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Ligand- and Structure-Based Drug Design of NSAIs in Breast Cancer
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
Various molecular modeling studies, i.e. LBDD and SBDD approaches were taken into consideration in decades for developing better active and more specific aromatase inhibitors. As far as the structural aspects of the aromatase inhibitors are concerned, it is quite evident that NSAIs are less toxic than SAIs, since SAIs may cause androgenic and estrogenic adverse effects. Though it is very difficult to design and synthesize such molecules which have target specificity as well as lower toxicity, different molecular modeling studies may be capable of finding new small NSAIs within a short period of time. There are some chemometric methods which are still unexplored for modeling of aromatase inhibitors, like hologram QSAR (HQSAR), linear discriminant analysis (LDA)-based QSAR, group-based QSAR (GQSAR) etc. and SBDD approaches that include SB pharmacophore mapping, homology modeling, docking, molecular dynamics simulations, receptor-ligand site map analysis and de novo designing may open up a new vista for designing specific and novel hit aromatase inhibitors to fight against the dreaded disease of breast cancer. The HQSAR method is a fragment based LBDD approach that can be able to elucidate the important as well as unfavorable fragments of active and inactive molecules. The LDA-based QSAR on the available data of anti-aromatase molecules may be effective to know the important structural as well as physicochemical properties responsible for discriminating the active and the inactive anti-aromatase molecules. Similarly, GQSAR may able to identify new molecules of anti­aromatase activity. Apart from that, 3D-QSARs CoMFA as well as CoMSIA based studies followed by docking and virtual screening approach, lead identification and MD simulations may be possible routes for posulating new aromatase inhibitors. Besides, induced-fit docking method may also be effective for designing new aromatase inhibitors. The SBDD approach, de novo design may be a suitable choice for designing new potential anti-aromatase molecules.
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, different LBDD and SBDD approaches have presented to understand how these drug designing methods may be helpful for optimizing small molecule aromatase inhibitors. Though the mod­eling studies for designing anti-aromatase molecules have been continuing for more than two decades, it is a challenging task to design target specific and less toxic anti-aromatase cmpounds. Initially, it was a tedious job since less information was available about the enzyme structure and functions. Availability of the X-ray crystal structure as well as the discovery of different drug designing tools make the current process easier and more rational. In a nutshell, it is observed that for imparting anti-aromatase proper­ties, molecules should have a five or six membered heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen atom so that it may coordinate with the heme portion of the aromatase enzyme. Apart from that, molecules should possess one or two negatively charged hydrogen bond acceptor features that can form hydrogen bond­ing with the amino acids present in the active site of the aromatase enzyme. Hydrophobicity and steric factors may also play crucial roles for higher activity as justified by the van der Waals interaction of molecules with the amino acid residues of the active site of the aromatase enzyme. Electrostatic and the π-π interactions with the catalytic amino acid are also found to be important for anti-aromatase proper­ties. Some potential chemometric strategies may be undertaken to find hit molecules. Structure-based pharmacophore mapping followed by virtual screening and docking as well as MD simulations may be beneficial for exploring effective anti-aromatase drug. These observations may be well-supported and
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Ligand- and Structure-Based Drug Design of NSAIs in Breast Cancer
validated by experimental results. Ideally, the structural, physicochemical and electronic requirements of a non-steroidal molecule for imparting selective aromatase inhibition are schematically depicted in Figure 37. These findings may help to deign potential molecules that can reduce the rate of mortality in breast cancer in future.
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