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Contents

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28 Frontal Sinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Cara Morris and Richard J. Harvey

29 Complications of Rhinosinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Vasileios Chatzinakis and Christos Georgalas

Section V Benign and Malignant Sinonasal Tumours

30 Sinonasal Papilloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Usamah Hadi and Andrew C. Swift

31 Benign Tumours of the Nose and Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Cem Meco and Hazan Basak

32 Malignant Tumours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Paolo Battaglia, Giorgio Sileo, and Paolo Castelnuovo

33 Juvenile Angiofibroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Haissan Iftikhar, Ann-Louise McDermott, and Shahzada Ahmed

Section VI Surgery of the Sinuses and Anterior Skull Base

34 Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Juan Carlos Ceballos Cantu, Isam Alobid Alobid, and Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen

35 Open Approaches to the Paranasal Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Stephen Hayes and Sean Carrie

36 Surgery of the Anterior Skull Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Christian Stephan Betz

37 Transorbital Endoscopic Surgery of the Paranasal

Sinuses and Skull Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Darlene Lubbe and Nicholas Goncalves

38 CSF Rhinorrhoea and the Anterior Skull Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Hans Rudolf Briner and Andrew C. Swift

Section VII Miscellaneous Rhinological Disorders

39 Epistaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Russell A. Cathcart, Rich Williams, and Andrew C. Swift

40 Olfaction, Taste and Its Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Lisha McClelland and Abdul Nassimizadeh

41 Headache and Facial Pain: Diagnosis, Evaluation and

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Bhaskar Ram, Vamsidhar Vallamkondu, and Sangeeta Maini

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42 Trauma to the Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Forsan Jahshan and Yujay Ramakrishnan

43 Septoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Richard Green and Sean Carrie

44 Nasal Obstruction: The Role and Management

of the Nasal Valve and Inferior Turbinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

A. Simon Carney and Tim Woolford

45 Nasal Septal Perforation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Alfonso Santamaría-Gadea, Juan Carlos Ceballos, Cristobal Langdon, and Isam Alobid

46 Granulomatous Disease, Vasculitides

and the Cocaine Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Andrew C. Swift and Peter Andrews

47 Empty Nose Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

Isma Z. Iqbal

48 Management of Lacrimal and Orbital Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Hisham S. Khalil and Marios Stavrakas

49 Rhinological Dilemmas and Questions

from Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

Stephen P. Williams and Andrew C. Swift

Contents

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Contributors

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Shahzada Ahmed University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK

Mikkel C. Alanin Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Isam Alobid Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology and Skull Base Unit, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Centro Médico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain

Department of ORL-HNS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain

Emily Anderson Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK

PeterAndrews Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK

WoutBackaert Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

StephenBall Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Hazan Basak Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara University, Medical School, Ankara, Turkey

Paolo Battaglia Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria-Varese, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy

Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery and Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS and FDRc), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen Department of ORL-HNS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain

Christian Stephan Betz Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

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RajivK.Bhalla Manchester Foundation Trust and Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK

Hans Rudolf Briner Center for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hirslanden Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland

JuanCarlos Ceballos Cantu Department of ORL-HNS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain

A.SimonCarney, FRCS(ORL-HNS), FRACS, DM College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

Adelaide Sinus Centre, Adelaide, Australia

Sean Carrie Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

ENT Department, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

Paolo Castelnuovo Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria-Varese, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy

Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery and Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS and FDRc), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Contributors

RussellA.Cathcart ENT Department, Jersey Hospital, Jersey, UK

JuanCarlosCeballos Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology and

Skull Base Unit, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Vasileios Chatzinakis Endoscopic Skull Base Center, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece

Raymond W. Clarke Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

Christopherde Souza Lilavati Hospital, Holy Family Hospital, Mumbai, India

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, SUNY Brooklyn, New York, NY, USA

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA

Mumbai, India

Rosemariede Souza BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India

Peter George Deutsch Department of Otolaryngology, Birmingham

Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

JoannaK. Dixon Department of Radiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Richard Douglas Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

StephenR.Ell Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK

Contributors

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Cecilia Ahlström Emanuelsson ENT-Department, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

Wytske J. Fokkens Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Claire Frauenfelder Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

RichardWeiChernGan Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK

QuentinGardiner Department of Otolaryngology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK

Christos Georgalas Endoscopic Skull Base Center, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece

Medical School, Nicosia University, Nicosia, Cyprus

NicholasGoncalves Division of Otolaryngology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

RichardGreen ENT Department, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

Usamah Hadi Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,

American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

RichardJ.Harvey Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia

Stephen Hayes Rhinology and Facial Plastics, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

ClaireHopkins ENT Department, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK

HaissanIftikhar University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham,

Isma Z. Iqbal The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

ForsanJahshan Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK

Hisham S. Khalil University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth,

University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

GraceCKhong Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

xvi

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RaymondKim Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

NirmalKumar ENT Department, Royal Albert Edward Inrmary, Wigan, Wigan, UK

Wrightington, Wigan & Leigh Teaching NHS FT, Wigan, UK

Cristobal Langdon Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology and Skull Base Unit, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Darlene Lubbe Division of Otolaryngology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Sangeeta Maini Department of Otolaryngology, Grampian University Hospital, Aberdeen Royal Inrmary, Aberdeen, UK

Nick Makwana Department of Child Health, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK

LishaMcClelland University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Ann-Louise McDermott Department of Otolaryngology, Birmingham

Childrens Hospital, Birmingham Womens and Childrens Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Contributors

Victoria McKay Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK

Jo-LynMcKenzie Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Claire Marie McLarnon Freeman & GNCH Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Andrew S. McQueen Department of Radiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

CemMeco Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara University, Medical School, Ankara, Turkey

Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Salzburg Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria

Cara Morris Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Department of Otolaryngology, Head, Neck and Skull Base Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Sydney ENT clinic, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia

Stefan Müller Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asklepios Klinikum Harburg, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hamburg, Germany

Contributors

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xvii

AbdulNassimizadeh University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Giancarlo Ottaviano Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology

Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

AishanPatil Specialist Registrar, Vascular Surgery, Dundee, UK

AnishPatil Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK

CarlPhilpott The Norfolk Smell & Taste Clinic, Norfolk & Waveney ENT

Service, Norwich, UK

Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

YujayRamakrishnan Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK

Bhaskar Ram Department of Otolaryngology, Grampian University

Hospital, Aberdeen Royal Inrmary, Aberdeen, UK

Sietze Reitsma Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Joanne Rimmer Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia

Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

JohnRocke ENT Department, Royal Albert Edward Inrmary, Wigan, UK

Wrightington, Wigan & Leigh Teaching NHS Foundation Trust, Wigan, UK

Alfonso Santamaría-Gadea Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Unit, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

DanielW.Scholeld Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK

GiorgioSileo Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Head and

Neck Surgery and Forensic Dissection Research Center (HNS and FDRc), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Marios Stavrakas University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK

AndrewC. Swift Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

Neil Cheng-Wen Tan Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, Cornwall, UK

University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK

Vamsidhar Vallamkondu Department of Otolaryngology, Grampian University Hospital, Aberdeen Royal Inrmary, Aberdeen, UK

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Laura Van Gerven Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Thomas Verse Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asklepios Klinikum Harburg, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hamburg, Germany

Christian von Buchwald Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Sarah Vreugde Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville South, Australia

The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

Rich Williams University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK

StephenP.Williams Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

Contributors

Tim Woolford, MD, FRCS(ORL-HNS) Manchester Royal Inrmary, Manchester, UK

Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK

Peter-John Wormald Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville South, Australia

The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

Michelle Wyatt Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Tary Yin Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Section I

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The Basic Science of Rhinology:

Understanding the Nose and Sinuses

Embryology oftheNose

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andParanasal Sinuses

DanielW.Scholeld andNeilCheng-WenTan

Nose Development

Early Development Three facial projections contribute to the formation of the nose—the frontonasal process, the maxillary process, and the mandibular process (Fig.1.1). At the end of the third week of embryonic life, the forebrain enlarges and pushes overlying ectoderm forward to form the frontonasal process. The stomodeum forms inferior to the frontonasal process in the fourth week as an invagination with ectodermal covering.

The ectoderm over the stomodeum meets the endoderm of the developing foregut to form the oropharyngeal membrane, which breaks down in the fth week to allow an external communication with the foregut (Tables 1.1 and 1.2).

Branchial Arches Mesenchymal growth of the

rst branchial arch forms the maxillary and mandibular processes bilaterally. The stomodeum is therefore surrounded by the maxillary processes either side, the mandibular processes below and frontonasal process above [1] (Fig.1.1).

D. W. Scholeld Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK

N. C.-W. Tan (*) Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, Cornwall, UK

University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK e-mail: n.tan@exeter.ac.uk

Nasal Development Nasal development begins when a pair of thickened ectodermal nasal placodes, derived from the frontonasal process, becomes visible in the 4-week-old embryo. Pax-6 expression is essential in the development of the nasal placodes [2]. The forward growth of the lateral and medial aspects of the nasal placodes gives rise to the nasal pits, which are well developed at 32–34days.

The nasomedial and nasolateral processes are mesenchymal elevations surrounding the nasal pits. This mesenchymal proliferation is stimulated by release of broblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8), expressed in the rim of invaginating nasal pits [3]. These swellings merge towards the midline during the sixth and seventh week. The nasolateral processes then form the alae of the nose, whilst the nasomedial processes form the tip and crest, with part of the nasal septum. The frontonasal process then recedes to contribute to the nasal bridge.

Olfactory Development The epithelium of the nasal pits develops neural processes under the inuence of FGF-8 and sends axonal projects towards the olfactory bulb to form the olfactory neurons.

Choanal Development The nasal pits continue to deepen towards the oral cavity, and by 6.5weeks, only a thin oronasal membrane separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The rupture of the

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28690-2_1

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