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Ростовский Государственный Медицинский Университет

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Медицина общая

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A. Ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal B. Ampulla of the superior semicircular canal C. Utricle D. Superior vestibular nerve E. Saccule F. Posterior ampullary nerve G. Common crus H. Posterior semicircular canal

I. Endolymphatic sac

S.-s. Huang et al.

Fig. 9.21 Removal of the adjacent bone of important structures in the temporal bone (right) The three semicircular canals are orthogonally related to one another, and the combined mass of the three semicircular canals is known as the solid angle. The superior vestibular nerve innervates the crista of the superior and lateral semicircular canals, as well as the utricular macula. The inferior vestibular nerve innervates the saccular macula. The course

of the posterior ampullary nerve can also be seen. The posterior ampullary nerve, which innervates the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal, separates from the main trunk of the inferior vestibular nerve. Note the rotation of the facial, cochlear, and vestibular nerves as they traverse the IAC.Note the relationship between the facial nerve, the cochleariform process, and the lateral semicircular canal

9 Stereoscopic Virtual Anatomy ofTemporal Bone

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A. Malleus B. Incus C. Stapes footplate D. Tensor tympani muscle E. Geniculate ganglion

F. Cochlea G. Dome of the jugular bulb H. Cochlear aqueduct

Fig. 9.22 View after removal of the membranous labyrinth and vestibular nerve (right) The stapes footplate, lodged in the oval window, can be seen after removal of the membranous labyrinth and vestibular nerve. The course

of the cochlear aqueduct also can be seen. It starts from the scala tympani of the basal turn just inferior to the round window membrane and extends to its external opening inferior to the IAM and medial to the jugular bulb

A. Chorda tympani B. Vertical segment of the facial nerve C. Horizontal segment of the facial nerve D. Geniculate ganglion E. Labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve F. IAC segment of the facial nerve G. Cochleariform process

Fig. 9.23 View after removal of the incus (right) Note the course of the facial nerve. It is advisable to identify all the segments of the facial nerve and the virtual location of the anatomic “pointers” to the nerve, including the short process of the incus, the lateral and

posterior semicircular canals, the pyramidal eminence, the oval window, the cochleariform process, the anterior epitympanic recess, the sinus tympani, the greater and lesser supercial petrosal nerves, the transverse crest, and Bill’s bar

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A. Prussak’s space and malleus head B. Chorda tympani C. Stapedius muscle D. Tensor tympani muscle E. Bony part of the Eustachian tube F. Internal carotid artery

S.-s. Huang et al.

Fig. 9.24 View after Removal of the Facial Nerve (right) Note Prussak’s space, which is located medial to the pars accida and lateral to the neck of the malleus. The stapedius muscle and stapedius tendon can be seen posterior to the stapes. In a superior view via a middle cranial fossa approach, the Eustachian tube and tensor tympani

A. Basal turn of the cochlea B. Cochlear aqueduct

muscle are both parallel to the horizontal segment of the internal carotid artery. The junction of the vertical and horizontal parts of the internal carotid artery sits anterior to the cochlea. The modiolus points in an anterolateral direction from the base toward the apex

Fig. 9.25 View after removal of the Tensor tympani muscle and stapedius muscle (right) Note the cochlear (auditory) nerve. The cochlear nerve arises from the spiral ganglion neurons and the nerve bers leave the cochlea in a sequential manner. The bers from the most apical turn of the cochlea

joining in the center of the nerve bundle code low-frequency sounds, whereas the bers from the basal end joining on the outside of the bundle code high-frequency sounds. The cochlear aqueduct extends from the scala tympani of the basal turn to the subarachnoid space in a posteromedial direction

9 Stereoscopic Virtual Anatomy ofTemporal Bone

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Temporal Bone-Related Structures

ChangGuo and Yue-shuaiSong

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A. Sigmoid sinus B. Jugular bulb C. Internal jugular ve in D. Vertical segment of the facial nerve E. Extratemporal facial nerve trunk F. Trigeminal nerve G. Facial-acoustic nerve tract H. Glossopharyngeal nerve I. Vagus ner ve J. Cranial root of the accessory ner ve K. Spinal root of the accessory nerve L. Hypoglossal nerve M. Bony portion of the Eustachian tube N. Endolymphatic sac O. Superior petrosal sinus P. Internal carotid artery

Fig. 9.26 Observing the temporal bone from the rear of the sigmoid sinus (left, simulated retro sigmoid approach) The IV–XI cranial nerves can be exposed through a retro sigmoid approach. Exposure of the XII cranial nerve, which is located in the lowest position, is difcult to see through this approach

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S.-s. Huang et al.

A. Ophthalmic nerve B. Maxillary nerve C. Mandibular nerve D. Bony portion of the Eustachian tube E. Extratemporal facial nerve F. Superior semicircular canal G. Posterior semicircular canal H. Sigmoid sinus I. Facial-acoustic nerve tract J. Jugular bulb K. Vagus nerve L. Accessory nerve M. Hypoglossal nerve N. Glossopharyngeal nerve

Fig. 9.27 Observing the temporal bone from a posterolateral to an anteromedial view (left) The trigeminal nerve exits from the brainstem and travels anterolaterally to the trigeminal ganglion and gives rise to three divisions: the rst

A. Auricle B. Mastoid process C. Zygomatic process D. Mandibular nerve E. Maxillary nerve F. Ophthalmic nerve G. Trochlear nerve H. Tensor tympani muscle I. Eustachian tube J. Superior petrosal sinus K. Internal carotid artery (lumen) L. Cavernous sinus

division (ophthalmic nerve) travels anteriorly to the supraorbital ssure, the second division (maxillary nerve) enters the pterygopalatine fossa through the foramen rotundum, the third division (mandibular nerve) enters the inferior temporal fossa via the foramen ovale

Fig. 9.28 Superior view of the temporal bone (left, simulated middle cranial fossa approach)

9 Stereoscopic Virtual Anatomy ofTemporal Bone

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A. Tensor tympani muscle B. Bony portion of the Eustachian tube C. Internal carotid artery D. Geniculate ganglion E. Chorda tympani F. Superior petrosal sinus G. Trochlear nerve

Fig. 9.29 Superior view of the temporal bone after removal of the trigeminal (left)

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Fig. 9.30 Observing the temporal bone from the intracranial to the extracranial position (erect position)

A. Cavernous sinus B. Tr ochlear nerve C. Maxillary nerve D. Mandibular ner ve E. Horizontal segment of the internal carotid

artery F. Eustachian tube and petrous bone G. Superior petrosal sinus H. Sigmoid sinus I. Fa cial-acoustic nerve tract J. Glossopharyngeal nerve K. Jugular bulb L. Vagus nerve M. Accessory nerve N. Hypoglossal nerve O. Internal jugular vein P. Upper cervical internal carotid artery

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S.-s. Huang et al.

A. Mastoid process B. Sigmoid sinus C. Jugular bulb D. Facial nerve (mastoid segment) E. Te mporal branch of the facial nerve F. Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve G. Buccal branch of the facial nerve H. Bony portion of the Eustachian tube I. Anterior trunk of the mandibular ner J. Posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve K. Maxillary ner ve L. Ophthalmic nerve M. Tympanic membrane N. Cavernous sinus

Fig. 9.31 Observing the temporal bone from the extracranial to the intracranial position (erect position)

9 Stereoscopic Virtual Anatomy ofTemporal Bone

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