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The Vein Book
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The Vein
Book
Edited by
John J. Bergan
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Elsevier Academic Press
https://t.me/med1917
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2007, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK:
phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also
complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer
Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.”
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The vein book / editor, John J. Bergan.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-0-12-369515-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-12-369515-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Veins–Diseases. I. Bergan, John J., 1927– .
[DNLM: 1. Vascular Diseases. 2. Veins. WG 600 V4265 2007]
RC695.V438 2007
616.1′4—dc22
2006026762
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 13: 978-0-12-369515-4
ISBN 10: 0-12-369515-5
For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications
visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com
Printed in the United States of America
07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Working together to grow
libraries in developing countries
www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
Table of Contents
https://t.me/med1917
Contributing Authors ix
Preface xiii
Mark A. Talamini
Prologue xv
Hugo Partsch
Introduction xvii
John Bergan
PART I BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
ASSOCIATE EDITOR: LUIGI PASCARELLA
1. Historical Introduction 1
ALBERTO CAGGIATI AND CLAUDIO ALLEGRA
2. Venous Embryology and Anatomy 15
GEZA MOZES AND PETER GLOVICZKI
3. Epidemiology of Chronic Peripheral
Venous Disease 27
MICHAEL H. CRIQUI, JULIE O. DENENBERG,
ROBERT D. LANGER, ROBERT M. KAPLAN, AND ARNOST FRONEK
5. Role of Physiologic Testing in Venous
Disorders 47
JEFFREY K. RAINES AND JOSE I. ALMEIDA
6. Inappropriate Leukocyte Activation in
Venous Disease 57
PHILIP COLERIDGE SMITH
7. Molecular Basis of Venous
Insuffi ciency 67
GEERT W. SCHMID-SCHÖNBEIN
8. Chronic Venous Insuffi ciency: Molecular
Abnormalities and Venous Ulcer
Formation 79
JOSEPH D. RAFFETTO
9. Pathophysiology of Chronic Venous
Insuffi ciency 89
PETER J. PAPPAS, BRAJESH K. LAL, FRANK T. PADBERG, JR,
ROBERT W. ZICKLER, AND WALTER N. DURAN
10. Mechanism and Effects of
Compression Therapy 103
HUGO PARTSCH
4. Venous Anatomy, Physiology,
JOHN BERGAN AND LUIGI PASCARELLA
and Pathophysiology 39
11. Classifying Venous Disease 111
BO EKLÖF
v
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PART II PRIMARY SUPERFICIAL
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
ASSOCIATE EDITOR MITCHEL P. GOLDMAN
12. Risk Factors, Manifestations, and Clinical
Examination of the Patient with Primary
Venous Insuffi ciency 119
JOHN BERGAN
13. Sclerosing Solutions 125
CRAIG FEIED
14. Sclerotherapy Treatment of
Telangiectasias 133
ROBERT A. WEISS AND MARGARET A. WEISS
15. Complications and Adverse Sequelae of
Sclerotherapy 139
MITCHEL P. GOLDMAN
21. Sclerofoam for Treatment of
Varicose Veins 201
JEAN-JÉRÔME GUEX
22. Sclerosants in Microfoam: A New
Approach in Angiology 209
JUAN CABRERA, JUAN CABRERA JR,
AND MARÍA ANTONIA GARCÍA-OLMEDO
23. Ultrasound-Guided Catheter and Foam
Therapy for Venous Insuffi ciency 219
LUIGI PASCARELLA AND JOHN J. BERGAN
24. Principles of Treatment of Varicose Veins
by Sclerotherapy and Surgery 227
STEVEN E. ZIMMET
25. Inversion Stripping of the Saphenous
Vein 231
JOHN BERGAN
16. Laser Treatment of Telangiectasias and
Reticular Veins 157
NEIL SADICK AND LIAN SORHAINDO
17. Overview: Treatment of Venous
Insuffi ciency 167
JOHN BERGAN
18. Ultrasound Examination of the Patient
with Primary Venous Insuffi ciency 171
LUIGI PASCARELLA AND LISA MEKENAS
19. Conventional Sclerotherapy versus
Surgery for Varicose Veins 183
T.R. CHEATLE
20. Sclerotherapy and Ultrasound-Guided
Sclerotherapy 189
PAUL THIBAULT
26. Neovascularization: An Adverse
Response to Proper Groin Dissection 239
MARIANNE DE MAESENEER
27. Principles of Ambulatory
Phlebectomy 247
JOSE I. ALMEIDA AND JEFFREY K. RAINES
28. Powered Phlebectomy in Surgery of
Varicose Veins 257
STEVE ELIAS
29. Endovenous Laser (EVL) for Saphenous
Vein Ablation 267
THOMAS M. PROEBSTLE
30. Effects of Different Laser Wavelengths on
Treatment of Varices 275
LOWELL KABNICK
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31. VNUS Closure of the Saphenous
Vein 283
NICK MORRISON
32. Treatment of Small Saphenous
Vein Refl ux 291
KENNETH MYERS AND AMY CLOUGH
33. Classifi cation and Treatment of Recurrent
Varicose Veins 299
MICHEL PERRIN
34. Use of System-Specifi c Questionnaires
and Determination of Quality of Life after
Treatment of Varicose Veins 309
MERYL DAVIS AND ALUN H. DAVIES
35. Pelvic Congestion Syndrome: Diagnosis
and Treatment 315
GRAEME RICHARDSON
39. New Ways to Prevent Venous
Thromboembolism: The Factor Xa Inhibitor
Fondaparinux and the Thrombin Inhibitor
Ximelagatran 347
DAVID BERGQVIST
40. Diagnosis of Deep Venous
Thrombosis 353
WARNER P. BUNDENS
41. Thrombotic Risk Assessment:
A Hybrid Approach 359
JOSEPH A. CAPRINI
42. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis
in the General Surgical Patient 369
JOSEPH A. CAPRINI AND J.I. ARCELUS
43. Conventional Treatment of Deep
Venous Thrombosis 381
GRAHAM F. PINEO AND RUSSELL D. HULL
PART III VENOUS
THROMBOEMBOLISM
ASSOCIATE EDITOR: ANTHONY J. COMEROTA
36. The Epidemiology of Venous
Thromboembolism in the Community:
Implications for Prevention and
Management 323
JOHN A. HEIT
37. Fundamental Mechanisms in Venous
Thrombosis 331
CHRISTOPHER LONGO AND THOMAS W. WAKEFIELD
38. Congenital and Acquired
Hypercoagulable Syndromes 339
JOCELYN A. SEGALL AND TIMOTHY K. LIEM
44. The Diagnosis and
Management of Heparin-Induced
Thrombocytopenia 395
THEODORE E. WARKENTIN
45. Operative Venous Thrombectomy 405
ANTHONY J. COMEROTA AND STEVEN S. GALE
46. Permanent Vena Cava Filters:
Indications, Filter Types, and Results 417
ALI F. ABURAHMA
47. Complications of Vena
Cava Filters 435
TERESA L. CARMAN, MOBEEN A. SHEIKH,
AND LINDA M. GRAHAM
48. Temporary Filters and Prophylactic
Indications 447
ROBERT B. RUTHERFORD
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49. Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute
Venous Thrombosis 455
ANTHONY J. COMEROTA AND SANTIAGO CHAHWAN
50. Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy
in the Treatment of Acute Deep Venous
Thrombosis 465
COLLEEN M. JOHNSON, PRITHAM P. REDDY,
AND ROBERT B. MCLAFFERTY
51. Mechanical Thrombectomy and
Thrombolysis for Acute Deep Venous
Thrombosis 477
WEI ZHOU, PETER H. LIN, RUTH L. BUSH, ERIC K. PEDEN,
AND ALAN B. LUMSDEN
52. Diagnosis and Management of Primary
Axillo-Subclavian Venous Thrombosis 485
NIREN ANGLE
53. Subclavian Vein Obstruction: Techniques
for Repair and Bypass 493
RICHARD J. SANDERS
57. Ultrasound-Guided Sclerotherapy (USGS)
of Perforating Veins in Chronic Venous
Insuffi ciency 529
FEDOR LURIE, ALESSANDRA PUGGIONI, AND ROBERT L. KISTNER
58. Perforating Veins 535
JOHN J. BERGAN AND LUIGI PASCARELLA
59. Importance, Etiology, and Diagnosis of
Chronic Proximal Venous Outfl ow
Obstruction 541
PETER NEGLÉN
60. Treatment of Iliac Venous Obstruction in
Chronic Venous Disease 549
PETER NEGLÉN
61. Endovenous Management of Iliocaval
Occlusion 559
PATRICIA THORPE AND FRANCISCO J. OSSE
62. Popliteal Venous Entrapment 575
SESHADRI RAJU
PART IV CHRONIC VENOUS
INSUFFICIENCY
ASSOCIATE EDITORS PETER NEGLÉN AND SESHANDRI RAJU
54. The Primary Cause of Chronic Venous
Insuffi ciency 499
MICHEL PERRIN
55. Conventional Surgery for Chronic Venous
Insuffi ciency 507
WILLIAM MARSTON
56. Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Vein
Surgery (SEPS) for Chronic Venous
Insuffi ciency 521
PETER GLOVICZKI, MANJU KALRA, AND ALESSANDRA PUGGIONI
63. Valvuloplasty in Primary Venous
Insuffi ciency: Development, Performance,
and Long-Term Results 579
ROBERT L. KISTNER, ELNA MASUDA, AND FEDOR LURIE
64. Prosthetic Venous Valves 593
MICHAEL C. DALSING
65. Post-Thrombotic Syndrome: Clinical
Features, Pathology, and Treatment 599
SESHADRI RAJU
Index 609
Contributing Authors
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Ali F. AbuRahma, Department of Surgery, Robert C. Byrd
Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University,
Charleston, WV, USA
Claudio Allegra, Department of Anatomy, University “La
Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
Jose I. Almeida, 1501 South Miami Avenue, Miami Vein
Center, Miami, FL, USA
Niren Angle, 200 W. Arbor Dr., UCSD Medical Center, San
Diego, CA, USA
J. I. Arcelus, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves and University
of Granada, Department of Surgery, Granada, Spain
John J. Bergan, 9850 Genesee Ave., The Vein Institute of
La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
David Bergqvist, Department of Surgery, Uppsala Univer-
sity Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Warner P. Bundens, Department of Surgery, Department
of Family and Preventitive Medicine, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Ruth L. Bush, Division of Vascular Surgery, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Juan Cabrera Cale Tejeiro #2, 4ºILODA, Granada, Spain
Juan Cabrera, Jr. University Clinic of Navarra, Granada,
Spain
Alberto Caggiati, Department of Anatomy, University “La
Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
Joseph A. Caprini, Department of Surgery, Evanston
Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL, USA
Teresa L. Carman, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Depart-
ment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Vascular
Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
Santiago Chahwan, Jobst Vascular Center, The Toledo
Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
T.R. Cheatle, Waterloo Rd., Oldchurch Hospital, Depart-
ment of General Surgery, Romford, UK
Amy Clough, Melbourne Vascular Ultrasound, Melbourne,
Australia
Anthony J. Comerota, Jobst Vascular Center, The Toledo
Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
Michael H. Criqui, 9500 Gilman Dr., UCSD, La Jolla, CA,
USA
Michael C. Dalsing, 1801 N. Senate Blvd., Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,
USA
Alun H. Davies, Fulham Palace Rd., Charing Cross Hospi-
tal, London, England
Meryl Davis, Fulham Palace Rd., Charing Cross Hospital,
London, England
Marianne De Maeseneer, Department of Thoracic and
Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Antwerp, B2650 Edegem, Belgium
Julie O. Denenberg, 9500 Gilman Dr., UCSD, La Jolla,
CA, USA
Walter N. Duran, 185 S. Orange Ave., UMDNJ–New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
Bo Eklöf, Batteritorget 8, Doctors Offi ce Center, Helsing-
borg, Sweden
Steve Elias, Center for Vein Disease, Englewood Hospital
and Medical Center, Englewood, NJ, USA
Craig Feied, P.O. Box 17006, American Vein Institute,
Arlington, VA, USA
ix
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