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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_2683_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Series Editors’ foreword
- •Prefaces
- •Acknowledgements
- •Series Editors’ acknowledgements
- •History of the presenting complaint (HPC)
- •Past medical history (PMH)
- •Medications and allergies (DHX)
- •Family history (FHX)
- •Social history (SHX)
- •Systems review (SR)
- •General symptoms
- •Fatigue
- •Appetite
- •Weight change
- •Sweats
- •Pruritus (itching)
- •Sleep pattern
- •Cardiovascular symptoms
- •Chest pain
- •Shortness of breath (dyspnoea) and exercise tolerance
- •Loss of consciousness (syncope)
- •Palpitations
- •Ankle and calf swelling
- •Calf, thigh or buttock pain on exertion (claudication)
- •Respiratory symptoms
- •Dyspnoea
- •Cough
- •Sputum
- •Chest pain
- •Wheeze
- •Hoarse voice
- •Gastrointestinal disease
- •Abdominal pain
- •Dysphagia
- •Nausea and vomiting
- •Indigestion
- •Change in bowel habit or stools
- •Jaundice and itch
- •Abdominal swelling
- •Genitourinary symptoms
- •Dysuria
- •Change in urine appearance
- •Frequency and nocturia
- •Hesitancy
- •Contents
- •Loin pain
- •Incontinence
- •Menstruation
- •Discharge
- •Neurological symptoms
- •Headache
- •Dizziness and vertigo
- •Loss of consciousness
- •Visual disturbance
- •Altered hearing
- •General principles
- •Altered smell
- •Speech disturbance
- •Limb weakness, paraesthesiae and sensory loss
- •Metabolic and endocrine symptoms
- •Musculoskeletal symptoms
- •Pain
- •Weakness
- •Overview
- •The history
- •Presenting complaint (PC)
- •Visual survey
- •Position
- •Hands
- •Radial pulse
- •Blood pressure
- •Brachial and carotid artery
- •Jugular Venous Pressure
- •Face
- •Praecordium
- •Apex beat
- •Palpation
- •Auscultation
- •Summary
- •The respiratory system
- •Visual survey
- •Stiffness
- •Joint swelling
- •Disability
- •Skin symptoms
- •Rash
- •Pruritus
- •Precipitants
- •Haematological symptoms
- •Fatigue
- •Excessive bleeding or bruising
- •Recurrent infections
- •Glandular swelling
- •Conclusion of history taking
- •2 Clinical examination
- •ABCDE approach
- •Massive Blood Loss Protocol
- •General principles
- •Visual survey
- •Patient position, general behaviour and around the bed
- •Pallor
- •Cyanosis
- •Jaundice
- •Fluid status
- •Pigmentation
- •The face and body habitus
- •The hands
- •Hands
- •Nails
- •Tendons
- •Joints
- •Neuromuscular
- •Miscellaneous
- •The cardiovascular system
- •Position
- •Hands
- •Pulse
- •Blood pressure
- •Jugular venous pressure
- •Face and mouth
- •Trachea
- •Thorax
- •Inspection
- •Expansion
- •Tactile fremitus and vocal fremitus
- •Percussion
- •Auscultation
- •Summary
- •The abdomen
- •Visual survey
- •Position
- •Hands
- •Arms
- •Face and mouth
- •Neck
- •Trunk and back
- •Abdomen
- •Inspection
- •Palpation
- •Percussion
- •Auscultation
- •Concluding your examination
- •The nervous system
- •Visual survey
- •Cranial nerves
- •Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)
- •Cranial nerve II (optic nerve)
- •Cranial nerves III, IV and VI and eye movements
- •Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)
- •Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve)
- •Cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve)
- •Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)
- •Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
- •Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
- •Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
- •Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)
- •Cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)
- •Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)
- •Upper limb
- •Visual survey
- •Tone
- •Power
- •Coordination
- •Reflexes
- •Sensation
- •Lower limb
- •Visual survey
- •Tone
- •Power
- •Coordination
- •Reflexes
- •Sensation
- •Gait
- •Musculoskeletal examination
- •Visual survey
- •Look
- •Feel
- •Move
- •Assessment of disability
- •Hands
- •Skin and lymphadenopathy
- •Breast examination
- •Neck examination
- •3 Writing in the medical notes
- •General principles
- •Sample clerking
- •4 Chest pain
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Type of chest pain
- •Onset and progression
- •Site and radiation
- •Nature of pain
- •Associated symptoms
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •5 Shortness of breath
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Onset
- •Severity
- •Precipitating and aggravating factors
- •Associated features
- •Other factors
- •Examination
- •Inspection
- •Palpation
- •Percussion
- •Auscultation
- •Investigations
- •Acute presentation
- •Chronic presentation
- •6 Cough and haemoptysis
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Bedside
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Further investigations
- •7 Palpitations
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Causes and contributing factors
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •8 Pyrexia of unknown origin
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Microbiology tests
- •Further investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •9 Abdominal pain
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Examination
- •Ascertaining the underlying causes of abdomnal pain
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Further investigations
- •10 Heartburn and indigestion
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •Investigations
- •Common investigations
- •Specialized investigations
- •11 Gastrointestinal bleed
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Further investigations
- •12 Change in bowel habit
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Noninvasive
- •Invasive
- •Further investigations
- •13 Weight loss
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •14 Jaundice
- •Introduction
- •History and examination
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Haemolysis screen
- •Hepatocellular screen
- •Introduction
- •Micturition disturbances
- •History and examination findings
- •Examination
- •General appearance
- •Cardiovascular system
- •Abdominal examination
- •Neurological examination
- •Investigations
- •Urine tests
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Further investigations
- •Haematuria
- •History and examination findings
- •Initial tests
- •Imaging
- •Other investigations
- •Proteinuria
- •16 Headache and facial pain
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Solitary acute episode
- •Progressive headache
- •Recurrent episodic headache and facial pain
- •Chronic headache and facial pain
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •Investigations
- •Imaging
- •Further investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Thyroid disease
- •Hypothyroidism
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Other
- •Imaging
- •Hyperthyroidism
- •Aetiology
- •Primary hyperthyroidism
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Subacute (de Quervain) thyroiditis
- •Thyroid malignancy
- •Papillary thyroid carcinoma
- •Follicular thyroid carcinoma
- •Anaplastic carcinoma
- •Medullary thyroid carcinoma
- •Primary thyroid lymphoma
- •Further reading
- •18 Loss of consciousness
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Before the event
- •The event itself
- •After the event
- •Risk factors
- •Examination
- •Comatose patient
- •Patient with blackouts
- •Investigations
- •19 Confusion and delirium
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Pattern of confusion
- •Underlying causes
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Further tests
- •20 Stroke and TIA
- •Introduction
- •Causes and pathophysiology
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Further investigations
- •Management
- •Acute treatment
- •Prevention
- •21 Lumps
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Localized lymphadenopathy
- •Generalized lymphadenopathy
- •Splenomegaly
- •22 Focal neurological deficits
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Pattern of deficit
- •Onset
- •Precipitants
- •Progression
- •Evidence of cause
- •Examination
- •The anatomical site of the lesion
- •The underlying cause
- •The resultant disability
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
- •Imaging
- •Further investigations
- •23 Dizziness and vertigo
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Onset and pattern of vertigo
- •Aural symptoms
- •Neurological symptoms
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •24 Back pain and joint pain
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •History
- •Ask about associated features:
- •Other important points to consider include:
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Bedside investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Joint disease
- •Back pain
- •25 Skin lesions and rash
- •Introduction
- •History and examination
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Pigmented lesions
- •Scaly lesions
- •Vesicular lesions
- •Weepy or pustular lesions
- •Figurate erythema
- •Bullous lesions
- •Papular and nodular lesions
- •Photodermatoses
- •Maculopapular lesions
- •Ulcerated lesions
- •Petechial and purpuric lesions
- •Miscellaneous lesions
- •Introduction
- •History and examination findings
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Platelet abnormality
- •Thrombocytopenia
- •Platelet dysfunction
- •Coagulation abnormality
- •Vitamin K deficiency
- •Factor deficiency
- •Acquired factor inhibitors
- •Vessel wall abnormalities
- •Hereditary
- •Acquired
- •27 Cardiovascular system
- •Coronary heart disease
- •General overview
- •Risk factors
- •Nonmodifiable risk factors
- •Family history
- •Ethnicity
- •Modifiable risk factors
- •Smoking
- •Poor nutrition
- •Hyperlipidaemia
- •Hypertension
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Obesity
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Electrocardiogram
- •Exercise tolerance test
- •Echocardiography
- •CT coronary angiography
- •Nuclear imaging
- •Coronary angiography
- •Treatment
- •Lifestyle changes
- •Drug agents
- •Antiplatelet drugs
- •Nitrates
- •β-Blockers
- •Calcium channel blockers
- •Potassium channel activators
- •Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- •Lipid-lowering drugs
- •Revascularization
- •Acute coronary syndrome
- •ST elevation myocardial infarction
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acute management
- •Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Risk scoring
- •Management
- •Acute management
- •Subsequent inpatient management of patients with acute coronary syndrome
- •Complications of myocardial infarction
- •Cardiac failure and cardiogenic shock
- •Cardiac rupture
- •Mitral regurgitation
- •Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances
- •Supraventricular arrhythmias
- •Arrhythmias
- •General overview
- •Investigations
- •Sinus tachycardia
- •Atrial fibrillation
- •Aetiology and pathophysiology
- •Complications
- •Management
- •Atrial flutter
- •Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
- •Atrioventricular reentry tachycardia
- •Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia
- •Management
- •Ventricular tachycardia
- •Torsades de pointes
- •Ventricular fibrillation
- •Bradycardias
- •Sinus bradycardia
- •Sick sinus syndrome
- •Heart block
- •Antiarrhythmic drugs
- •Supraventricular arrhythmias only
- •Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias
- •Ventricular arrhythmias
- •Heart failure
- •General overview
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Left-sided heart failure
- •Right-sided heart failure
- •Congestive cardiac failure
- •Investigations
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Other
- •Management of acute heart failure
- •Management of chronic heart failure
- •Drug treatment
- •Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- •β-Blockers
- •Diuretics
- •Aldosterone antagonists
- •Hydralazine in combination with a nitrate
- •Digoxin
- •Ivabradine
- •Nondrug therapy
- •Implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy
- •Left ventricular assist devices
- •Transplantation
- •Hypertension
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Drug treatment
- •Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- •Angiotensin II receptor blockers
- •Calcium channel blockers
- •Thiazide diuretics
- •β-Blockers
- •α-Adrenergic receptor blockers
- •Central acting agents
- •Vasodilators
- •Management of hypertension in pregnancy
- •Malignant (accelerated) hypertension
- •Valvular heart disease
- •General overview
- •Mitral stenosis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Mitral regurgitation
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Mitral valve prolapse
- •Aortic stenosis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Aortic regurgitation
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Tricuspid regurgitation
- •Pulmonary valve lesions
- •Miscellaneous conditions
- •Pericarditis and pericardial effusion
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Constrictive pericarditis
- •Cardiomyopathy
- •Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
- •Dilated cardiomyopathy
- •Restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy
- •Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
- •Infective endocarditis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Rheumatic fever
- •Major Jones criteria
- •Carditis (40%–50%)
- •Polyarthritis (80%)
- •Sydenham chorea (10%)
- •Erythema marginatum (5%)
- •Subcutaneous nodules (rare)
- •Management
- •Atrial myxomata
- •Congenital heart disease in adults
- •Acyanotic conditions
- •Atrial septal defect
- •Ventricular septal defect
- •Patent ductus arteriosus
- •Aortic coarctation
- •Aortic and pulmonary stenosis
- •Cyanotic conditions
- •Tetralogy of Fallot
- •Further reading
- •28 Respiratory system
- •Respiratory failure
- •General overview
- •Type I respiratory failure
- •Causes
- •Management
- •Type II respiratory failure
- •Causes
- •Management
- •Asthma
- •General overview
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Emergency management
- •Long-term management
- •Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- •General overview
- •Aetiology
- •Cigarette smoking
- •α1-Antitrypsin deficiency
- •Occupation
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Short-term management
- •Long-term management
- •Bronchiectasis
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Pneumonia
- •General overview
- •Aetiology
- •Community-acquired pneumonia
- •Atypical pneumonia
- •Hospital-acquired pneumonia (nosocomial)
- •Aspiration pneumonia
- •Opportunistic pneumonia
- •Clinical features
- •Typical
- •Atypical
- •Investigations
- •Bedside
- •Imaging
- •Other tests
- •CURB65 score
- •Management
- •Pulmonary embolism
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Lung cancer
- •General overview
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Paraneoplastic syndrome
- •Investigations
- •Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging
- •Management
- •Tuberculosis
- •General overview
- •Pathogenesis
- •Pulmonary tuberculosis
- •Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
- •Clinical features
- •Systemic
- •Pulmonary
- •Extrapulmonary
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Pneumothorax
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Pleural effusion
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Interstitial lung disease
- •General overview
- •Aetiology
- •Known cause:
- •Unknown cause:
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- •Sarcoidosis
- •Occupational lung disease
- •Aspergillus and the lung
- •Hypoventilation syndromes and sleep-related respiratory disorders
- •General overview
- •Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
- •Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
- •Congenital hypoventilation syndrome
- •Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- •General overview
- •Management
- •Cystic fibrosis
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Further Reading
- •Upper gastrointestinal tract
- •Oesophageal disorders
- •Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Hiatus hernia
- •Sliding hiatus hernia
- •Rolling (or paraoesophageal) hiatus hernia
- •Barrett oesophagus
- •Eosinophilic oesophagitis
- •Oesophageal motility disorders
- •Achalasia
- •Oesophageal cancer
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Gastroduodenal disorders
- •Gastroduodenitis and peptic ulcer disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage
- •Management
- •Gastric cancer
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Gastrointestinal stromal tumour
- •Small bowel disorders
- •Malabsorption
- •Coeliac disease
- •Bacterial overgrowth
- •Tropical sprue
- •Whipple disease
- •Neuroendocrine tumours of the bowel
- •Carcinoid tumours
- •Gastrinoma
- •Insulinomas
- •VIPomas
- •Glucagonomas
- •Lower gastrointestinal tract
- •Colorectal disorders
- •Colorectal neoplasia
- •Benign disease
- •Colorectal cancer
- •Screening
- •Diverticular disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis
- •Lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding
- •Ischaemic colitis
- •Microscopic colitis
- •Irritable bowel syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Nonulcer dyspepsia
- •Inflammatory bowel disease
- •General overview
- •Ulcerative colitis
- •Crohn disease
- •Hepatobiliary system
- •Gallbladder disorders
- •Gallstones and biliary colic
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acute cholecystitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Recurrent cholecystitis
- •Biliary tract cancer
- •Cholangiocarcinoma
- •Gallbladder cancer
- •Cancer of the ampulla of Vater
- •Pancreatic disorders
- •Acute pancreatitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Chronic pancreatitis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Pancreatic cancer
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Liver disorders
- •Chronic liver disease
- •Established chronic liver disease
- •Hepatitis
- •Acute hepatitis
- •Acute viral hepatitis
- •Hepatitis A
- •Epidemiology
- •Hepatitis B
- •Hepatitis C
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Autoimmune hepatitis
- •Alcoholic liver disease
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Prognosis
- •Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- •Haemochromatosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Primary biliary cholangitis
- •Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- •Wilson disease (hepatocellular degeneration)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hepatic tumours
- •Benign tumours
- •Malignant tumours
- •Miscellaneous conditions
- •α1-Antitrypsin deficiency
- •Liver abscess
- •Budd–Chiari syndrome
- •Further reading
- •Haematuria and proteinuria
- •Proteinuria
- •Benign proteinuria
- •Pathological proteinuria
- •Overflow proteinuria
- •Clinical Features
- •Investigations
- •Urine
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Histological diagnosis
- •Acute kidney injury
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Urine
- •Blood tests
- •Other tests
- •Management
- •Hyperkalaemia
- •Acidosis
- •Pulmonary oedema
- •Renal replacement therapies
- •Supportive management
- •Summary
- •Chronic kidney disease
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prevention of decline in renal function
- •Prevention of complications
- •Cardiovascular
- •Renal osteodystrophy
- •Acidosis
- •Anaemia
- •Hyperkalaemia
- •End-stage renal failure
- •Glomerular disease
- •Clinical features
- •Nephritic syndrome
- •Nephrotic syndrome
- •History
- •Investigations
- •Urine
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Renal biopsy
- •Management
- •Important primary and secondary glomerular diseases
- •Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- •Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
- •IgA nephropathy
- •Lupus nephritis
- •Minimal change nephropathy
- •Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- •Membranous glomerulonephritis
- •Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- •Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- •Urinary tract infections
- •Lower urinary tract infections
- •Upper urinary tract infections
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Renal calculi
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Urinary tract malignancies
- •Renal cell carcinoma
- •Transitional cell carcinoma
- •Prostatic carcinoma
- •Testicular cancer
- •Miscellaneous conditions
- •Adult polycystic kidney disease
- •Hepatorenal syndrome
- •Thrombotic microangiopathies
- •Sexually transmitted diseases
- •Chlamydia
- •Gonorrhoea
- •Syphilis
- •Further reading
- •Sodium and water balance
- •Hyponatraemia
- •Investigations
- •Hypernatraemia
- •Focal onset seizures
- •Normal awareness
- •Impaired awareness
- •Focal evolving to bilateral convulsive seizures
- •Generalized onset seizures
- •Tonic–clonic (grand mal) seizures
- •Absence attacks (petit mal)
- •Myoclonic seizure
- •Atonic or akinetic epilepsy
- •Aetiology
- •Hypokalaemia
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hyperkalaemia
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Calcium balance
- •Hypocalcaemia
- •Hypercalcaemia
- •Investigations
- •32 Nervous system
- •Cerebrovascular disease
- •Stroke and TIA
- •Intracerebral haemorrhage
- •Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Subdural haematoma
- •Extradural haematoma
- •Headache
- •Migraine
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Cluster headache
- •Tension-type headache
- •Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- •Trigeminal neuralgia
- •Persistent idiopathic facial pain (atypical facial pain)
- •Dementia
- •Epilepsy
- •General overview
- •Classification
- •Investigations
- •Bedside
- •Imaging
- •Electroencephalogram
- •Management
- •Drug treatment
- •First-line drugs
- •Second-line drugs
- •Withdrawing drugs
- •Other treatment
- •Status epilepticus
- •Pregnancy and epilepsy
- •Driving and work and epilepsy
- •Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
- •Intracranial tumours
- •General overview
- •Clinical features
- •Raised intracranial pressure
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Movement disorders
- •Parkinsonism
- •Clinical features
- •Tremor
- •Rigidity
- •Bradykinesia
- •Other features
- •Management
- •Drug therapy
- •Other therapy
- •Tremor
- •Essential tremor
- •Cerebellar tremor
- •Huntington Disease
- •Sydenham chorea
- •Other movement disorders
- •Multiple sclerosis
- •General overview
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Optic neuritis
- •Diplopia
- •Sensory symptoms
- •Motor weakness
- •Cerebellar signs
- •Other manifestations
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Central nervous system infection
- •Meningitis
- •General overview
- •Causative organisms
- •Clinical features
- •Meningism
- •Sepsis
- •Raised intracranial pressure
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Encephalitis
- •Central nervous system abscess
- •Spinal cord infection
- •Spinal cord disorders
- •Spinal cord compression
- •Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
- •Syringomyelia and syringobulbia
- •Peripheral nervous system disorders
- •Peripheral neuropathy
- •Guillain–Barré syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Entrapment/compression neuropathies
- •Neuromuscular disorders
- •Muscle disorders
- •Myotonic dystrophy (myotonia dystrophica)
- •Muscular dystrophy
- •Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (pseudohypertrophic)
- •Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (Landouzy–Dejerine syndrome)
- •Limb girdle dystrophy
- •Neuromuscular junction disorders
- •Myasthenia gravis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
- •Miscellaneous disorders
- •Motor neurone disease
- •Management
- •Horner syndrome
- •Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy
- •Bell palsy
- •Further reading
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Aetiology and Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Macrovascular disease
- •Microvascular disease
- •Diabetic retinopathy
- •Diabetic nephropathy
- •Diabetic neuropathy
- •Diabetic feet
- •Skin
- •Infections
- •Management
- •Diet and lifestyle
- •Oral hypoglycaemic agents
- •Biguanides
- •Sulphonylureas
- •Meglitinides; rapid-acting insulin secretagogues
- •Thiazolidinediones
- •Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
- •Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists
- •Acarbose
- •Insulin
- •Diabetes and surgery
- •Diabetic emergencies
- •Hypoglycaemia
- •Diabetic ketoacidosis
- •Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
- •Obesity and metabolic syndrome
- •Lipid disorders
- •Aetiology and pathophysiology
- •Primary hyperlipidaemia
- •Secondary hyperlipidaemia
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Primary prevention
- •Secondary prevention
- •Drugs
- •Thyroid disease
- •Hypothyroidism
- •Management
- •Hyperthyroidism
- •Management
- •Antithyroid drugs
- •Radioiodine
- •Subtotal thyroidectomy
- •Thyroid emergencies
- •Thyrotoxic crisis (‘thyroid storm’)
- •Myxoedema coma
- •Parathyroid disease
- •Hypoparathyroidism
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hyperparathyroidism
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Pituitary disorders
- •Hypopituitarism
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Pituitary tumours
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acromegaly
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Surgery
- •Radiotherapy
- •Medical therapies
- •Prognosis
- •Prolactin disorders
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Diabetes insipidus
- •Cranial diabetes insipidus
- •Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- •Management
- •Adrenal disorders
- •Cushing syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Cushing disease
- •Adrenocortical tumours
- •Ectopic adrenocorticotrophic hormone syndrome
- •Addison disease
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Phaeochromocytoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis
- •Dynamic tests for cortisol excess
- •Tests for cortisol deficiency
- •Pituitary function tests
- •Miscellaneous endocrine conditions
- •Multiple endocrine neoplasia
- •Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
- •Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- •Metabolic bone disease
- •Osteoporosis
- •Aetiology
- •Primary osteoporosis
- •Secondary osteoporosis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •General principles
- •Drugs
- •Paget disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Bisphosphonates
- •Calcitonin
- •Surgery
- •Osteomalacia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Biochemistry
- •Imaging
- •Management
- •Renal osteodystrophy
- •Management
- •Further reading
- •34 Musculoskeletal system
- •Osteoarthritis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Rheumatoid arthritis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Spondyloarthropathies
- •Ankylosing spondylitis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Reactive arthritis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Psoriatic arthritis
- •Enteropathic arthropathies
- •Crystal arthropathy
- •Gout
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Pseudogout
- •Connective tissue disorders
- •Systemic lupus erythematosus
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment
- •Systemic sclerosis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Sjögren syndrome
- •Vasculitis
- •General overview
- •Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- •Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- •Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- •Kawasaki disease
- •Microscopic polyangiitis
- •Polyarteritis nodosa
- •Behçet disease
- •Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
- •Polymyalgia rheumatica
- •Giant cell arteritis
- •Antiphospholipid syndrome
- •35 Skin disease
- •Skin manifestations of systemic disease
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Inflammatory bowel disease
- •Coeliac disease
- •Hyperthyroidism
- •Malignant disease
- •Sarcoidosis
- •Rheumatic fever
- •Neurofibromatosis
- •Lyme disease (borreliosis)
- •Hyperlipidaemia
- •Skin disease
- •Psoriasis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Eczema/dermatitis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Acne vulgaris
- •Actinic keratosis
- •Seborrhoeic keratosis
- •Herpes simplex
- •Herpes (varicella) zoster
- •Lichen planus
- •Erythema multiforme
- •Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis
- •Pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid
- •Erythema nodosum
- •Vitiligo
- •Pyoderma gangrenosum
- •Neoplastic disease
- •Basal cell carcinoma
- •Squamous cell carcinoma
- •Malignant melanoma
- •Infections
- •Impetigo
- •Cellulitis
- •Necrotizing fasciitis
- •36 Haematological disorders
- •Anaemia
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Iron replacement
- •Vitamin B12 and folate replacement
- •Blood transfusion
- •Splenectomy
- •Erythropoietin
- •Causes of anaemia
- •Anaemia of chronic disease
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Haemolytic anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Sickle cell anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Thalassaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Aplastic anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Leukaemia
- •Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Acute myeloid leukaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Multiple myeloma
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Lymphoma
- •Hodgkin disease
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Myelodysplastic syndromes
- •Classification
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Myeloproliferative disease
- •Polycythaemia vera
- •Essential thrombocythaemia
- •Primary myelofibrosis
- •Bleeding disorders
- •Haemophilia A
- •Haemophilia B (Christmas disease)
- •Von Willebrand disease
- •Immune thrombocytopenia
- •Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Thrombotic disorders and thromboembolism
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- •Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
- •37 Infectious diseases
- •General overview
- •HIV and AIDS
- •Epidemiology and aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Primary HIV infection
- •Clinical stage 1
- •Clinical stage 2
- •Clinical stages 3 and 4
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Prevention
- •Malaria
- •Epidemiology and aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prognosis
- •Prevention
- •Diarrhoeal disease
- •Drug-resistant bacteria
- •Other resistant bacteria
- •38 Drug overdose and abuse
- •General overview
- •Common presentation, investigations and management
- •History
- •Examination
- •How ill is the patient?
- •Is there any evidence to suggest an underlying cause?
- •Have any complications occurred?
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Supportive care
- •Preventing absorption
- •Increase elimination of drug
- •Specific antidotes
- •Psychiatric and social assessment
- •Paracetamol overdose
- •Illegal drugs
- •Alcohol misuse and withdrawal
- •Alcohol withdrawal
- •Wernicke encephalopathy/Korsakoff psychosis
- •Long-term treatment
- •Further reading
- •Self-Assessment
- •SBA answers
- •EMQ answers
- •Index
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