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Herbs forAutoimmune Diseases
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inammation and oxidative stress, a deciency of neurotransmitters mainly acetylcholine, and synaptic dysfunction, all of which ultimately result in neuronal death [213,
218].
N-methyl--Aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist and
cholinesterase inhibitors are two drug classes currently used
as medication for symptomatic relief in Alzheimer’s disease
[219]. Some of the herbs used in management of ALD are
discussed below.
3.4.3.1 Herbs Used forManagement ofAlzheimer’s
Disease
Acorus calamus
Acorus calamus rhizomes contain the phenylpropanoids
α-asarone and β-asarone, which indicate anti-cancer, antiinammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities [220]. Various fractions of A. calamus extract
have been studied for preventing memory loss, anxiety and
oxidative stress in LPS-induced neuroinammation rat models by Esfandiari et al. [221]. Administration of aqueous
extract of A. calamus via oral route reduces inammation
and oxidative stress and prevents memory loss. In another
study, invitro effects of A. calamus extract and α-asarone on
oxidative stress-induced and ER stress-induced cell death in
hippocampal HT22 cells was investigated by Mikami etal.
[222]. It was found that A. calamus extract and α-asarone
greatly prevent cell death caused by ER stress inducer, tunicamycin, and oxidative stress inducer, -glutamate. Asarone
and A. calamus extract both inhibit the production of ROS,
indicating that they both may be efcient therapeutic options
for treating neurodegenerative disorders like ALD.
Crocus sativus
Crocus sativus has three major components—crocin (source
of colouring pigment), the glycoside picrocrocin (a precursor
of safranal) and safranal (the deglycosylated form of picrocrocin)—with great antioxidant potential. It has a wide spectrum of biological activities including antioxidant and
anti-inammatory activity [223]. Extensive literature was
reviewed by D’Onofrio etal. [224] in which 17 invitro and
invivo preclinical and 4 clinical studies have been reported
for evaluating the effectiveness of saffron on cognitive deformity in animal models of ALD.Crocin reduces oxidative
stress, modulates A tau protein aggregation and regulates
glutamate levels. Saffron had a superior safety prole and its
effects on cognitive impairment were similar to those brought
on by donepezil and memantine.
3.4.4 Parkinson’s Disease
PD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that generally
affects elderly people. Pathologically, PD is categorised by
loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, with
appearance of cytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bod-
ies. Postural instability, muscle rigidity, slowness or loss of
mobility and resting tremor all are common manifestations
of PD.The aetiology of PD is unclear; however, it is believed
to be multifactorial including both genetic and environmental variables that trigger growth of disorder [225].
Pathogenesis of PD occurs in three phases; in the rst phase,
the disease development is initiated by triggers (viral infections or environmental toxins), followed by spread of disease
to the CNS via facilitators (genetic factors) causing systemic
inammation and mitochondrial damage. In the third phase,
the aggravators (α synuclein pathology) promote inammation leading to neurodegeneration [226]. Environmental risk
factors associated with PD include pesticides (insecticiderotenone and herbicide-paraquat), heavy metals (trafcrelated air pollution as well as industrial airborne heavy
metal pollution) and chlorinated solvents (drinking water)
[29].
Familial forms of PD are associated with mutations in ve
genes that code for α-synuclein, PARKIN, ubiquitin
carboxyl- terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), PTEN induced
putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Protein deglycase (DJ-1)
through pathogenic pathways that may frequently evolve in
imbalances in mitochondrial and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) function. Oxidative stress, protein misfolding and
oxidation of cytosolic dopamine (DA) contribute to the
brillisation and aggregation of α-synuclein which impairs
UPS function and may cause destruction of mitochondria.
Variations in mitochondrial function trigger oxidative stress,
deciencies in ATP synthesis and α-synuclein aggregation,
which may promote UPS dysfunction. Antioxidant function
of DJ-1 that promotes oxidation of DA through S-nitrosylation
may be affected by oxidative and nitrosative stress. Excess
DA metabolism may further promote oxidative stress. DA
neurons in PD eventually die due to mitochondrial and UPS
malfunction, oxidative stress and synuclein aggregation
[227].
3.4.4.1 Herbs Used forManagement ofParkinson’s
Disease
Panax ginseng
The ginsenosides in P. ginseng possess antioxidative and
immunomodulatory activities that have therapeutic action on
neurodegenerative diseases [30]. Liu etal. [228] evaluated
the neuroprotective effects of P. ginseng extract on 1-methyl-
4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPPþ)-induced apoptosis in
SH-SY5Y cells and reported that ginsenosides possess antioxidant properties which have protective impact on 1-methyl4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and MPTP-induced
experimental PD models [228]. In another study, Zhou etal.
reported neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides in both
invivo (C57BL/6J mice) and invitro (PC12 cells) models of
PD by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway
[229].
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Astragalus membranaceus
One of the major constituents of Astragalus membranaceus
aqueous extract is astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a triterpene glycoside belonging to the cycloartane category. AS-IV is
known to possess anti-inammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective action [230]. Xu etal. [231] evaluated the neuroprotective effect of AS-IV in 6-OHDA SH-SY5Y cell model
of PD through activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathways [231].
4 Conclusion
Human health has been one of the major casualties of the
fast-paced modern lifestyle; autoimmune diseases form a
major chunk of the difcult-to-treat and manage ailments
that continue to afict increasing numbers of populations
globally. At best, what the new-age therapeutics can offer is
mild-to-moderate relief in the spectrum of symptoms; not
without the attendant toxicity associated with long term,
chronic use of these agents. Traditional systems of medicine
including Ayurveda have documented use of herbs in effectively managing the ubiquitous challenges typically associated with the poor prognosis prole in patients with
autoimmune diseases. The chemically complex mix of phytomolecules in these herbs help restore the homeostasis by
tempering the micromilieu within the host cells, tissues and
interstitia via modulation of key signalling pathways involved
in inammation, cell necrosis and apoptosis. In vitro biochemical and cell-based assays and preliminary invivo biological assays are being reported that provide evidence-based
bioactivity validation of these herbs. The pressing need is to
design clinical study protocols that can establish efcacy of
phytotherapies for effective management of autoimmune
diseases.
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Role ofHerbal Medicine inBoosting
https://t.me/medicina_free
Immune System
AnchalDabas, ParulYadav, Geetanjali, andRamSingh
Abstract
Herbal medicines are the medicines obtained from plant
sources. This is an alternate type of treatment based on
traditional knowledge and scientic evidences in many
cases. The utility of plants as whole or their parts like
fruits, owers, leaves, stem, and roots have been established for the treatment of many diseases. The active
ingredients present in the plants either alone or in combination have improved the immune system if taken with
proper care. Many studies have shown that these are better in comparison to conventional modern treatment with
respect to less or no side effects. This chapter focused on
the use of herbal medicines in boosting the immune system. This chapter covers why people prefer herbal medicines, role of some herbal plants in enhancing the immune
system, and role of some individual natural products in
boosting the immune system.
Keywords
Herbal medicine · Natural products · Secondary metabolites · Flavonoids · Polyphenols · Immunity ·
Immunomodulators
1 Introduction
Mother Nature has provided us with numerous ways to
maintain our health. Herbal drugs are one of them that are
used to treat various diseases. As per World Health
Organization (WHO), herbal medicines include herbs or
herbal materials that contain active ingredients present in
A. Dabas · P. Yadav · R. Singh (*)
Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University,
Delhi, India
e-mail: ramsingh@dtu.ac.in
Geetanjali
Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi,
Delhi, India
plants. Herbal materials are plant materials taken from plants
as a whole or its parts like owers, fruits, leaves, stems,
roots, and leaves. Herbal plants used to boost the immune
system is a centuries-old practice (Fig.1). These plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to improve
the body’s defense mechanism [1]. These plants are used to
cure various diseases like diseases caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, etc. [2]. Plants high in avonoids, vitamin C,
or carotenoids have been shown to improve immune function. This can stimulate interferon production, lymphocyte
activity, and increase phagocytosis [3]. Traditional medicine
systems around the world have relied on the therapeutic
properties of various plants to boost the immune system.
Scientic research has started throwing light on the potential
benets of these herbal remedies for immune support, as
interest in natural remedies and holistic health has grown in
recent years [2]. Naturally, there is a wide range of herbs
with medicinal properties that are used to make herbal medicines. This is an excellent alternative to allopathic drugs.
Allopathic drugs are available to cure diseases and thus
improve immunity, but the prohibitive cost and side effects
of these allopathic drugs demand the search for an alternative. The Ayurvedic medical system which utilizes herbal
materials not only provides that alternative, but it also outperforms allopathic medicine in terms of the limitations that
it possesses [4].
Herbal medicine is an alternative treatment that involves
the therapeutic use of various plants and plant extracts [5].
Many drugs, including morphine (derived from the opium
poppy), aspirin (derived from willow bark), quinine (derived
from cinchona bark), and digitoxin (derived from foxglove),
have herbal sources [6]. Few other examples of herbs used in
the medicinal eld are Aloe barbadensis, Ocimum tenuio-
rum, Echinacea purpurea, Tinospora cordifolia, Panax ginseng, Withania somnifera, Allium sativum, Emblica
ofcinalis, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Zingiber
ofcinale, and many more. Around 80% of the population
uses herbal remedies for primary health care in developing
countries, owing to the widespread belief that herbal drugs
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. K. Dhara, S. C. Mandal (eds.), Role of Herbal Medicines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7703-1_19
389
390
https://t.me/medicina_free
Fig. 1 Examples of herbal
plants used to boost the
immune system
Ashwagandha
Turmeric
A. Dabas et al.
Tulsi
Ginger
Some Ayurvedic
herbstoboost
immunity
Neem
are inexpensive, without side effects, and readily available.
The earliest records of its use date back to writings written in
Indian, Egyptian, Syrian, Chinese, Roman, and Greek languages. Classical Indian literature that explains the herbal
medicinal system includes the Sushruta Samhita,
Atharvaveda, Charak Samhita, Rigveda, and others. As a
result, the traditional medicines and herbal remedies are a
result of the rich cultural traditions and scientic history of
earlier civilizations [7, 8]. According to a report by Spherical
Insights, the Global herbal medicine market is expected to
reach USD 430.05 billion in 2030. This huge market is selfexplanatory toward rise in demand of herbal medicines.
Throughout the range of global public health, the immune
system plays an important role to keep human healthy. As
multiple-component agent, the herbal medicines control the
complex immune process and did not allow infections by
pathogens. These herbal medicines are excellent immunomodulators, and they are gaining popularity in today’s world
[9]. Furthermore, micronutrients and bioactive compounds
found in functional foods, herbal remedies, and dietary supplements can help boost the immune system [9, 10, 11]. In
this chapter, we will discuss about the use of herbal plants in
boosting the immunity. From anti-inammatory and antioxidant to antimicrobial and immune-modulating effects, these
herbs have provided us with different ways to enhance the
immunity.
Amla
2 Why People Use Herbal Medicines?
Since ancient times, the human usage of plants for healing
purposes is well known [12]. People have been using herbal
medication for many diseases without understanding their
mechanistic pathways. This has been stated that using herbs
gives one a “sense of control and a mental comfort.” Also,
patients seek home remedies for acute, frequently selflimiting diseases like colds, sore throats, or bee stings
because its access is easy than the professional care which
is uncomfortable, expensive, or sometime takes too much
time [12].
Usually, people from rural places use herbal medicines.
This is because they are well acquainted with traditional
knowledge about the herbal medicines which they have
inherited from their ancestors. This is advantageous to them
because the rural area lacks access to modern medical care
[13–15]. Additionally, reports of herbal toxicities are signicantly less common than reports of unfavorable side effects
of modern allopathic drugs. The inclusion of herbal medicines in daily routine supports a strong immune system, general health, and well-being. The likes of brewed herbal teas,
soups, tinctures, or nutraceuticals enhances the immune system. In recent times, even the urban people have started
using the herbal medicines and supplements to keep themselves healthy.
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