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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5522_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Biophysical Society–IOP Series
Imaging in Particle
Therapy
Current practice and future trends
Edited by
Chiara Paganelli
Chiara Gianoli
Biophysical Society
Antje Knopf
Imaging in Particle Therapy
Current practice and future trends
Online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-5117-1
Biophysical Society–IOP Series
Committee Chairperson
Les Satin
University of Michigan, USA
Editorial Advisory Board Members
Geoffrey Winston Abbott
UC Irvine, USA
Da-Neng Wang
New York University, USA
Mibel Aguilar
Monash University, Australia
Cynthia Czajkowski
University of Wisconsin, USA
Miriam Goodman
Stanford University, USA
Jim Sellers
NIH, USA
Joe Howard
Yale University, USA
Meyer Jackson
University of Wisconsin, USA
Kathleen Hall
Washington University in St Louis, USA
David Sept
University of Michigan, USA
Andrea Meredith
University of Maryland, USA
Leslie M Loew
University of Connecticut School of
Medicine, USA
About the Series
The Biophysical Society and IOP Publishing have forged a new publishing partnership in biophysics, bringing the world-leading expertise and domain knowledge of
the Biophysical Society into the rapidly developing IOP ebooks program.
The program publishes textbooks, monographs, reviews, and handbooks covering
all areas of biophysics research, applications, education, methods, computational
tools, and techniques. Subjects of the collection will include: bioenergetics; bioengineering; biological fluorescence; biopolymers in vivo; cryo-electron microscopy;
exocytosis and endocytosis; intrinsically disordered proteins; mechanobiology; membrane biophysics; membrane structure and assembly; molecular biophysics; motility
and cytoskeleton; nanoscale biophysics; and permeation and transport.
A full list of titles published in this series can be found here: https://iopscience.iop.
org/bookListInfo/iop-series-in-biophysical-society.
Imaging in Particle Therapy
Current practice and future trends
Edited by
Chiara Paganelli
Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano,
Milano, Italy
Chiara Gianoli
Department of Experimental Physics - Medical Physics of the Faculty for Physics at the
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
Antje Knopf
Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Science,
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
ª IOP Publishing Ltd 2024
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, or as expressly permitted by law or
under terms agreed with the appropriate rights organization. Multiple copying is permitted in
accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, the Copyright
Clearance Centre and other reproduction rights organizations.
Permission to make use of IOP Publishing content other than as set out above may be sought
at permissions@ioppublishing.org.
Chiara Paganelli, Chiara Gianoli and Antje Knopf have asserted their right to be identified as the
editors of this work in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
ISBN 978-0-7503-5117-1 (ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-5115-7 (print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-5118-8 (myPrint)
ISBN 978-0-7503-5116-4 (mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-5117-1
Version: 20240601
IOP ebooks
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Published by IOP Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of Physics, London
IOP Publishing, No.2 The Distillery, Glassfields, Avon Street, Bristol, BS2 0GR, UK
US Office: IOP Publishing, Inc., 190 North Independence Mall West, Suite 601, Philadelphia,
PA 19106, USA
Contents
Preface xi
Editor biographies xii
List of contributors xiii
Glossary xv
1 Introduction 1-1
C Paganelli, C Gianoli and A Knopf
1.1 Basic concepts of particle therapy 1-1
1.2 Rationale of imaging in a PT workflow 1-4
1.3 Summary of the book structure 1-7
References 1-8
2 Organ motion in particle therapy and the role of imaging 2-1
C Paganelli, S Molinelli and A Knopf
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Treatment simulation and plan optimization 2-4
2.2.1 Organ motion management during image acquisition 2-5
2.2.2 Organ motion management during plan optimization 2-7
2.3 Treatment delivery 2-8
2.3.1 Intra-fraction motion management during treatment
delivery
2.3.2 Inter-fraction motion management during treatment
delivery
2.4 Dose reconstruction and accumulation for treatment verification 2-11
2.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 2-13
References 2-14
2-8
2-10
3 Image registration in particle therapy 3-1
Y Zhang, F Amstutz, A Smolders and C Paganelli
3.1 Rationale of image registration in radiotherapy 3-1
3.2 Basic framework of image registration 3-2
3.2.1 Transformation model 3-2
3.2.2 Similarity metric 3-4
3.2.3 Optimization method 3-4
3.2.4 Interpolation 3-5
v
Imaging in Particle Therapy
3.3 Image registration for treatment (re-)planning 3-5
3.3.1 Multi-modal image fusion 3-6
3.3.2 Atlas-based contouring 3-6
3.3.3 Contour propagation for re-planning 3-6
3.3.4 4D treatment planning 3-6
3.4 Intra-fractional image registration 3-8
3.4.1 Patient positioning 3-8
3.4.2 Online plan adaptation 3-9
3.5 Inter-fractional and post-treatment image registration 3-9
3.5.1 Dose accumulation 3-10
3.5.2 Dose monitoring 3-10
3.5.3 Re-irradiation 3-11
3.5.4 Follow-up evaluation 3-11
3.6 Challenges and opportunity 3-11
3.6.1 Caveats on validation of image registration 3-11
3.6.2 Advanced registration based on artificial intelligence 3-13
References 3-14
4 X-ray computed tomography for treatment planning: current
4-1
status and innovations
N Peters, P Wohlfahrt and C Richter
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Principles of x-ray computed tomography 4-2
4.3 Practical considerations for CT-based stopping-power prediction 4-4
4.3.1 CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters 4-4
4.3.2 Artefacts from high-density materials 4-5
4.3.3 Artefacts from organ motion 4-6
4.4 Conversion from x-ray attenuation to particle stopping power 4-6
4.4.1 Hounsfield look-up table specification methods 4-7
4.4.2 Consideration of non-tissue materials 4-8
4.4.3 Uncertainties in HLUT-based range prediction 4-9
4.5 From single-energy CT to dual-energy CT 4-11
4.5.1 Technological aspects 4-11
4.5.2 Methodological aspects 4-13
4.6 Conclusion and outlook 4-15
References 4-15
vi
Imaging in Particle Therapy
5 Conventional x-ray in-room imaging 5-1
C Kurz, C Hua and G Landry
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Image guidance in particle therapy 5-2
5.3 2D and fluoroscopic x-ray for patient positioning and tumour tracking 5-3
5.4 Approaches to volumetric image guidance 5-4
5.4.1 CBCT scanners mounted on robotic arms 5-5
5.4.2 CBCT scanners mounted on the couch 5-7
5.4.3 CBCT scanners installed in the gantry 5-7
5.4.4 CBCT scanners installed on the nozzle 5-8
5.4.5 CT scanners on rail 5-8
5.5 In room imaging for adaptive particle therapy 5-8
5.5.1 CBCT correction by virtual CT 5-9
5.5.2 CBCT correction at the projection level 5-9
5.5.3 4DCBCT 5-11
5.6 Outlook 5-13
References 5-13
6 Ion imaging in particle therapy 6-1
C Gianoli, J Bortfeldt and R Schulte
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Detector technologies in ion imaging 6-1
6.2.1 Particle detector physics: interaction mechanisms and observables 6-2
6.2.2 Detector technologies for ion imaging 6-4
6.2.3 Detector systems for ion imaging 6-6
6.3 Methodological fundamentals and detector configurations for ion
imaging
6.3.1 Tomographic ion imaging 6-18
6.3.2 Radiographic ion imaging 6-19
6.4 Artificial intelligence in ion imaging 6-21
References 6-21
6-16
7 Magnetic resonance imaging in particle therapy 7-1
C Paganelli, B Oborn, A Hoffmann and M Riboldi
7.1 Introduction 7-1
7.2 MR imaging 7-3
7.2.1 Imaging of the static anatomy 7-3
vii
Imaging in Particle Therapy
7.2.2 Imaging of the moving anatomy 7-3
7.3 In-beam MRI-guided proton therapy 7-5
7.3.1 Beam delivery, MR design and magnetic compatibility 7-5
7.3.2 Proton therapy dose calculation and dosimetry in a
magnetic field
7.4 MRI-guided PT workflow 7-9
7.4.1 Treatment planning 7-9
7.4.2 Off-line adaptation 7-12
7.4.3 Online adaptation 7-12
7.4.4 Follow-up examinations 7-14
7.5 Conclusion and future perspectives 7-14
References 7-15
7-8
8 Artificial intelligence to generate synthetic CT for adaptive
8-1
particle therapy
A Thummerer, P Zaffino, M F Spadea, A Knopf and M Maspero
8.1 Introduction 8-1
8.2 Neural network architectures, training, and evaluation 8-3
8.3 CBCT-to-CT conversion 8-5
8.4 MR-to-CT conversion 8-8
8.5 Future direction 8-10
References 8-11
9 Modelling strategies to enable time-resolved volumetric imaging 9-1
A Nakas, G Meschini, G Baroni and C Paganelli
9.1 Introduction 9-1
9.2 Image-based motion modelling techniques 9-3
9.2.1 Conventional motion modelling techniques 9-3
9.2.2 AI-based motion modelling techniques 9-10
9.3 Dose variations models 9-12
9.4 Conclusions and future perspectives 9-14
References 9-16
10 Treatment verification in particle therapy 10-1
C Gianoli, M De Simoni and A Knopf
10.1 Introduction 10-1
10.2 PET as range verification technique in particle therapy 10-3
viii
Imaging in Particle Therapy
10.2.1 Physics fundamentals 10-3
10.2.2 Quantitative range verification 10-5
10.2.3 Imaging system configurations 10-7
10.3 PG detection as range verification technique in particle therapy 10-10
10.3.1 Physics fundamentals 10-10
10.3.2 PG techniques and detector configurations 10-12
10.3.3 Prompt-gamma timing 10-15
10.4 Emerging range verification techniques 10-16
References 10-17
11 Quantitative imaging in particle therapy 11-1
M Zampini, L Morelli, G Parrella, G Baroni, G J M Parker and C Paganelli
11.1 Introduction 11-1
11.2 Quantitative imaging techniques 11-3
11.2.1 PET 11-3
11.2.2 MRI: DWI and DTI 11-4
11.2.3 MRI: PWI—DSC, DCE and ASL 11-6
11.2.4 MRI: MRS 11-7
11.2.5 MRI: BOLD and OE-MRI 11-8
11.2.6 CT: perfusion CT 11-8
11.2.7 CT: dual-energy CT 11-9
11.3 Applications in PT 11-9
11.3.1 Contouring 11-9
11.3.2 Biological target volume and dose painting 11-10
11.3.3 Patient stratification and treatment monitoring 11-12
11.4 Challenges and perspectives 11-14
References 11-15
12 Multi-scale modelling in particle therapy with quantitative
12-1
imaging biomarkers
L Morelli, G Parrella, G Buizza, G Baroni and C Paganelli
12.1 Introduction 12-1
12.2 Macroscopic modelling 12-2
12.2.1 Conventional models 12-2
12.2.2 Radiomics 12-3
12.2.3 Dosiomics 12-5
12.2.4 Voxel-based analysis 12-7
ix