-fabricated buttons may improve symptoms to a greater degree than traditional obturators.
Other recently described techniques for generating a custom-fit septal button prosthetics include a handled silicone-colored septal button prosthesis fashioned using an
4
alginate mold and plaster cast
piece button prosthesis (▶ Fig. 8.11).
17
described the replacement procedure as not unpleasant
and a magnet-based two-
7
Teschner et al
for the patient because it allows to clean the button at
short and regular time intervals and the patient has to do
so on his or her own. On the other hand, Illing et al
described the “double septal button” method for dealing
with large septal perforations, where a standard septal
button would be of suboptimal fit and at high risk of dislodgement and ongoing symptoms. Patients should be
warned that the prosthetic may loosen or dislodge due to
sneezing. In this sense, custom prosthetics can adapt
variations in septal thickness better than prefabricated
Fig. 8.11 Two-piece magnet-based septal button. The drawing
shows the t wo corresponding halves of the nasal septal button.
Because of the magnetic system, the device is easy to reinsert in
case of dislodgement.
5
6
7
20
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Nasal Perforation and Septal Prosthesis
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prosthetics and are comparatively more fixed in place
by their contour, but the counterpart is that they require a
prostheticist to construct them, leading to longer operative
times and greater costs than prefabricated prosthetics.
1
The systematic review of six low-risk-of-bias studies
1
mentioned before
showed that literature provides considerable level 4 evidence for the efficacy and safety of pros-
thetics for nasal septal perforation treatment. This metaanalysis reports success rate of 65%. In the 706 cases that
were reported in the literature, only 1 fungal infection and
9 unspecified infections were described. Price et al
observed 74% success rates in 30 perforations greater than
3 cm, using custom one-piece silicone prosthetics designed
5
from sagittal CT,
which compares fav orably to reported
surgical success rates of 78% for perforations greater than
21
On the contrary, Døsen and Haye reported 67%
2cm.
removal of the septal button in a study with long observation period (mean 13 years). They describe that large
perforations and those that are due to septal resection
(Killian) are associated with a poor prognosis.
22
8.7 Points of Difficulty and
Technical Solutions
Points of difficulty and technical solutions are shown in
▶ Table 8.1.
treatment with nasal douche and emollients did not
improve his symptoms. On nasal endoscopy, a perforation
of 2 cm diameter was found with complete circumferential ridge of nasal septal tissue around the perforation. He
refused surgery so we offered the insertion of a Silastic
button as a nonsurgical option.
Before insertion of the nasal septal button, the nasal
cavity was decongested under local anesthesia with a
solution of lidocaine and epinephrine (1:100.000). The
prosthesis was molded to the size and shape of patient’s
perforation and inserted under endoscopic vision as indicated in Surgical Steps section.
8.9 Tips and Tricks
●
Easy procedure under local or general anesthesia.
●
Folding one of the flanges of the septal button with
securing sutures reduces the surface area of the button
and also makes the inserting edge narrower, facilitating
easy insertion.
●
Outcomes improve in custom-made prosthesis and are
related with adequate postoperative care and cleaning.
References
References in bold are recommended readings.
8.8 Case Example
A 60-year-old man with history of septal surgery 5 years
ago presented with an anterior symptomatic nasal septal
perforation. The main complaint was frequent episodes
of epistaxis, crusts, and nasal obstruction. Conservative
Table 8.1 Points of difficulty and technical solutions
Points of difficulty Technical solutions
tation of the
Adap
prosthesis to the shape
and size of nasal septal
perforation
Damaging the inferior
turbinate
Insertion of the nasal
prosthesis
Measure the septal defect ideally with
a template as described in surgical
steps. Cut the prefabricated prosthesis smoothly without sharp edges,
leaving 3–5 mm beyond the size of
the perforation.
When inserting the prosthesis, be
careful to stay near the septum and
control endoscopically both sides,
avoiding injuries to the inferior
turbinate.
In the case of the nasal silicone
button, try the purse-string technique described in text. In other
custom-made prosthesis, make sure
it fits perfectly the nasal septal
perforation and make it in a soft
pliable material, allowing an easy and
atraumatic insertion.
[1] Taylor RJ, Sherris DA. Prosthetics for nasal perforations: a system-
atic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;
152(5):803–810
[2] Sashi Purna CR, Annapurna PD, Ahmed SB, Vurla S, Nalla S, Abhishek
SM. Two-piece nasal septum prosthesis for a large nasal septum perforation: a clinical report. J Prosthodont. 2013; 22(2):143–147
[3] Zaki HS, Myers EN. Prosthetic management of large nasal septal
defects. J Prosthet Dent. 1997; 77(3):335–338
[4] Blind A, Hulterström A, Berggren D. Treatment of nasal septal per-
forations with a custom-made prosthesis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009; 266(1):65–69
[5] Price DL, Sherris DA, Kern EB. Computed tomography for constructing
custom nasal septal buttons. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;
129(11):1236–1239
[6] Barraclough JP, Ellis D, Proops DW. A new method of constructio n of
obturators for nasal septal perforations and evidence of outcomes.
Clin Otolaryngol. 2007; 32(1):51–54
[7] Teschner M, Willenborg K, Lenarz T. Preliminary results of the new
individual made magnet-based nasal septal button. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012; 269(3):861–865
[8] Ashraf N, Thevasagayam MS. Sizing a nasal septal button using a
methylene blue-marked template. Clin Otolaryngol. 2015; 40(4):402
[9] Kelly G, Lee P. A new technique for the insertion of a Silastic button
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[10] Thomas L, Kalra G, Al-waa A, Karkanevatos A. Septal button insertion
—the screw technique. Laryngoscope. 2010; 120(2):280–281
[11] Brain D. The nasal septum. In: Kerr AG, ed. Scott-Brown’s
Otolaryngology. London, UK: Butterworth; 1987:154–157
[12] Woolford TJ, Jones NS. Repair of nasal septal perforations using local
mucosal flaps and a composite cartilage graft. J Laryngol Otol. 2001;
115(1):22–25
[13] Hussain A, Murthy P. Modified tragal cartilage–temporoparietal and
deep temporal fascia sandwich graft technique for repair of nasal
septal perforations. J Laryngol Otol. 1997; 111(5):435–437
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[14] Eliachar I, Mastros NP. Improved nasal septal prosthetic button. Oto-
laryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995; 112(2):347–349
[15] Pallanch JF, Facer GW, Kern EB, Westwood WB. Prosthetic closure of
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448–452
[16] Luff DA, Kam A, Bruce IA, Willatt DJ. Nasal septum buttons: symptom
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[17] Mullace M, Gorini E, Sbrocca M, Artesi L, Mevio N. Management of
nasal septal perforation using silicone nasal septal button. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2006; 26(4):216–218
[18] Federspil PA, Schneider M. [The custom made septal button]. Laryng-
orhinootologie. 2006; 85(5):323–325
[19] Artal S, Urpegui G, Alfonso C, Vallés H. Utilidad del botón septal y
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[20] Illing E, Beer H, Webb C, Banhegyi G. Double septal button: a novel
method of treating large anterior septal perforations. Clin Otolaryngol. 2013; 38(2):184–186
[21] Kim SW, Rhee CS. Nasal septal perforation repair: predictive factors
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[22] Døsen LK, Haye R. Silicone button in nasal septal perforation. Long
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Chapter 9
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Free Grafts
9.1 Indications 65
9.2 Surgical Steps 65
9.3 Case Example 67
9.4 Complications 67
9.5 Tips and Tricks 68
9
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