Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5850_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
Role ofMedicinal Plants intheManagement ofDiabetes Mellitus
https://t.me/medicina_free
Table 1 List of Antidiabetic medicinal plants and their mode of action
Plant source Parts used Mode of action References
1. Abies pindrow (pinaceae) Whole plant Increased secretion of insulin [32]
2. Acacia arabica (leguminosae) Seed Increased secretion of insulin [32]
3. Agrimony eupatoria (leaves) Seed Increased secretion of insulin [32]
4. Aloe barbadensis (liliaceae) Leaves Increased secretion of insulin [33]
5. Allium sativum Bulb DPP-4 inhibition [34]
6. Achyranthus aspera (amaranthaeeae) Whole plant Carbohydrate digestion and absorption [35]
7. Aegle marmelos Enhanced insulin release [36, 37]
8. Annona squamosa (annonaceae) Leaves Insulin secretagogue [32]
9. Averrhoa bilimbi (oxalidaceae) Leaves Insulin secretagogue [38]
10. Azadirachta indica Leaves Hypoglycemic effect [36, 39]
11. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Seed
12. Bauhinia forcate link (leguminosae) Leaves Hypoglycemic effect [40]
13. Castanospermum australe Seed DPP-IV inhibition [41]
14. Cathanthrus roseus (apocynaeceae) Leaf Free radical scavenging action [42]
15. Bixa Orellana (bixaceae) Aerial parts Enhanced insulin release [32]
16. Boerhaavia diffusa (nyctaginaceae) Leaves Enhanced insulin release [43]
17. Camellia sinensis (theaceae) Leaves Insulinotropic effect [43]
18. Capsicum frutescens (solanaceae) Leaves Insulinotropic effect [43]
19. Cinnamomum zeylanicum (lauraceae) Dalchini Insulinotropic effect [43]
20. Coccinia indica Leaves Insulinotropic effect [36]
21. Cinnamomum tamala – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
22. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
23. Eucalyptus globulus (myrtaceae) Leaves Insulinotropic effect [43]
24. Eugenia jambolana – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
25. Ficus bengalensis (moraceae) Bark Insulin secretagogues [36, 44]
26. Ficus glomerata Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
27. Ginkgo biloba Leaves Insulin secretion [45]
28. Moringa oleifera – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
29. Momordica charantia – Glucose utilization in the liver [36, 46, 47]
30. Murraya koenigii L.Spreng (rutaceae) Leaves
31. Ocimum sanctum Inorescence Blood glucose lowering effect [39]
32. Pterocarpus marsupium Hard wood Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
33. Premna integrifolia Leaves Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
34. Swertia chirayata (gentianaceae) Whole plant Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
35. Scoparia dulcis (scrophulariaceae) – Hypoglycemic effect
36. Sesbenia aegyptiaca – Hypoglycemic effect [36]
37. Tinospora crispa (menispermaceae) – Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
38. Tragia involucrata Whole plant Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
39. T. foenum-graecum Seed Decreased insulin resistance [36]
40. Terminalia bellirica Fruit pulp Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
41. Tinospora cordifollia Stem Decreased insulin resistance [36]
42. Trichosanthes cucumerina Seeds Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
43. Tribulus terrestris Aerial part
44. Vinca rosea (apocynaceae) Leaves Free radical scavenging action [36]
45. Gymnema sylvestre Leaves Blood glucose lowering effect [36, 39]
46. Zingiber ofcinale (zingiberaceae) Rhizome Blood glucose lowering effect [36]
α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, increased GLUT-2 activity
α-glucosidase and α-amylaseinhibition
Increased insulin secretion and regeneration of β-cells in islets
[34]
[48, 49]
[50]
95
intestinal enzymes (α-amylase and glucosidase). Steroidal
alkaloids, holaphylline and sarcovagine-D, isolated from
chloroform extract of Sarcococa saligna possess hypoglycemic effect [95]. Combretum dolichopetalum shows promising antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice
when treated with isolated compound Echinulin and arestric-
tin B from its roots extract [96]. Berberis aristata shows
dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibiting activity due to Berberine
[86]. Castanospermine, 7-deoxy-6-epi-castanospermine, and
australine obtained from the seed extract of Castanospermum
australe are responsible for showing DPP-IV inhibition
activity in wistar rats [97].
96
https://t.me/medicina_free
Table 2 List of antidiabetic medicinal plants phytoconstituents
Active constituents Plant source References
Alkaloids
Allylpropyl disulde, allicin, alliin, diallyl trisulde Allium sativum [34]
Carbazole derivatives: bisgerayafoline D, bismahanimbinol, bispyrayafoline,
O-methyl mahanine, mahanine
Betaine, achyranthine, β-ecdysone
Aegelin, marmesin, marmelosin Aegle marmelos [34, 37]
Gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin Artocarpus heterophyllus [34]
Kaempferitrin Bauhinia forcate link [34]
Castanospermine, australine Castanospermum austral
Catharanthine, vindoline, vindolinene vinblastine, vincristine Cathanthrus roseus, Vinca rosea [36, 39]
Ginkgolides Ginkgo biloba
Barberin Tinospora cordifollia, Barberis aristata [36, 52]
Sotolon, trigonelline, gentianine Trigonella foenum [53, 54]
Harmine, pinoline Tribulus terrestris [55]
Leucocyanidin (3-O-ß- Dgalactosylcellobioside), glucoside of
leucopelargonidin, 3-O-alfa-L-rhamnoside, leucodelphinidine
Anthraquinones
Aloin, barbaloin, aloe-emodin, emodin, crysophanic acid Aloe vera, Cassia tora [56]
Vicine Momordica charantia [57]
Rhein, torachrysone, toralactone, alaternin Cassia tora [58]
Camphor, eugenol, trans-β- ocimene, geraniol, α-pinene, limonene, p-cymene,
1,8-cineole, thujone
Gurmarin, betaine, choline, trimethylamine Gymnema sylvestre [58]
Alaternin, aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin Senna obtusifolia [58]
Aurantioobtusin, catenarin S. obtusifolia [58]
Chrysophanol Rheum undulatum [59]
Aloe-emodin Cassia stula [60]
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone Juncus setchuensis [61]
Lucidin primeveroside Morinda citrifolia [57]
Physcion, rhein Rheum emodi [62]
S-allyl cysteine, allicin, apigenin, alliin Allium sativum [34, 63]
Gurmarin, betaine, choline, trimethylamine Gymnema sylvestre [64]
(−) Hydroxycitric acid
Ferulic acid Curcuma longa [66]
Isoleucine, alanine Aloe vera [15]
Polypeptide-P Momordica charantia [36]
S-methyl and S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide Alium sepa [38]
Nitrosamines Areca catechu [38]
Brevifolin Phyllanthus amarus [38]
Lectins, mistletoe lectin I, II, III, viscotoxin B, cycliton Viscum album [38]
Furfural, caprylic acid Agaricus campestris [38]
Procyanidins Grape seed [38]
Carbohydrates
Glucomannan, cellulose, mannose Aloe vera [62]
Protein-bound polysaccharide Alpinia galangal, Aloe vera, Ocimum sanctum [67]
Guar gum, pectin Trigonella foenum, Citrus sinensis, Coccinia
D-threitol, D-arabinitol, palmitic acid Hericium erinaceus [69]
Mucopolysaccharide Opuntia cus indica [70]
Inulin, laevulin Taraxacum ofcinale [71]
Fructo-oligosaccharide Aureobasidium pullulans –
Glycosides
Gymnemic acid and gymnemosides Gymnema sylvestre [52]
Murraya koenigii L.Spreng [51]
Achyranthus aspera –
Ficus bengalensis (moraceae) [44]
Ocimum canum, Coriandrum sativum,
Artemisia roxburghiana, Syzygium aromaticum
Garcinia cambogia, Gymnema sylvestr [65]
indica
S. Singhmura et al.
[58]
[68]
Role ofMedicinal Plants intheManagement ofDiabetes Mellitus
https://t.me/medicina_free
Table 2 (continued)
Active constituents Plant source References
Vin α-ginsenoside R3
Astragalin, scopolin Morus alba [72]
C-glycosides Trigonella foenum [73]
Momordin, momordicine, charantin Momordica charantia [36]
Tinosporine, cordifolide, tinosporide, cordifole, columbin Tinospora cordifollia, Tinospora crispa [52]
Cucurbitacin B, isocucurbitacin B Helicteres isora [2]
Momordin-a, lufn-a Luffa cylindnica [74]
Kotalanol, salacinol Salacia reticulate, Salacia oblonga [72]
Arbutin, eriolin Arctostaphylos uvaursi [72]
Citrullol, colocynthin, elaterin, elatericin B, colosynthetin Cifrullus colocynthis [43]
Leucocyanidin, pelarogonidin Ficus bengalensis [44]
Taraxacin Taraxacum ofcinale [71]
Flavonoids
Chrysin, isoquercitrin Morus alba [75]
Epigallocatechin-gallate Camellia sinensis, Punica granatum [76]
Myrciaphenones A and B, myrciacitrins I and II Myrcia multiora [77]
Myricetin-3-glucoside Abelmoschus moschatus [78]
Hesperidin, naringin Camellia sinensis [79]
Quercetin, quercetrin, apigenin, rutin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside Multiple plant sources [80]
Naringenin Multiple plant sources [79]
Soy isoavones (genistein, diadzein) Glycin max [81]
Proanthocyanidins Vitis vinifera [25]
α-Terpineol, hexanol
Kaempferitrin Bauhinia candicans, Bauhinia forcata [82]
Silymarin, silybin, silychristin, silidianin Silybum marianum [43
Kaempferol, isorhamnetin Ginkgo biloba [83]
Amarogentin Swertia chirayita [84]
Tribulusamides A and B Tribulus terrestris [50]
Shamimin Biophytum sensitivum [17]
Matteuorien Matteuccia orientalis [85]
Polyphenol and derivatives
Curcumin Curcuma longa [66]
Ellagic acid Blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, etc. [86]
Gallotannic acid Syzygium aromaticum [87]
Wedelolactone, dimethyl wedelolactone Eclipta alba [88]
Carvacrol, linalool Ocimum sanctum [43]
Saponins
Asparosides A, B, C, and D Asparagus adscendens [84]
Lactucain C Lactuca indica [52]
Salacinol, kotalanol, ponkoranol Salacia reticulate [89]
Allo-aromadendrene Artemisia pallens [71]
Diosgenin Trigonella foenum graecum [73]
Trigonellin Trigonella foenum graecum [73]
Mulberrofuran-U Morus insignis [71]
Kotalagenin-16-acetate, diterpene, triterpens Salacia oblongaq, Croton cajucara [73]
Azorellanol Azorella compacta [36]
Sulfur containing compound
Ajoene Allium sativum [34]
Panax quinquefolium [57]
Agaricus campestris [43]
]
97
98
https://t.me/medicina_free
S. Singhmura et al.
4.1.2 Inhibition ofAldose Reductase (AR)
The rhizome of Coptis chinensis was evaluated for AR inhibitory effects via RLAR and human recombinant AR (HRAR)
inhibitory assays. Isolated compound protoberberine-type
alkaloids majorly from the n-BuOH fraction which are epiberberine, coptisine, and groenlandicine are found to exhibit
AR inhibitory effects [41]. The dioxymethylene group and
its oxidized form in the D and A ring of protoberberinetype
alkaloids are responsible for the AR inhibitory [98].
Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine chloride and palmatine
iodide) from Coptis japonica root-derived compound possess AR inhibitory effects [51]. Similarly, isoquinoline alkaloids (jatrorrhizine, palmatine, and magnoorine) were
isolated Tinospora cordifolia stem—was evaluated against
lens AR isolated from male Wistar rats. Thus, alkaloids
derivatives may be used as lead compounds in management
of diabetic complications [80].
4.1.3 Inhibition ofProtein Tyrosine
Phosphatase-1B
As PTP-1B is negative regulator of insulin signalling pathway (Sect. 3), its inhibition can be the promising strategy in
the development of the management of insulin resistance
diabetic complications. One of the natural compounds of
canthinone alkaloids from Picrasma quassioides, Picrasma
javanica, Ailanthus altissima, Simarouba amara, Eurycoma
longifolia, Simabacuspidata, and Quassia amaraispicrasi-
dine has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of PTP-1B
[38].Glucose uptake was assayed in β-TC6 pancreatic and
C2C12 muscle cells, which has shown signicant PTP-1B
inhibitory effects [99], suggesting that hypoglycemic activity
of vindogentianine obtained from Catharanthus roseus (L.)
may be due to the enhancement of glucose uptake and
PTP-1B inhibition, thus this could be used for management
of obesity and type 2 diabetic conditions [100]. Rhizome of
Coptis chinensis Franch has shown promising inhibitory
activity towards PTP-1B by isolated protoberberine alkaloids coptisine, berberine, and epiberberine and an aporphine
alkaloid magnoorine [101]. Norditerpenoid alkaloids (nigelladine Anigelladine B, nigelladine C) from the seeds of
Nigella glandulifera Freyn reduce the overexpression of
PTP1B in L6 myotubes, showing effectiveness of the compound in improving the glucose metabolism by induction of
phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt, GSK-3b, and AMPK in the
stimulation of insulin. Eventually compounds’ effect was
found to be blocked by wortmannin (PI3-kinase/Akt inhibitors), thus showing that the effect of compounds is dependent on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [102].
4.1.4 Enhance Insulin Secretion
Quinolizidine alkaloids (lupanine, 13-a-OH lupanine, and
17-oxo-lupanine) from Lupinus species stimulate insulin
secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, by blockage of
β-cell KATP-sensitive channels [103]. Isoquinoline alkaloid
(Berberine), the main active component of an ancient
Chinese herb Coptis chinensis French, shows DPP IV and
PTP-1B inhibitory effects [86]. Trigonelline from Trigonella
foenum graecum and Mirabilis jalapa L. exhibits antidiabetic activity via enhancing insulin sensitivity [65, 73].
Mangifera indica-isolated compound mangiferin, a xanthone
glucoside found in the leaves, has antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic properties by pancreatic and extrapancreatic
mechanisms [104]. Aegelin, marmesin, and marmelosin are
the major alkaloids from Aegle marmelos that have been
found to cause regeneration of pancreatic β cells and insulin
secretion [104]. Tribulus terrestris-isolated β carbolines
(harmine, nor-harmine, pinoline) enhance insulin secretion
by β-cell regeneration [89]. Castanospermine, epifagomine,
and fagomine derived from Xanthocercis zambesiaca are
involved in improved insulin secretion [55].
4.1.5 Inhibition ofAdvanced Glycation End
Products
Berberine from Rhizomacoptidis and Cortex phellodendri
has also shown to have the ability of inhibiting renal AGE
levels in diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats [59, 105].
Leonurine, from Herbaleonuri, was shown to have signicant AGEs inhibition [106].
4.1.6 Antioxidant Activity
Oriciacridone C, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-(c,c-dimethylallyl)acridone, and oriciacridone F from Stem Bark of Oriciopsis
glaberrima showed moderate free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity
[93]. Piperumbellactam A, B, and C from Piper umbellatum
show promising antioxidant activity [94]. Bisgerayafoline D,
bismahanimbinol, bispyrayafoline, O-methyl mahanine,
O-methyl mukonal, and mahanine from Murraya koenigii
possess antioxidant activity [107]. Catharanthine, vindoline,
and vindolinine, obtained from Catharanthus roseus, lower
the blood sugar level and show free radical scavenging action
[39, 108]. Vinca rosea-isolated compounds vinblastine and
vincristine also activate free radical scavenging enzymes
[42].
4.1.7 Enhancement ofGlucose Uptake
Extracted from Trigonella foenum graecum, trigonelline,
gentianine, and carpaine compounds exhibit the ability to
downregulate the activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and
inhibit the dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
[36]. The alkaloid isolated from plant Tinospora cordifolia
has been found to have a positive impact on phosphofructokinase and hexokinase activity, leading to enhanced glucose
transport as well as improved absorption and carbohydrate
digestion. In the case of gluconeogenesis, the phytoconstituent berberine plays a crucial role by decreasing the activity
Role ofMedicinal Plants intheManagement ofDiabetes Mellitus
https://t.me/medicina_free
99
of glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme. Furthermore, compounds, like β ecdysone and betaine, achyranthine isolated
from Achyranthes aspera, have been identied to participate
in absorption and carbohydrate digestion processes. These
bioactive constituents contribute to the efcient breakdown
and utilization of carbohydrates in the body [53].
Castanospermine, epifagomine, and fagomine from
Xanthocercis zambesiaca are involved in carbohydrate
digestion and absorption [55].
5 Anthraquinones (AQs)
The AQs and their derivatives are the class of commonly
available tricyclic aromatic quinones containing anthracenedione or 9,10-dioxoanthracene core and can exist in several
possible isomeric. Effectiveness of AQs against DM and its
complications has been studied and it has been found that it
can act on different antidiabetic targets, suggesting their
potential antidiabetic action for the diabetes management
[35, 109]. Possible mechanisms of antidiabetic action involve
upregulation of IRS-1, PI3K, and expression of GLP-1 level,
PTP-1B, and DPP-4 inhibitions, activation of PPAR-γ, and
inhibition of α-glucosidase activity.
5.1 α Amylase andGlucosidase Inhibitory
Activity
Emodin, aloe emodin, alaternin, and questin isolated from S.
obtusifolia L. and R. emodi Wall have been shown to inhibit
α glucosidase [58, 110]. Rhein from R. emodi and R. rhi-
zoma was shown to inhibit both α glucosidease and αamylase
[62]. Physcion from R. emodi and S. obtusifolia was reported
to inhibit α glucosidase activity.
5.2 Inhibition ofDPP 4
Emodin isolated from R. palmatum L. inhibited the activity
of DPP 4 [111]. Damnacanthol-3O-β-D-primeveroside and
lucidin-3-O-β-D primeveroside, isolated from Morinda citri-
folia L. roots, have been found to improve glycemic control.
Physcion isolated from Juncus setchuensis Buchen was
shown to reduce glucose production in H4IIE cells. Rhein
isolated from Rheum rhizoma enhanced insulin-stimulated
glucose uptake in Min6 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes [112].
5.3 Inhibition ofPTP 1B
Emodin, aloe emodin, 2-hydroxyemodin-1 methyl ether,
alaternin, and questin isolated from S. obtusifolia,
Chrysophanol isolated from S. obtusifolia and rhubarb rhizome, Chrysophanol glucosides, chrysophanol-8-O-β-D glucopyranoside, chrysophanol triglucoside, and chrysophanol
tetraglucoside, obtusin, chryso-obtusin, and chryso obtusin2- O-β-D glucoside, physcion from S. obtusifolia, chrysophanol from Cannabissativa Linne, Paeonia lactiora Pallas,
Citrus aurantium Linne, Magnolia ofcinalis Rehd., R. ofcinale, and Prunus armeniaca Linne are found to inhibit
PTP-1B activity.
5.4 Inhibition ofAldose Reductase Activity
Emodin from S. tora L. inhibits aldose reductase activity and
advanced glycation end products formation [113].
5.5 Insulin Secretion
Aloin, barbaloin, isobarbaloine, aloetic acid, aloe-emodin,
emodin, cinnamic acid, and crysophanic acid from Aloe vera
and Cassia tora initiate insulin secretion/synthesis.
Momordica charantia is a rich source of vicine which acts on
insulin secretion and glycogen synthesis. Camphor, eugenol,
trans-β-ocimene, geraniol, α-pinene, limonene, p-cymene,
1,8-cineole, and thujone, which help in pancreatic β-cell restoration and insulin secretion, are reported to be found in
Ocimum sanctum, Coriandrum sativum, Artemisia roxburghiana, and Syzygium aromaticum [114].
6 Flavonoids
Flavonoids can be broadly categorized into three groups: the
bioavonoids, the iso-avonoids (phytoestrogens), and the
neo-avonoids [71]. Numerous studies have indicated that
avonoids exhibit antidiabetic activity by inuencing various
cellular pathways, including those related to glucose transporters, hepatic enzymes, tyrosine kinase inhibition, AMPK,
PPAR, and NF-κB.
6.1 Enhance Insulin Secretion
Epicatechin, derived from the bark of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb, has been observed to inhibit cAMP phosphodies-
terase, thereby modulating insulin secretion [82, 112].
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) obtained from Camellia
sinensis has been found to have the following effects;
glucose- lowering effects, insulin-like effects—increases
tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin
receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and it reduces phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in a phosphoinosit-
100
https://t.me/medicina_free
S. Singhmura et al.
ide 3-kinase-dependent manner [115]. Citrus bioavonoids
(hesperidin and naringin) are obtained from Camellia sinen-
sis which target glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis [78]. Pancreatic β-cell restoration and insulin
secretion were being observed due to quercetrin, apigenin,
rutin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and naringenin which are
extracted from Panax notoginseng [79], Urtica dioica, and
Bauhinia varigtla. Soy isoavones (genistein and diadzein)
are obtained from Glycin max and are found to be involved
in lipid and glucose metabolism by activation of PPARs
[116]. Kaempferitrin obtained from Bauhinia candicans and
Bauhinia forcata affects glycolysis [81]. Proanthocyanidins,
α-terpineol, and hexanol obtained from Vitis vinifera and
Agaricus campestris have insulinomimetic activity [76, 117,
118].
7 Saponins
Glycosidic compound chemically consists of two parts, aglycone and glycone; the aglycone part is also known as sapogenin which is classied to either triterpenoid, neutral, or
alkaloid steroids. This natural phytoconstituent has been
found to have antidiabetic action in the following manner to
regulate the blood glucose level; activation of glycogen synthesis, suppression of the activity of disaccharides, modulating insulin signalling, regeneration of insulin action, and
suppression of gluconeogenesis [119]. Gymnemic acids
obtained from Gymnema sylvestre [120] might have following possible mechanisms: (1) it increases secretion of insulin; (2) it promotes regeneration of islet cells; (3) it increases
utilization of glucose: it is shown to increase the activities of
enzymes responsible for utilization of glucose by insulindependent pathways, increase in phosphorylase activity,
decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes and sorbitol dehydrogenase; and (4) it causes inhibition of glucose absorption from
intestine [72]. Ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng
show antidiabetic action by modulating blood glucose levels
by improving β-cell function and enhancing insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake by upregulating the expression of glucose
transporters (GLUT), and suppression of oxidative stress
[64].
8 Conclusion
The signicance of bioactive phytoconstituents from various
plant sources in exhibiting antidiabetic activity can be highlighted. Through extensive research and experimentation,
numerous phytochemicals belonging to different categories
have been identied for their potential in managing diabetes
mellitus. Diverse parts of plants, including leaves, bark,
seeds, and roots, have been utilized to isolate these benecial
phytoconstituents. The extraction of these compounds has
provided valuable insights into their therapeutic effects on
blood glucose regulation and diabetes control. Furthermore,
it is evident that these phytoconstituents act through different
pathways, indicating their multifaceted mechanisms of
action. Some have shown a remarkable ability to increase
insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, aiding in glucose
uptake and utilization by various tissues. Others have been
found to inhibit specic enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, thus contributing to lower blood glucose levels.
However, despite the encouraging ndings, further research
at the molecular level is imperative to fully comprehend the
intricate interactions between these phytochemicals and their
cellular targets. This deeper understanding will pave the way
for their effective translation into therapeutic agents for diabetes management.
In conclusion, the exploration of bioactive phytoconstituents as potential antidiabetic agents holds great promise in
the quest for more accessible and sustainable solutions for
diabetic individuals. By harnessing the power of nature's
pharmacy, we can continue to uncover new avenues for supporting diabetes care and improving the overall well-being
of those affected by this metabolic disorder. As research progresses, the possibility of integrating these natural remedies
into conventional diabetes treatment becomes increasingly
promising, offering hope for a healthier and brighter future
for diabetic management.
References
1. Manual of Medicine. Am J Med Sci. 1904;127:720–1.
2. Kennedy HJ, Pouli AE, Ainscow EK, Jouaville LS, Rizzuto R,
Rutter GA.Glucose generates sub-plasma membrane ATP microdomains in single islet β-cells. Potential role for strategically
located mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(19):13281–91.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.19.13281.
3. Malaisse WJ, Sener A. Glucose-induced changes in cytosolic ATP content in pancreatic islets. BBA-Mol Cell Res.
1987;927(2):190–5.
4. Cook DL, Hales N.Intracellular ATP directly blocks K+ channels
in pancreatic B-cells. Nature. 1984;311(5983):271–3.
5. Meglasson MD, Matschinsky FM.Pancreatic islet glucose metabolism and regulation of insulin secretion. Diabetes Metab Rev.
1986;2(3–4):163–214.
6. Remedi MS, Nichols CG.Hyperinsulinism and diabetes. In: Ion
channels in health and disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016. p.199–
221. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978- 0- 12- 802002- 9.00008- X.
7. Pan JY, Yuan S, Yu T, Su CL, Liu XL, He J, etal. Regulation of
L-type Ca2+ channel activity and insulin secretion by huntingtinassociated protein 1. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(51):26352–63.
8. Way SC. Voltage-gated Ca2+ current in pancreatic B-cells.
Pugers Arch. 1985;404:385–7.
9. Ashcroft FM. Review series ATP-sensitive potassium channelopathies: focus on insulin secretion. J Clin Invest.
2005;115(8):2047–58.
10. Aung TTT, Xia MY, Hein PP, Tang R, Zhang DD, Yang J, et al.
Chemical constituents from the whole plant of cuscuta reexa. Nat
Role ofMedicinal Plants intheManagement ofDiabetes Mellitus
https://t.me/medicina_free
101
Prod Bioprospect. 2020;10(5):337–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13659- 020- 00265- x.
11. Curry DL, Bennett LL, Grodsky GM.Dynamics of insulin secretion
by the perfused rat pancreas. Endocrinology. 1968;83(3):572–84.
12. Role of Ca2+ signaling in pancreatic β-cells.pdf.
13. Wang Z, Thurmond DC.Mechanisms of biphasic insulin-granule
exocytosis- roles of the cytoskeleton, small GTPases and SNARE
proteins. J Cell Sci. 2009;122(7):893–903.
14. Papadopoulos T, Abrahim A, Sergelidis D, Bitchava K.
Ερευνητική. 2011;2(January):119–23.
15. Mulvihill EE, Drucker DJ.Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of action of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Endocr Rev.
2014;35(6):992–1019.
16. Seino S. Cell signalling in insulin secretion: the molecular targets of ATP, cAMP and sulfonylurea. Diabetologia.
2012;55(8):2096–108.
17. Yabe D, Seino Y. Two incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP: comparison of their actions in insulin secretion and β cell preservation. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011;107(2):248–56. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.07.010.
18. Wheeler MB, Light PE, Manning Fox JE, Riedel MJ.Glucagonlike peptide-1 inhibits pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels via a protein kinase A- and ADP-dependent mechanism. Mol
Endocrinol. 2002;16(9):2135–44.
19. Shibasaki T, Takahashi H, Miki T, Sunaga Y, Matsumura K,
Yamanaka M, et al. Essential role of Epac2/Rap1 signaling in
regulation of insulin granule dynamics by cAMP.Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 2007;104(49):19333.
20. Oates P.Aldose reductase, still a compelling target for diabetic
neuropathy. Curr Drug Targets. 2008;9(1):14–36.
21. Kinoshita JH, Nishimura C.The involvement of aldose reductase
in diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1988;4(4):323–37.
22. Kim J, Kim CS, Sohn E, Lee YM, Jo K, Kim JS.Litsea japonica
extract inhibits aldose reductase activity and hyperglycemiainduced lenticular sorbitol accumulation in db/db mice. Evid
Based Complement Altern Med. 2015;2015:747830.
23. Ahmed AJ, Majeed SR, Obaid HM.Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Syst Rev Pharm.
2020;11(11):850–60.
24. Ramana KV. Aldose reductase: new insights for an old enzyme.
Biomol Concepts. 2011;2(1–2):103–14.
25. Thiebaut PA, Besnier M, Gomez E, Richard V. Role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in cardiovascular diseases. J
Mol Cell Cardiol. 2016;101:50–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
yjmcc.2016.09.002.
26. Yaribeygi H, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Molecular
mechanisms linking oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus.
Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:8609213.
27. Nowotny K, Jung T, Höhn A, Weber D, Grune T.Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Biomol Ther. 2015;5(1):194–222.
28. Giacco F, Brownlee M.Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010;107(9):1058–70.
29. Bhatti JS, Bhatti GK, Reddy PH.Mitochondrial dysfunction and
oxidative stress in metabolic disorders—a step towards mitochondria based therapeutic strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta
Mol Basis Dis. 2017;1863(5):1066–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
bbadis.2016.11.010.
30. Mengstie MA, Chekol Abebe E, Behaile Teklemariam A, Tilahun
Mulu A, Agidew MM, Teshome Azezew M, etal. Endogenous
advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetic complications. Front Mol Biosci. 2022;9(September):1–11.
31. Matough FA, Budin SB, Hamid ZA, Alwahaibi N, Mohamed
J.The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic complications. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2012;12(1):556–69.
32. Patel OPS, Mishra A, Maurya R, Saini D, Pandey J, Taneja I, etal.
Naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids from Murraya koenigii as
potential antidiabetic agents. J Nat Prod. 2016;79(5):1276–84.
33. Sciences A, Abdulaziz K. Effect of aloes on blood glucose. J
Ethnopharmacol. 1990;28:215–20.
34. Leone A. Antidiabetic phytochemicals from medicinal plants:
prospective candidates for new drug discovery and development.
Front Endocrinol. 2022;13(February):800714.
35. Akhtar MS, Iqbal J. Evaluation of the hypoglycaemic effect of
Achyranthes aspera in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J
Ethnopharmacol. 1991;31(1):49–57.
36. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG.Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in
alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;84(1):105–8.
37. Narender T, Shweta S, Tiwari P, Reddy KP, Khaliq T, Prathipati P,
etal. Antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic agent from Aegle
marmelos. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007;17:1808–11.
38. Patel MB, Mishra S. Isoquinoline alkaloids from tinospora cordifolia inhibit rat lens aldose reductase. Phyther Res.
2012;26(9):1342–7.
39. Chattopadhyay RR. A comparative evaluation of some blood
sugar lowering agents of plant origin. J Ethnopharmacol.
1999;67(3):367–72.
40. De Sousa E, Zanatta L, Seifriz I, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Pizzolatti
MG, Szpoganicz B, et al. Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant
potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(α )-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia
forcata leaves. J Nat Prod. 2004;67(5):829–32.
41. Kumar S, Krishnan S, Kumar A, Kishore K, Murari K, Kumar
B, etal. Phytomedicine antihyperglycemic activity with DPP-IV
inhibition of alkaloids from seed extract of Castanospermum
australe: investigation by experimental validation and molecular docking. Eur J Integr Med. 2012;20(1):24–31. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.009.
42. Edwin Jarald E, Sheeja E, Motwani S, Dutt KR, Goel
RK.Comparative evaluation of antihyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic activity of various parts of Catharanthus roseus Linn. Res
J Med Plant. 2008;2(1):10–5.
43. Patel DK, Prasad SK, Kumar R, Hemalatha S. An overview
on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(4):320–30. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S2221- 1691(12)60032- X.
44. Geetha BS, Mathew BC, Augusti KT. Hypoglycemic effects
of leucodelphinidin derivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis
(Linn.). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994;38(3):220–2.
45. Da M, Pinto S, Kwon Y, Apostolidis E, Maria F, Inés M, etal.
Bioresource technology potential of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves in
the management of hyperglycemia and hypertension using invitro
models. Bioresour Technol. 2009;100(24):6599–609. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.021.
46. Paper O. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) extract activates
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and upregulates the
expression of the acyl CoA oxidase gene in H4IIEC3. J Biomed
Sci. 2003;6:782–91.
47. Sarkar S, Pranava M, Marita R.Demonstration of the hypoglycemic action of momordica charantia in a validated animal model of
diabetes. Pharmacol Res. 1996;33(1):1–4.
48. Dineshkumar B, Mitra A, Mahadevappa M. Antidiabetic and
hypolipidemic effects of mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid) from
murraya koenigii (rutaceae) leaves. Int J Phytomed. 2011;2:22–30.
49. Pandey J. Naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids from
Murraya koenigii as potential antidiabetic agents. J Nat Prod.
2016;79(5):1276–84.
50. El-shaibany A, Al-habori M, Al-tahami B.Anti-hyperglycaemic
activity of Tribulus terrestris L aerial part extract in glucose-loaded
normal rabbits. Trop J Pharm Res. 2015;14(December):2263–8.
102
https://t.me/medicina_free
S. Singhmura et al.
51. Adhikari B.Roles of alkaloids from medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus. J Chem. 2021;2021:2691525.
52. Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, Gupta VS, Patro B, Ghosh
AC.Chemistry and medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia
(Guduchi). Indian J Pharm. 2003;35(2):83–91.
53. Khosla P, Gupta DD, Nagpal RK. Effect of trigonella Foenum
graecum (Fenugreek) on serum lipids in-normal and diabetic rats.
Indian J Pharm. 1995;27(2):89–93.
54. Kumar A, Bharti SK, Kumar A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus:
the concerned complications and target organs. Apollo Med.
2014;11(3):161–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apme.2014.01.009.
55. Cooper EJ, Hudson AL, Parker CA, Morgan NG. Effects of
the β-carbolines, harmane and pinoline, on insulin secretion
from isolated human islets of Langerhans. Eur J Pharmacol.
2003;482(1–3):189–96.
56. Yadav M, Khan KK, Beg MZ.Medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes by the baiga tribe living in Rewa District M.Pac
Afr J. 2012;2(1):99–102. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajtcam/
article/view/81432.
57. Kamiya K, Hamabe W, Harada S, Murakami R, Tokuyama S,
Satake T.Chemical constituents of Morinda citrifolia roots exhibit
hypoglycemic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(5):935–8.
58. Jung HA, Ali MY, Choi JS.Promising inhibitory effects of anthraquinones, naphthopyrone, and naphthalene glycosides, from
Cassia obtusifolia on α-glucosidase and human protein tyrosine
phosphatases 1B.Molecules. 2017;22(1):28.
59. Tang L, Wei W, Chen L, Liu S. Effects of berberine on diabetes
induced by alloxan and a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in rats. J
Ethnopharmacol. 2006;108:109–15.
60. Anandjiwala S, Bagul MS, Parabia M, Rajani M. Evaluation
of free radical scavenging activity of an ayurvedic formulation.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2008;43:31–5.
61. Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin Med.
2018;13(1):1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020- 018- 0177- x.
62. Arvindekar A, More T, Payghan PV, Laddha K, Ghoshal N,
Arvindekar A.Evaluation of anti-diabetic and alpha glucosidase
inhibitory action of anthraquinones from Rheum emodi. Food
Funct. 2015;6(8):2693–700.
63. Augusti KT, Sheela CG.Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine
sulfoxide, an insulin secretagogue, in diabetic rats. Experientia.
1996;52(2):115–20.
64. Kanetkar P, Singhal R, Kamat M.Gymnema sylvestre: a memoir.
J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007;41(2):77–81.
65. García López PM, De La Mora PG, Wysocka W, Maiztegui B,
Alzugaray ME, Del Zotto H, etal. Quinolizidine alkaloids isolated
from Lupinus species enhance insulin secretion. Eur J Pharmacol.
2004;504(1–2):139–42.
66. Mehrabi M, Esmaeili S, Ezati M, Abassi M, Rasouli H,
Nazari D, et al. Antioxidant and glycohydrolase inhibitory behavior of curcumin- based compounds: Synthesis and
evaluation of anti-diabetic properties in vitro. Bioorg Chem.
2021;110(November):104720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
bioorg.2021.104720.
67. van de Venter M, Roux S, Bungu LC, Louw J, Crouch NR, Grace
OM, etal. Antidiabetic screening and scoring of 11 plants traditionally used in South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;119(1):81–6.
68. Rath D, Kar DM, Panigrahi SK, Maharana L.Antidiabetic effects
of Cuscuta reexa Roxb. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;192:442–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2016.09.026.
69. Liang B, Guo Z, Xie F, Zhao A. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus
in experimental diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med.
2013;13:253.
70. O’Neill AR, Rana SK. An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic
plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed.
2016;12(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002- 016- 0086- y.
71. Hussain Z, Waheed A, Qureshi RA, Burdi DK, Verspohl EJ, Khan
N, etal. The effect of medicinal plants of Islamabad and Murree
region of Pakistan on insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Phyther
Res. 2004;18(1):73–7.
72. Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yoshikawa M,
Kimura I.Antihyperglycemic effects of gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves in streptozotocindiabetic mice. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2000;2(4):321–7.
73. Subramanian SP, Prasath GS.Antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic
nature of trigonelline, a major alkaloid of fenugreek seeds studied
in high-fat-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-induced experimental
diabetic rats. Biomed Prev Nutr. 2014;4(4):475–80. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.bionut.2014.07.001.
74. Current Medicinal Chemistry. http://books.google.com/
books?hl=fr&lr=&id=W9LvB7- kG8sC&pgis=1.
75. Tachibana Y, Kikuzaki H, Lajis NH, Nakatani N.Comparison of
antioxidative properties of carbazole alkaloids from Murraya koenigii leaves. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(22):6461–7.
76. Pinent M, Blay M, Bladé MC, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, Ardévol
A. Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines. Endocrinology.
2004;145(11):4985–90.
77. Assefa ST, Yang EY, Chae SY, Song M, Lee J, Cho MC, etal.
Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of plants with focus on
common vegetables. Plants. 2020;9(1):2.
78. Waltner-Law ME, Wang XL, Law BK, Hall RK, Nawano
M, Granner DK. Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of
green tea, represses hepatic glucose production. J Biol Chem.
2002;277(38):34933–40.
79. Jung UJ, Lee M-K, Jeong K-S, Choi M-S.Biochemical and molecular actions of nutritients the hypoglycemic effects of hesperidin
and naringin are partly mediated by hepatic glucose-regulating
enzymes in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice 1. J Nutr. 2004;134:2499–503.
80. Lee HS.Rat lens aldose reductase inhibitory activities of Coptis
japonica root-derived isoquinoline alkaloids. J Agric Food Chem.
2002;50(24):7013–6.
81. Mezei O, Banz WJ, Steger RW, Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shay
N.Biochemical and molecular actions of nutrients soy isoavones
exert antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR
pathways in obese zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells 1.
J Nutr. 2003;133(March):1238–43. https://academic.oup.com/jn/
article- abstract/133/5/1238/4558583.
82. Welch AA, Hardcastle AC.The effects of avonoids on bone. Curr
Osteoporos Rep. 2014;12(2):205–10.
83. Nooreen Z, Tandon S, Yadav NP, Ahmad A.New chemical constituent from the stem of Cuscuta reexa Roxb. and its biological
activities. Nat Prod Res. 2021;35(14):2429–32. https://doi.org/10.
1080/14786419.2019.1669033.
84. Kanwal A, Kanwar N, Bharati S, Srivastava P, Singh SP, Amar
S.Exploring new drug targets for type 2 diabetes: success, challenges and opportunities. Biomedicine. 2022;10(2):1–18.
85. Matthews DR.Diabetes mellitus: a fundamental and clinical text.
Clin Endocrinol. 2000;53(4):543–4.
86. Uzor PF, Osadebe PO.Antidiabetic activity of the chemical constituents of Combretum dolichopetalum root in mice. EXCLI J.
2016;15:290–6.
87. Abima Shazhni JR, Renu A, Vijayaraghavan P.Insights of antidiabetic, anti-inammatory and hepatoprotective properties of antimicrobial secondary metabolites of corm extract from Caladium
x hortulanum. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2018;25(8):1755–61. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.03.013.
Role ofMedicinal Plants intheManagement ofDiabetes Mellitus
https://t.me/medicina_free
103
88. Kuate D, Kengne APN, Biapa CPN, Azantsa BGK, Wan Muda
WAM, Bin. Tetrapleura tetraptera spice attenuates highcarbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced obese and type 2 diabetic
rats with metabolic syndrome features. Lipids Health Dis.
2015;14(1):1–13.
89. Muruganandan S, Srinivasan K, Gupta S, Gupta PK, Lal J.Effect
of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(3):497–501.
90. Attjioui M, Ryan S, Ristic AK, Higgins T, Goñi O, Gibney ER,
etal. Carbohydrate digestive enzymes involved in glucose release
from the diet. J Nutr Sci. 2021;10:e5.
91. Fukui K, Nakayama M, Matsui M. Murraya koenigii.
1969;1353:790–1.
92. Joshi BS, Kamat VN, Gawad DH.On the structures of girinimbine, mahanimbine, isomahanimbine, koenimbidine and murrayacine. Tetrahedron. 1970;26(5):1475–82.
93. Okechukwu P, Sharma M, Tan WH, Chan HK, Chirara K, Gaurav
A, etal. In-vitro anti-diabetic activity and in-silico studies of binding energies of palmatine with alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase
and DPP-IV enzymes. Pharmacia. 2020;67(4):363–71.
94. Wansi JD, Wandji J, Mbaze Meva’a L, Kamdem Waffo AF, Ranjit
R, Khan SN, et al. α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant
acridone alkaloids from the stem bark of Oriciopsis glaberrima
ENGL. (Rutaceae). Chem Pharm Bull. 2006;54(3):292–6.
95. Tabopda TK, Ngoupayo J, Liu J, Mitaine-Offer AC, Tanoli SAK,
Khan SN, etal. Bioactive aristolactams from Piper umbellatum.
Phytochemistry. 2008;69(8):1726–31.
96. Ullah N, Ali A, Ahmad B, Iqbal N, Adhikari A. Biomedicine
& pharmacotherapy evaluation of antidiabetic potential of steroidal alkaloid of Sarcococca saligna. Biomed Pharmacother.
2018;100:461–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.008.
97. Al-Masri IM, Mohammad MK, Tahaa MO.Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is one of the mechanisms explaining
the hypoglycemic effect of berberine. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem.
2009;24(5):1061–6.
98. Jung HA, Yoon NY, Bae HJ, Min BS, Choi JS.Inhibitory activities
of the alkaloids from coptidis rhizoma against aldose reductase.
Arch Pharm Res. 2008;31(11):1405–12.
99. Sasaki T, Li W, Higai K, Koike K. Canthinone alkaloids are
novel protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors. Bioorg Med
Chem Lett. 2015;25(9):1979–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
bmcl.2015.03.014.
100. Klaman LD, Boss O, Peroni OD, Kim JK, Martino JL, Zabolotny
JM, etal. Increased energy expenditure, decreased adiposity, and
tissue-specic insulin sensitivity in protein-tyrosine phosphatase
1B-decient mice increased energy expenditure, decreased adiposity, and tissue-specic insulin sensitivity in protein-tyrosine.
Mol Cell Biol. 2000;20(15):5479–89.
101. Tiong SH, Looi CY, Arya A, Wong WF, Hazni H, Mustafa MR,
etal. Vindogentianine, a hypoglycemic alkaloid from Catharanthus
roseus (L.) G.Don (Apocynaceae). Fitoterapia. 2015;102:182–8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tote.2015.01.019.
102. Choi JS, Ali MY, Jung HA, Oh SH, Choi RJ, Kim EJ.Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity of alkaloids from Rhizoma
Coptidis and their molecular docking studies. J Ethnopharmacol.
2015;171(1):28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.020.
103. Tang D, Chen Q, Xin X, Aisa H. Anti-diabetic effect of three
new norditerpenoid alkaloids in vitro and potential mechanism via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother.
2017;87:145–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.058.
104. Zhou J, Zhou S, Zeng S. Experimental diabetes treated with
trigonelline: effect on β cell and pancreatic oxidative parameters.
Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2013;27(3):279–87.
105. Nojima H, Kimura I, Chen FJ, Sugihara Y, Haruno M, Kato A,
et al. Antihyperglycemic effects of N-containing sugars from
Xanthocercis zambesiaca, Morus bombycis, Aglaonema treubii,
and Castanospermum australe in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. J
Nat Prod. 1998;61(3):397–400.
106. Wu D, Wen W, Qi C, Zhao R, Lü J, Zhong C, etal. Phytomedicine
Ameliorative effect of berberine on renal damage in rats with
diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Eur J
Integr Med. 2012;19(8–9):712–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
phymed.2012.03.003.
107. Manuscript A.Function.
108. Uvarani C, Jaivel N, Sankaran M, Chandraprakash K, Ata A,
Mohan PS. Axially chiral biscarbazoles and biological evaluation of the constituents from Murraya koenigii. Fitoterapia.
2014;94:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tote.2014.01.004.
109. Du H, Shao J, Gu P, Lu B, Ye X, Liu Z.Improvement of glucose
tolerance by rhein with restored early-phase insulin secretion in
db/db mice. J Endocrinol Investig. 2012;35(6):607–12.
110. Yen GC, Der Duh P, Chuang DY. Antioxidant activity of anthraquinones and anthrone. Food Chem. 2000;70(4):437–41.
111. Babu KS, Tiwari AK, Srinivas PV, Ali AZ, Raju BC, Rao
JM.Yeast and mammalian α-glucosidase inhibitory constituents
from Himalayan rhubarb Rheum emodi Wall.ex Meisson. Bioorg
Med Chem Lett. 2004;14(14):3841–5.
112. Wang Z, Yang L, Fan H, Wu P, Zhang F, Zhang C, etal. Screening
of a natural compound library identies emodin, a natural compound from Rheum palmatum linn that inhibits DPP4. PeerJ.
2017;2017(5):1–14.
113. Choi SB, Ko BS, Park SK, Jang JS, Park S.Insulin sensitizing
and α-glucoamylase inhibitory action of sennosides, rheins and
rhaponticin in Rhei Rhizoma. Life Sci. 2006;78(9):934–42.
114. Mohammed A, Ibrahim MA.Antidiabetic potential of anthraquinones: a review. Phytother Res. 2019;34:486–504.
115. Hii CST, Howell SL. Effects of epicatechin on rat islets of
Langerhans. Diabetes. 1984;33(3):291–6.
116. Small E.American ginseng. N Am Cornucopia. 2020;160:71–8.
117. Lemus I, García R, Delvillar E, Knop G.Hypoglycaemic activity of four plants used in Chilean popular medicine. Phyther Res.
1999;13(2):91–4.
118. Gray AM, Flatt PR. Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of agaricus campestris (mushroom). J Endocrinol.
1998;157(2):259–66.
119. Rankin JW, Andreae MC, Chen CYO, O’Keefe SF.Effect of raisin consumption on oxidative stress and inammation in obesity.
Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(11):1086–96.
120. Barky A, El Hussein SA. Saponins-and-their-potential-role-indiabetes-mellitus. Diabetes Manage. 2017;7:148–58.
Herbal Medicines fortheManagement
https://t.me/medicina_free
ofObesity
CeydaSibelKılıç
Abstract
Obesity is an important and ever-increasing health problem that is experienced by nearly every country in the
world. Diets, increased physical activity, medications,
bariatric surgery, and gastric botox are among the treatment and prevention options related to obesity. Some of
these options are invasive and have important side effects,
and thus, people seek effective options with less or no side
effects. Natural products are considered to be among
these efcient and safe options, and literally hundreds,
even thousands of plants are being utilized for their weight
loss activities. By all means, it is not possible to cover all
of these plants, but we still would like to include some
recent studies on plants, plant products, and plantoriginated compounds having anti-obesity activity with a
focus on their anti-obesity-related activities.
Keywords
Herbal medicines · Medicinal plants · Obesity
1 Introduction
Obesity is an important health problem that has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), which used
the word “epidemic” related to obesity nearly three decades
ago [1, 2]. WHO states that 13% of the world population
consists of obese adults [3]. Though Western diets with high
energy have been recognized as the major contributing factor, obesity might develop due to certain diseases, certain
medications, genetic factors, environmental factors, sedentary lifestyle, and less and/or untimely sleep with increasing
prevalence and comorbidities [2, 4–7]. In short, obesity can
be dened as the longtime imbalance of energy intake and
C. S. Kılıç (*)
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany,
Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
e-mail: erdurak@pharmacy.ankara.edu.tr
consumption, in which excess energy resulting from this
imbalance is deposited as triglycerides (TG) in white adipocytes [7].
Body mass index (BMI) is an important indicator of obesity severity. Obesity is illustrated by increasing ranges of
BMI as shown in Fig.1 [8]:
Obesity has the potential to result in various important
diseases and disorders such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiac problems, metabolic syndrome, lung diseases, neurological disorders,
arthritis, osteoarthritis, kidney disease, sleep disorders,
obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, blood lipid disorders, insulin resistance, depression, anxiety, infertility, urinary incontinence, stroke, and cancer [2, 5, 9–15]. Furthermore, obesity
was reported to contribute to the progression of COVID-19
following infection with SARS-CoV-2 [12]. In addition to
being an important reason for worsening of life quality and
increase rate in mortality, it has also become an important
economic burden for the healthcare system [16].
Synthetic pharmaceutical medications are used in the
treatment of obesity; however, they are associated with various complications such as gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects, and fat-soluble vitamin deciency, and
furthermore, some of these medications have been withdrawn from the market due to their serious adverse effects [7,
12–14].
Therefore, researchers started to focus on natural sources
to nd effective anti-obesity agents that have less or no side
effects. For this purpose, natural sources such as plants,
marine algae, fungi, and animal-originated products/compounds were investigated, and among them, medicinal
plants, plant extracts, primary metabolites, and secondary
metabolites isolated from them were examined intensively
due to their long-term safety, metabolic activities, and mode
of actions [17–20].
Among secondary metabolites, polyphenols consisting of
phenolic acids, avonoids and stilbenes, phytosterols, terpenoids, organosulfur compounds, and alkaloids have important anti-obesity effects; avonoids have various subclasses
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. K. Dhara, S. C. Mandal (eds.), Role of Herbal Medicines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7703-1_6
105
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана