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An antifungal combination lotion contains 10 mg of clotrimazole and
0.643 mg of betamethasone dipropionate in each gram of lotion.
Calculate the percent concentration of each of these two agents in the
lotion.
A hemorrhoidal ointment contains, on a weight-in-weight basis, 46.6%
mineral oil, 1% pramoxine HCl, and 12.5% zinc oxide in an ointment
base. Calculate the grams of each ingredient, including the ointment
base, in each 30-g tube.
What is the percentage strength (w/w) of a solution made by dissolving
62.5 g of potassium chloride in 187.5 mL of water?
If 500 g of dextrose are dissolved in 600 mL of water with a resultant
final volume of 1 L, what is the percentage strength of dextrose in the
solution on a w/w basis?
Hydromorphone hydrochloride suppositories contain 3 mg of active
ingredient and weigh approximately 2 g each. What is the equivalent
percentage strength?
a. 1.5%
b. 0.15%
c. 0.015%
d. None of the above
A metronidazole vaginal gel contains 0.75% w/w of drug in 70-g
tubes. An applicator will hold 5 g of gel for each administration. How
much drug will be contained in each application?
a. 0.0375 mg metronidazole
b. 3.75 mg metronidazole
c. 37.5 mg metronidazole
d. 375 mg metronidazole
The percent of acyclovir and quantity of lidocaine in the filled
prescription are:
a. 3.75% acyclovir, 0.3 g lidocaine
b. 5% acyclovir, 1.2 g lidocaine
c. 2.5% acyclovir, 0.6 g lidocaine
d. 2.5% acyclovir, 1.2 g lidocaine
ESTRASORB 0.06% w/w is an estradiol gel applied topically in
females for treatment of vasomotor symptoms due to menopause. For a
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starting dose of 750 mcg estradiol, calculate the quantity, in grams, of
gel administered.
Benzoyl peroxide is available as an 8.5% w/w cream. How much
benzoyl peroxide and cream base would be needed to prepare 2 oz. of
this cream?
Each gram of an ointment contains 2.5 mg of miconazole nitrate. The
ointment is available in 50-g tubes. Calculate (a) the percent
concentration of miconazole nitrate in the ointment and (b) the
quantity of miconazole nitrate, in grams, in each tube of ointment.
An ointment mixture is prepared by mixing 3 g of sulfur with 25 g of
petrolatum. What is the percent strength of sulfur in the ointment
mixture?
Calcipotriene (SORILUX) foam, 0.005% w/w, is supplied in
containers holding 60 g of product. Calculate the number of milligrams
of calcipotriene per container.
A topical gel contains 1.2% w/w clindamycin phosphate and 0.025%
w/w tretinoin. Calculate the quantity of each of these ingredients on a
mg/g basis.
Mixed Percent Calculations
a. What is the percent concentration (w/v) of progesterone in the
prescription?
b. What is the percent concentration (w/v) of methylcellulose in the
prescription?
c. What is the percent concentration (v/v and w/v) of glycerin (sp gr
1.25) in the prescription?
a. Flexible collodion contains 20% w/w camphor and 30% w/w
castor oil. How many grams of each would be contained in 100
g of the mixture?
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b. The specific gravity of castor oil is 0.955. How many milliliters
of the oil are contained in 100 g of the mixture?
c. If the specific gravity of the mixture is 0.781, what are the percent
w/v concentrations of lactic acid, salicylic acid, and
trichloroacetic acid in the mixture?
Ratio Strength Calculations
Express each of the following as a percent strength:
a. 1:1500
d. 1:400
b. 1:10,000
e. 1:3300
c. 1:250
f. 1:4000
Express each of the following as a ratio strength:
a. 0.125%
d. 0.6%
b. 2.5%
e. ⅓%
c. 0.80%
f. ½%
Express each of the following concentrations as a ratio strength:
a. 2 mg of active ingredient in 2 mL of solution
b. 0.275 mg of active ingredient in 5 mL of solution
c. 2 g of active ingredient in 250 mL of solution
d. 1 mg of active ingredient in 0.5 mL of solution
A doxycycline calcium syrup is preserved with 0.08% w/v of
methylparaben, 0.02% w/v of propylparaben, and 0.1% w/v of sodium
metabisulfite. Express these concentrations as ratio strengths.
An injection for dental use contains 2% w/v of lidocaine hydrochloride
and 1:50,000 w/v of epinephrine. Express the concentration of
lidocaine hydrochloride as a ratio strength and that of epinephrine as a
percent strength.
A sample of white petrolatum contains 10 mg of tocopherol per
kilogram as a preservative. Express the amount of tocopherol as a ratio
strength.
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Express the concentration, as a ratio strength, of the solution prepared
according to the directions given in the prescription.
A skin test for fire ant allergy involves the intradermal skin prick of
0.05 mL of a 1:1,000,000 w/v dilution of fire ant extract. How many
micrograms of extract would be administered in this manner?
An eyedrop has the following formula:
a. Calculate the ratio strength of benzalkonium chloride in the
formula.
b. Calculate the quantity of fluorometholone, in milligrams, in the
formula.
SENSORCAINE/EPINEPHRINE is an injectable solution that
contains 0.25% w/v bupivacaine HCl and 1:200,000 w/v epinephrine.
How much epinephrine would be contained in a 50-mL vial of this
solution?
Parts per Million Calculations
Purified water contains not more than 10 ppm of total solids. Express
this concentration as a percentage.
How many grams of sodium fluoride should be added to 100,000 L of
drinking water containing 0.6 ppm of sodium fluoride to provide a
recommended concentration of 1.75 ppm?
If a commercially available insulin preparation contains 1 ppm of
proinsulin, how many micrograms of proinsulin would be contained in
a 10-mL vial of insulin?
CALCQUIZ
6.A. A formulation for otic drops contain:
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a. What would be the content of antipyrine, in mg/mL?
b. If a patient used 5 drops of the otic solution, equivalent to 0.25 mL,
how many milligrams of benzocaine would have been
administered?
c. How many microliters of acetic acid would be used to prepare the
10 mL of drops?
d. What would be the equivalent ratio strength (v/v) of u-polycosanol
410?
6.B. Among its other ingredients, VISINE-A eyedrops contain the active
ingredients: 0.025% w/v naphazoline hydrochloride and 0.3% w/v
pheniramine maleate and 1:10,000 w/v benzalkonium chloride as a
preservative. Calculate (a) the corresponding percent strength of
benzalkonium chloride and (b) the quantities of each of the three
ingredients in a 15-mL container.
6.C. An intravenous antibiotic solution used to treat mild to moderate
community-acquired pneumonia contains 400 mg of moxifloxacin
hydrochloride (1.6 mg/mL). Calculate (a) the percent concentration of
moxifloxacin hydrochloride and (b) the volume of solution in the product.
6.D. A generic ipratropium bromide nasal spray contains 0.03% w/v of
ipratropium bromide in a 30-mL metered dose container. If the container
is calibrated to deliver 21 mcg/spray, calculate (a) the volume of each
spray, in microliters, and (b) the number of sprays in each container.
6.E. A homeopathic teething gel states on its product label that it contains
0.0000003% alkaloid. Express the alkaloid content in ppm.
ANSWERS TO “CASE IN POINT” AND
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Case in Point 6.1
a. 58 g (weight of filled pycnometer) – 28 g (weight of pycnometer) =
30 g (weight of 25 mL of albumin solution)
30 g ÷ 25 mL = 1.2, specific gravity of albumin solution
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d. 2000 mL (total solution) – 400 mL (albumin solution) = 1600 mL
(0.9% sodium chloride solution)
1680 g + 480 g = 2160 g (total weight of the 2000 mL)
2160 g ÷ 2000 mL = 1.08, specific gravity of the mixture
Case in Point 6.2
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c.
30 g total mixture – 6.75 g hydrocortisone injection = 23.25 g cold
cream needed
Practice Problems
59 mg clobetasol propionate
3 mg ofloxacin
0.1% w/v dexamethasone sodium phosphate
a. 0.01 g benzalkonium chloride
b. 0.01% w/v benzalkonium chloride
a. 0.025% w/v TPA
b. 0.025 mL
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283.87 mg methylparaben
4% w/v clindamycin phosphate
a. 0.25 mg ketorolac
4.8 g ketoconazole
0.02% w/v interferon gamma-1b
c. 0.06%
d. 0.5 g levofloxacin and 5 g dextrose
0.006% w/v darbepoetin alpha, 0.005% w/v polysorbate 80, and 0.82%
w/v sodium chloride
5% w/v adalimumab
a. 0.5% w/v erythromycin lactobionate
b. 3.13% w/v glycerin
3 mg/mL ciprofloxacin and 1 mg/mL dexamethasone
a. 90 g sodium oxybate
b. 50% w/v sodium oxybate
a. 1 mg/mL
b. 0.1% w/v
c. 1:1000 w/v
a. 4.5 mcg tafluprost
b. 222,222 containers
81 mL syrup
0.2% w/v hydromorphone
2400 mg nevirapine
c. 0.024 mg/mL misoprostol
0.002% w/v fentanyl citrate
15 mg bepotastine besilate/mL
0.2% w/v morphine sulfate and
0.008% w/v droperidol
a. 15 mg oxycodone hydrochloride
b. 0.049% w/v oxycodone hydrochloride
1% w/v morphine sulfate
1 L
18.75% v/v
0.798
d. 3548.44 g glycerin
0.025% v/v flavoring oil
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497.89 mL solution
1% w/w clotrimazole and 0.064% w/w betamethasone dipropionate
13.98 g mineral oil
0.3 g pramoxine HCl
3.75 g zinc oxide
11.97 g ointment base
25% w/w potassium chloride
45.45% w/w dextrose
b. 0.15%
c. 37.5 mg metronidazole
c. 2.5% acyclovir, 0.6 g lidocaine
1.25 g of estradiol gel
4.82 g benzoyl peroxide, 51.88 g base
a. 0.25% w/w miconazole nitrate
b. 0.125 g miconazole nitrate
10.71% w/w sulfur
3 mg calcipotriene
12 mg/g clindamycin phosphate and 0.25 mg/g tretinoin
a. 4% w/v progesterone
b. 0.5% w/v methylcellulose
c. 5% v/v and 6.25% w/v glycerin
a. 17.8 g camphor and 26.7 g castor oil
b. 27.96 mL castor oil
c. 3.12% w/v lactic acid,
3.91% w/v salicylic acid, and
1.56% w/v trichloroacetic acid
a. 0.067%
b. 0.01%
c. 0.4%
d. 0.25%
e. 0.03%
f. 0.025%
a. 1:800
b. 1:40
c. 1:125
d. 1:166.67 or 1:167
e. 1:300
f. 1:200
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a. 1:1000
b. 1:18,181.82
c. 1:125
d. 1:500
1:1250 w/v methylparaben
1:5000 w/v propylparaben
1:1000 w/v sodium metabisulfite
1:50 w/v lidocaine hydrochloride
0.002% w/v epinephrine
1:100,000 w/w tocopherol
1:4731 w/v potassium permanganate
0.05 μg fire ant extract
a. 1:25,000 w/v benzalkonium chloride
b. 5 mg fluorometholone
250 mcg epinephrine
0.001% w/v
115 g sodium fluoride
10 μg proinsulin
References
US Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. General Notices and Requirements. 8.140 Percentage
Concentrations. United States Pharmacopeia 42 National Formulary 37 [book online].
Rockville, MD: US Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.; 2019.
US Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. United States Pharmacopeia 42 National Formulary 37
[book online]. Rockville, MD: US Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.; 2019.
Flynn Warren, clinical pharmacist, Bishop, GA.
Johnson MG. Tools based on experiences of a community pharmacy providing destruction
services for unwanted medications. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
2010;50(3):388–392.
Gray-Winnett MD, Davis CS, Yokley SG, et al. From dispensing to disposal: the role of student
pharmacists in medication disposal and implementation of a take-back program. Journal of the
American Pharmacists Association 2010;50(5):613–618.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Where and how to dispose of unused medicines. Available
at: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/where-and-how-dispose-unused-
medicines. Accessed June 9, 2020.
Khan U, Bloom RA, Nicell JA, et al. Risks associated with the environmental release of
pharmaceuticals on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration “flush list”. The Science of the
Total Environment 2017;609:1023–1040.
Allen LV Jr, ed. Veterinary dexamethasone 0.1% ophthalmic ointment. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Compounding 1998;2:147.
Allen LV Jr, ed. Erythromycin and dexamethasone ophthalmic solution. International Journal
of Pharmaceutical Compounding 2002;6:452.
Ford P. Misoprostol 0.0024% and lidocaine 1% in glycerin mouth paint. International Journal
of Pharmaceutical Compounding 1999;3:48.
11.
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Allen LV Jr, ed. Fentanyl and bupivacaine injection for ambulatory pump reservoir.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding 1997;1:178.
Allen LV Jr, ed. Progesterone oral suspension (40-mg/mL). International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Compounding 1998;2:57.
Prince SJ. Calculations. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding 2003;7:46.
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