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Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_884_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

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Fig. 7.65 a, c A 19-year-old patient with breast hypertrophy before the operation (85 D) b, d The same patient 12 months following breast reduction surgery.
The patient, not wishing a significant reduction, requested 85 C
7 Breast Surgery
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Tips and Tricks
In general, the following apply:
– When choosing the inframammary access, the incision line must
be correctly positioned in the new inframammary fold. Making a cut that is too deep should be avoided under all circumstances.
– Following insertion of the implants, the highest point of the pro-
jection should ideally be somewhat caudal from the areola.
– Sterile work is of the greatest importance for breast augmenta-
tion. The risk of capsular fibrosis is increased by contamination of the implant with cutaneous bacteria, mainly staphylococcus epi­dermidis.
– Inbreastreductionsurgery,thesurgicalmethodwillbechosen
according to local findings and the patient’s wishes. Therefore, in cases with a long jugulum-NA C distance or firm breasts, a cranial nipple stalk technique can often not be used. In these cases, an inferior or lateral nipple stalk procedure may be necessary. This stalkmustbechosensoastoensurethatmobilityandbloodsup­ply to the nipple are guaranteed equally.
– A stalk width of at least 8 cm is of great importance in cases of an
inferior nipple stalk procedure.
– In order to prevent inadvertent anchoring of the inferior stalk
during wound closure, it is advisable to carry out suturing on the vertical pillar first, followed by inframammary suturing.
– In the case of previous operations that have been carried out else-
wherewithanunknowncourseofthenipplestalk,werecom­mend using the method according to McKissock for breast reduc­tion to ensure blood supply to the nipple.
– SUPRAMUSCULAR POSITIONING OF THE IMPLANT is a sim-
ple and low-risk method for novices. Prerequisite: good soft tissue mantle and glandular tissue.
– ADVANTAGES:
Aesthetic results No visible muscularcontraction over theimplant No risk ofthe breast sliding overthe implant
Important: The patient should be informed of the possibility of increasing palpability and rippling of the implant.
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– There is a trend towards submuscular implan tation. We see two
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main disadvantagesof this positioning of the im plant: Ontheonehand,thebreastcansinkinacaudaldirectionwith increasing ptosis, so that the implant subsequently has an unaes­thetic position in the primarily chosen implant position.
On the other hand, with remaining muscular activity despite accu­ratedissectionofthepectoralismajormuscle,therecanbeunaes­thetic muscular contractions over the implant. Therefore, according to the Mang School, the indication should be made on an individual basis with each patient as to whether supra­muscular or submuscular positioning of the implant is appropriate. If glandular tissue and soft tissue mantle are well developed, the implant should be placed over the muscle.
– The analysis of a long-term study of 400 patients with supramus-
cular and submuscular implants found that, in order to achieve optimal results, accurate indication and individual consultation are essential.
– The most frequent error during submuscular augmentation is
insufficient or incomplete division of the pectoralis major muscle at the caudal or caudomedial insertion, which can lead to dis­placement of the implant in a lateral and cranial direction.
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Introduction 351
Up per-Arm Tightening 351
Anatomical Overview 353
Instruments 354
Duplicate Patient Information 358
Preliminary Examinations 358
Photographic Documentation 358
Surgical Planning 358
Preliminary Marking of Incision Lines 358
Mang’s Fish-Mouth Technique 360
Positioning, Disinfection 360
Tumescence 360
Incision 362
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Superficial Dissection 362
Deep Dissection, Hemostasis 364
Incision of the Dissected Dermofat Flap in Stages 364
Fixing of the Skin Flap with 3.0 Monocryl Key Sutures 366
ResectioninStages 366
Two-Layer Skin Closure 368
Cutaneous Sutures: Running or Intracutaneous 4.0 Monocryl 368
Dressing 370
Aftercare 370
Results 372
Tips and Tricks 377
The symbol indicates parts of the procedures shown in the video
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Introduction
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Many patients who wish to improve the shape of their upper arms have a considerable surplus of skin. The cause can be, for example, massive weight loss, but the process of skin aging can also leave such signs. In this case, only excision can produce the desired improvement in the cont our. Even the most careful upper-arm tightening, howev er, will result in a scar on the medial side of the arm, starting in the armpit and stretching as far as the elbow. The patient must therefore be informed accordingly because most patients want this procedure in order to be able to show their arms in public again.
Upper-Arm Tightening
Up per-arm tightening is requested increasingly by women over the age of 60. It is often surprising that women of this age do not have a facelift; instead they are more bothered by their flabby upper arms when they want to wear a bathing suit or sleeveless clothes. The only way of elimi­nating the surplus skin and the wrinkles in the long term is cutaneous excision. The art of the surgeon in doing this is to position the incision in such a way that it is on the medial side of the upper arm and to ensure that the resection of the skin is carried out so generously that the entire upper-arm region is tightened. Upper -arm tightening is not technically difficult. The thick skin/fat flaps are dissected off the fascia, protecting the nerves and vessels, fol­lowing exact marking of the incision line. The same basic principle applies to all operations to tighten the skin, namely , that the flap is mobilized and, following appropriate measurement, is then fixed in place in stages with key sutures so that neither too much nor too little skin is removed. Mang’s principle always applies: I can measure ten times but only cut once. This should always be kept in mind so that each resection border is measured precisely. The resection border will then be sutured without tension and no surplus.
8 Brachioplasty
As cutting too far towards the olecranon process during upper-arm tighteningoftencausesproblemsinpatientswithpoorhealing,we developed the “fish-mouth” incision in our department. This means that an incision in the shape of a fish mouth is made in the axilla, stretching to the middle of the medial side of the upper arm. This leads to a scar in the axilla and in about the upper third of the medial side of the upper arm, which is not so obvious. Furthermore, the fish-mouth incision also achieves tangential tightening in the axilla and vertical
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tightening in the upper-arm area, so the troublesome surplus skin and
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the folds of skin in the axilla and upper third of the upper arm when wearing sleeveless clothes are eliminated.
8 Brachioplasty
Every patient must be informed of the possibility of scarring as a result of this operation. Aftercare is also very important. Subsequently, the scars are treated with ointment and silicone dressing.
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Anatomical Overview (Fig. 8.1)
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1. Basilic vein
2. Cubital fossa
3. M. biceps
4. Sup. lat. brachi. cut. nerve, axillary nerve
5. Axillary fossa
6. Brachial plexus
7. Medial brachial cutaneous nerve
8. Medial bicipital sulcus
9. M. triceps
10. Medial epicondyle
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Instruments (Fig. 8.2–8.4)
1 Pump-syringe 2 Centimeter rule 3 Marking pen 4 Scalpel 5 Adson tweezers with plate 6 Surgical tweezers 7 Monopolar electrocoagulation 8 Backhaus clamps
9 Four-pro nged retractor 10 Cooper scissors 11 Insulated anatomical tweezers for hemostasis 12 Large Metzenbaum dissection scissors 13 Large needle holder 14 Small needle holder 15 Curved forceps 16 Roux hook
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fig. 8.2
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