Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_4437_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
ab
9 Midline Cervical Swellings
197
ab
Fig. 9.6 (a) Thyroglossal cyst with the tongue in place. (b) The cyst with the tongue protruded. Note the upward move-
ment of the cyst
Fig. 9.7 (a) Thyroglossal cyst with the tongue in place. (b) The cyst with the tongue protruded. Note the upward move-
ment of the cyst. The cyst is large enough to mimic a goiter
that is dumb-bell-shaped lesion. It uctuates easily; however, few are not, being so tense. Many
are opaque due to desquamated epithelial cells or
debris of previous infection, few are illuminant
and many are too small to illuminate [2, 95–97].
A thyroglossal cyst is not attached to the skin and
local LNs should not be enlarged, unless the cyst
is secondarily infected.
present in the cyst might lead to goiter manifestations. However, the most serious complication is
the development of carcinoma.
Thyroglossal carcinoma has no sex predominance, with a peak incidence in the fourth decade
in females and in the sixth decade in males. Such
tumors are very rare and are most commonly
papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), followed
(equally) by mixed papillary–follicular and squamous cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma was also
9.9.6 Complications
reported. Pure follicular and anaplastic carcinomas are extremely rare. Medullary thyroid cancer
Complications include infection, which is inevitable, as the lymphatic tissues in its wall communicate with the neck LNs. Ectopic thyroid tissue
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
has never been reported. Their pathogenesis is
debatable, some presume they are metastasis
from occult PTC; however, most authors suggest
198
M. Sakr
there are de-novo neoplasms. Thyroglossal cyst
carcinoma should be suspected whenever the cyst
grows rapidly, when the US demonstrates a complex anechoic pattern, or in the presence of calcications. Still, they are treated by Sis trunk
operation with low recurrence rates. This may be
followed by thyroxin suppression therapy and
regular measurements of thyroglobulin, which
becomes undetectable if successful removal of
the carcinoma was achieved and as long as TSH
is adequately suppressed by thyroxin [1, 95].
9.9.7 Dierential Diagnosis
A thyroglossal cyst should be differentiated from
swellings in the midline of the neck, namely
dermoid cyst, sebaceous cyst, lipoma, enlarged
LN, laryngocele, ranula, ectopic thyroid tissue,
hypertrophied thyroid pyramidal lobe, and choristoma (mass of normal tissues found in abnormal locations). Imaging studies could be
equivocal. Close attention to the age at presentation, location of the lesion, relation to surrounding structures, and internal architecture can direct
the clinician to the correct diagnosis.
9.9.8 Evaluation
If serum thyroid function test results are
abnormal, thyroid scanning should be performed
to determine the amount of thyroid tissue in the
neck. Some investigators advocate routine US or
nuclear scanning to avoid permanent hypothyroidism [100].
9.9.8.1 Ultrasonography (US)
Ultrasound of the neck will show a thyroglossal
cyst as a well-circumscribed anechoic to
hypoechoic structure with posterior through
transmission [99]; there may be some internal
debris (Fig.9.8).
9.9.8.2 Computed Tomography
(CT)Scan
A thyroglossal cyst appears on CT scan as a
smooth, thin-walled hypo-attenuating mass in
close relation to the hyoid bone (Fig. 9.9)
[101–103].
9.9.8.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
On MRI, a thyroglossal cyst will be high signal
on T2-weighted images, and low to intermediate
signal on T1-weighted images, depending on the
degree of proteinaceous or hemorrhagic contents
[102].
Although benign midline neck swellings such as
thyroglossal duct cysts are often diagnosed clinically, the clinical presentation of infected cysts,
thyroglossal duct carcinoma, or other pathological lesions may be indistinguishable, necessitating diagnostic imaging. In patients with low
clinical suspicion of neoplasm, imaging evaluation may begin with ultrasonography (US). In the
presence of high clinical suspicion of tumor or
atypical US features such as solid component or
abnormal vascularity, CT scan or MRI is recommended to document an orthotopic thyroid gland
and to assess the anatomical extent and complications of the cyst, as well as pretreatment planning
[98]. In selected cases, diffusion-weighted or
dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI can be performed for evaluation of vascular malformations,
abscess, or suspicious cervical lymph nodes [99].
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
Fig. 9.8 Ultrasound image (longitudinal) demonstrating
a well-circumscribed hypoechoic cyst containing tiny
hyper-echoic foci (debris)
9 Midline Cervical Swellings
Fig. 9.9 Computed tomography (CT) scan showing a
midline cystic mass (arrow) immediately below the hyoid
bone
9.9.9 Treatment
9.9.9.1 Sistrunk Operation
Patients with thyroglossal cyst may have various
problems such as cosmetic concerns, difculty in
breathing, pain, swelling, neck discomfort, and
dysphasia. Therefore, surgery has been considered the treatment of choice in this condition
[104–106] and the procedure of choice is the
“Sistrunk operation,” which was introduced in
1920 by Sistrunk [107]. It is performed through a
transverse incision over the cyst and involves
complete excision of the cyst, its tract, and the
central portion of the hyoid bone. If necessary,
excision extends to the base of the tongue [93, 94,
96, 97, 100].
Prior to excision, an imaging study is performed to identify functioning thyroid gland in
the lower neck. This ensures that the cyst does
not contain the only functioning thyroid tissue
in the patient, if any. The recurrence rate could
be decreased signicantly after Sistrunk procedure (1–5%) [104, 106, 108] as compared to
simple cyst excision (40–65%) [104–106,
109–112].
Gioacchini etal. (2015) reported that in their
meta-analysis study that included 24 articles,
comprising a total of 1371 subjects, the mean
local wound infection rate was 4% (range, 3–6%),
this being the most frequent complication following treatment [113].
199
Incomplete excision of the cyst leads to recurrence, and a recurrent lesion is more liable to
recur again. Factors predictive of recurrence
included more than two infections prior to surgery, age below 2 years, and inadequate initial
operation. Failure to remove the central part of
the hyoid bone results in recurrence in three out
of four patients [93, 94, 96, 97]. In the metaanalysis by Gioacchini et al., the mean overall
recurrence rate was 11% (range 9–14%) [113].
9.9.9.2 Percutaneous Ethanol Ablation
(PEA)
Although surgery is the treatment of choice of
treatment of a thyro-glossal cyst, it still has some
drawbacks such as the use of general anesthesia,
scars, and surgical morbidity [97, 104, 106, 108,
111, 112]. Thus, minimally invasive treatment
modalities have been introduced to avoid surgical
risk or morbidity. Ethanol ablation (EA) has been
reported to be effective, easy, and safe for the
treatment of cystic thyroid lesions [114–118].
Fewer studies on thyro-glossal cysts reported that
successful treatment was achieved with PEA in
60% of cases [119, 120].
9.10 Aortic Arch Aneurysm (AAA)
9.10.1 Denition
A true aneurysm is dened as a “pathological
dilation of a segment of a blood vessel involving
all three layers of the vessel wall and having at
least a 50% increase in diameter compared with
the expected normal diameter of the artery”
[121]. Aortic arch aneurysms (AAAs) include
any thoracic aneurysm that involves the brachiocephalic vessels [122, 123].
9.10.2 Epidemiology
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) have an estimated incidence of approximately 10
cases/100,000 persons/year. AAAs account for
about 10% of the total cases of TAAs [123, 124].
Males are 2–4 times more commonly affected
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
200
M. Sakr
than females, with the majority of patients in the
sixth and seventh decades of life [125].
9.10.3 Etiology
Atherosclerosis is the predominant etiology for
an isolated AAA. The causes include Marfan
syndrome, Loeys–Dietz syndrome, Ehlers–
Danlos syndrome, Turner syndrome, familial
TAA syndrome, and Behcet disease [126].
Deceleration injuries have been seen to cause
dilation of the segment just after the aortic arch
[121, 127].
Both infectious and noninfectious inammatory conditions of the aorta (aortitis) can also
result in TAA.These include syphilis, giant cell
arteritis, and Takayasu arteritis [127]. Along with
the risk factors of atherosclerosis such as smoking, hypertension, and hyper-cholesterolemia,
factors that increase aortic wall stress, including
pheochromocytoma, cocaine use, and weightlifting also increase the likelihood of development of TAA [125].
dentally on imaging ordered for other indications.
Vague chest discomfort, neck, and jaw pain may
occur with aneurysms involving the arch. A
large-sized aneurysm can impinge upon the adjacent anatomical structures and exert a local mass
effect including hoarseness, from left RLN
stretching; stridor, from tracheal or bronchial
compression; cough, dyspnea, and recurrent
pneumonitis, from lung compression; dysphagia,
from esophageal compression; and plethora and
edema, from compression of the SVC [122].
Aortic arch aneurysms can lead to lifethreatening cardiovascular and neurological complications, including aortic rupture presenting as
severe chest pain and hypotension or shock, aortic
dissection, and athero-embolism causing ischemic strokes. Some rare complications such as
aorto-esophageal or aorto-bronchial stula have
also been documented [129]. Embolization during the placement of the graft leading to stroke or
spinal ischemia from obstruction of spinal arteries, endo-leaks, and hematoma formation are also
some of the concerning perioperative complications associated with the aortic repair [130].
9.10.4 Histopathology
Histopathology of aortic aneurysm described as
cystic medial degeneration is characterized by
disintegration and loss of elastic bers with an
increase in the deposition of proteoglycans. Loss
of smooth muscle cells in tunica media is typically seen [121, 123]. Increased penetration of
vasa vasorum into the medial layer was reported.
As atherosclerosis has been found commonly in
relation to the AAA, histological data also depicts
the presence of atheroma or bro-fatty plaque in
the lesion. However, these changes have been
seen super-imposed on the degenerative medical
disease [128].
9.10.5 Clinical Presentation
Most patients with an AAA are asymptomatic or
directly present with life-threatening complications. Aneurysms are typically discovered inci-
9.10.6 Investigations
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) or
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is the
imaging modality of choice for accurate detection
and measurement of TAA.It is preferred to delineate aortic anatomy, size, branch artery involvement, and to rule out other differentials [122].
Echocardiography can also be used to visualize the aorta and its major branches; the suprasternal view is best for viewing the aortic arch
[131]. Coronary angiography and echocardiography are also performed as part of usual preoperative investigations done in order to determine the
need for a concomitant cardiac procedure. In
addition, as maintaining brain perfusion is critical while performing surgeries involving the aortic arch, carotid duplex scanning is also routinely
instituted in order to access for carotid stenosis
[125]. If TAA is detected, it is recommended to
image the abdominal aorta to screen for an
abdominal aortic aneurysm.
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
9 Midline Cervical Swellings
201
9.10.7 Dierential Diagnosis
Other aortic arch conditions causing dilation of
the vessel segment, including pseudo-aneurysm,
intra-mural hematoma, and aortic dissection, can
manifest with similar symptoms to those of aortic
arch aneurysm. Pseudo-aneurysms usually
develop secondary to deceleration injury or torsional trauma from accidents and falls. The chest
pain from aortic dissection is usually very severe
and described as tearing and sharp in nature
[122].
9.10.8 Management
9.10.8.1 Medical Treatment
The primary step in the management of AAA
is to control the risk factors of atherosclerosis, to slow the rate of expansion, and to
lower the likelihood of development of the
complications, including dissection or rupture [132, 133]. Stringent control of hypertension, optimization of the lipid profile,
smoking cessation, and other atherosclerosis
risk-reduction measures should be implemented [132, 133].
Other important conservative treatment
strategies include (1) patient education regarding the signs and symptoms indicating the
development of complications, (2) serial imaging of aneurysm to evaluate for expansion, (3)
screening for aneurysms at other locations, and
(4) counseling for those suspected of having an
associated genetic disorder. It is reasonable to
re-image using CT scan or MRI at 12-month
intervals for isolated AAAs <4cm in diameter,
and at 6-month intervals for AAAs >4 cm in
diameter, in order to detect enlargement of the
aneurysm.
9.10.8.3 Candidates forOperative
Management
The 2014 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
guidelines recommend that surgery should be
considered in patients who have an isolated AAA
with a maximal diameter of >5.5cm. Aortic arch
repair may also be considered in patients with
AAA who are already going to have surgery of an
adjacent aneurysm located in the ascending or
descending aorta [131]. In general, surgical treatment is often recommended for all symptomatic
patients, patients with aneurysm size >5.5 cm,
and any patient of TAA with a growth rate
exceeding 0.5cm/year [134].
9.10.8.4 Operative Procedures
Advancements in open surgical techniques, safer
anesthetic practices, and improvised methods of
maintaining cerebral perfusion have revamped
the most widely used conventional open repair
procedure. The newer endo-vascular and hybrid
modalities have also emerged. These newer technologies have made surgical treatment possible
even for a larger spectrum of patients, including
those at high risk and with multiple comorbidities. Each of these techniques has its own
merits and demerits, and the choice is tailored
considering peri-operative risks, co-morbidities,
and anatomy of the lesion.
9.10.9 Prognosis
The prognosis of AAA largely depends on the
size of the aneurysm and rate of expansion, which
are the most signicant predictors of the rupture.
Prognosis is usually good if timely intervention is
instituted before rupture, which can have mortality as high as 80% [130, 135, 136].
9.10.8.2 Surgical Treatment
Surgical intervention for treatment of AAAs
raises a particular concern due to high rates of
mortality, the need for creating a bloodless eld
with circulatory arrest, and challenges in maintaining perfusion to the head, neck, and upper
extremities [130].
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
References
1. Watkinson JC, Gaze MN, Wilson JA. Metastatic
neck disease. In: Watkinson JC, Gaze MN, Wilson
JA, editors. Stell & Maran’s head & neck surgery.
4th ed. Oxford, Auckland, Boston, Johannesburg,
Melbourne, New Delhi: Butterworth Heinemann;
2000. p.201–32.
202
M. Sakr
2. Browse NL.The neck. In: Browse NL, editor. An
introduction to the symptoms and signs of surgical disease. 3rd ed. Florida, FL: Taylor & Francis
Group, CRC Press; 2002. p.255.
3. King RC, Smith BR, Burk JL. Dermoid cyst in
the oor of the mouth. Review of the literature
and case reports. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.
1994;78(5):567–76.
4. Pirgousis P, Fernandes R. Giant submental dermoid cysts with near total obstruction of the oral
cavity: report of 2 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2011;69:532–5.
5. New GB, Erich JB.Dermoid cysts of the head and
neck. Surg Gynecol Obst. 1937;65:48–56.
6. Taylor BW, Erich JB. Dermoids of the head and
neck. Minn Med. 1966;49:1535–40.
7. Reddy VS, Radhakrishna K, Rao PL. Lingual dermoid. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26:1389–90.
8. Jain H, Singh S, Singh A.Giant sublingual dermoid
cyst in oor of the mouth. J Maxillofac Oral Surg.
2012;11:235–7.
9. Woo SB.Oral pathology: a comprehensive atlas and
text, 2edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016.
10. Hemaraju N, Nanda SK, Medikeri SB.Sub-lingual
dermoid cyst. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2004;56(3):218–20.
11. Walstad WR, Solomon JM, Schow SR, Ochs
MW.Midline cystic lesion of the oor of the mouth.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;56(1):70–4.
12. Balla S, Acharya V, Ally M, Taghie A. Acute presentation of an intraoral dermoid cyst causing airway compromise in a young child. BMJ Case Rep.
2019;12(4):e228421.
13. Louis PJ, Hudson C, Reddi S.Lesions of the oor of
the mouth. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:804–7.
14. Menditti D, Laino L, Ferrara N, Baldi A. Dermoid
cyst of the mandibula: a case report. Cases J.
2008;1:260.
15. Park SW, Lee JJ, Chae SA, Yoo BH, Kim GJ, Lee
SY. Congenital epidermoid cyst of the oral cavity: prenatal diagnosis by sonography. Clin Exp
Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;6:191–3.
16. Etarbi MS, Aishaish H, Khalifa O.Large sublingual
cyst in the oor of the mouth and submental space.
Otolaryngology. 2017;7:287–91.
17. Di Francesco A, Chiapasco M, Biglioli F, Ancona
D. Intraoral approach to large dermoid cysts of
the oor of the mouth: a technical note. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg. 1995;24:233–5.
18. Teszler CB, El-Naaj IA, Emodi O, Luntz M, Peled
M.Dermoid cysts of the lateral oor of the mouth:
a comprehensive anatomo-surgical classication
of cysts of the oral oor. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2007;65(2):327–32.
19. Seah TE, Sufyan W, Singh B.Case report of dermoid
cyst at the oor of the mouth. Ann Acad Med Singap.
2004;33(suppl):77S–9S.
20. Gordon PE, Faquin WC, Lahey E, Kaban LB.Floorof- mouth dermoid cysts: report of 3 variants and a
suggested change in terminology. J Oral Maxillofac
Surg. 2013;71(6):1034–41.
21. Ho MW, Crean SJ.Simultaneous occurrence of sublingual dermoid cyst and oral alimentary tract cyst in
an infant: a case report and review of the literature.
Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003;13(6):441–6.
22. Ayd ın S, Demir MG, Demir N, Şahin S, Kayıpmaz
ŞS. A giant plunging sublingual dermoid cyst
excised by intraoral approach. J Maxillofac Oral
Surg. 2016;15(2):277–80.
23. Longo F, Maremonti P, Mangone GM, De Maria G,
Califano L.Midline dermoid cysts of the oor of the
mouth: report of 16 cases and review of surgical techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(6):1560–5.
24. Saheeb BD, Osagonona A.Submental dermoid cyst.
A case report. OJM. 2005;17:24–7.
25. Chukuneke FN, Okwuowulu T.Enbloc enucleation
of a large intra-oral dermoid cyst under local anaesthesia: a case report and review of the literature. J
Coll Med. 2007;12:8–12.
26. Batsaki JG.Tumours of the head and neck clinical
and pathological consideration. 2nd ed. Philadelphia,
PA: Williams and Wilkins Company Publishers;
1980. p.226–8.
27. Gleizal A, Abouchebel N, Lebreton F, Beziat
JL. Dermoid cyst of the tongue: an association
of dermoid cyst with bronchogenic epithelium. J
Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006;34:113–6.
28. Triantallidou E, Karakasis D, Laskin J. Swelling
of the oor of the mouth. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
1989;47:733–6.
29. Oginni FO, Oladejo T, Braimah OP, Adenekan
AT. Sublingual epidermoid cyst. Surgery.
2014;4:96–8.
30. Mohta A, Sharma M. Congenital oral cysts in neonates: report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102:e36–8.
31. Zeltser R, Milhem I, Azaz B, Hasson O. Dermoid
cysts of oor of the mouth: report of four cases. Am
J Otolaryngol. 2000;21(1):55–60.
32. Kyriakidou E, Howe T, Veale B, Atkins S.Sublingual
dermoid cysts: case report and review of the literature. J Laryngol Otol. 2015;129(10):1036–9.
33. Berbel P, Ostrosky A, Tosti F. Large sublingual
dermoid cyst: a case of mandibular prognathism.
Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2016;9:345–8.
34. Eken M, Evren C, Sanli A, Bozkurt Z. An alternative surgical approach for sublingual dermoid
cysts: a case report. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg.
2007;17:176–8.
35. Laskin DM.Anatomic considerations in diagnosis
and treatment of odontogenic infections. J Am Dent
Assoc. 1964;69:308–16.
36. Hulshof CTJ, Colosio C, Daams JG, Ivanov ID,
Prakash KC, Kuijer PPFM, etal. WHO/ILO workrelated burden of disease and injury: protocol for
systematic reviews of exposure to occupational ergonomic risk factors and of the effect of exposure to
occupational ergonomic risk factors on osteoarthritis
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
9 Midline Cervical Swellings
203
of hip or knee and selected other musculoskeletal
diseases. Environ Int. 2019;125:554–66.
37. Marcaccio SE, Babu JM, Shah K, Budacki
R, Tabaddor RR. Diagnosis and management of hip abductor insufciency. R I Med J.
2018;101(10):46–50.
38. Small KM, Adler RS, Shah SH, Roberts CC,
Bencardino JT, Appel M, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria of shoulder pain-atraumatic. J Am Coll
Radiol. 2018;15(11S):S388–402.
39. Walter WR, Burke CJ, Adler RS.Ultrasound-guided
therapeutic Scapulothoracic interval injections. J
Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(7):1899–906.
40. Allen GM.The diagnosis and management of shoulder pain. J Ultrason. 2018;18(74):234–9.
41. Situ-LaCasse E, Grieger RW, Crabbe S, Waterbrook
AL, Friedman L, Adhikari S. Utility of point-ofcare musculoskeletal ultrasound in the evaluation of
emergency department musculoskeletal pathology.
World J Emerg Med. 2018;9(4):262–6.
42. Chen Y, Yang J, Wang L, Wu Y, Qu J.Explanation on
evidence-based guidelines of clinical practice with
acupuncture and moxibustion: periarthritis of shoulder. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2017;37(9):991–4.
43. Cadogan A, Mohammed KD. Shoulder pain in primary care: frozen shoulder. J Prim Health Care.
2016;8(1):44–51.
44. Foster ZJ, Voss TT, Hatch J, Frimodig
A. Corticosteroid injections for common musculoskeletal conditions. Am Fam Physician.
2015;92(8):694–9.
45. Yildiz F, Sari A, Pulatkan A, Ucan V, Kochai A,
Bilsel K.Effect of nonoperative concomitant intraarticular pathologies on the outcome of arthroscopic
capsular release for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2018;52(4):245–8.
46. Oderuth E, Ali M, Atchia I, Malviya A.A double
blind randomised control trial investigating the efcacy of platelet rich plasma versus placebo for the
treatment of greater trochanteric pain syndrome (the
HIPPO trial): a protocol for a randomised clinical
trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):517.
47. Adelchi C, Mara P, Melissa L, De Stefano A, Cesare
M. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the head and neck: a
case series. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:90.
48. Ibrahim M, Hammoud K, Maheshwari M, Pandya
A.Congenital cystic lesions of the head and neck.
Radiology. 2011;220:621–30.
49. Prado H, Prado A, Castillo B. Lateral ectopic thyroid: a case diagnosed preoperatively. J Ear Nose
Throat. 2012;91:E14–8.
50. Kousta E, Konstantinidis K, Michalakis C, Vorias
M, Sambalis G, Georgiou M, etal. Ectopic thyroid
tissue in the lower neck with a coexisting normally
located multinodular goiter and brief literature
review. Hormones. 2005;4:231–4.
51. Izenstark JL, Forsaith AL, Horwitz NH. The
pyramidal lobe in thyroid imaging. J Nucl Med.
1969;10(8):519–24.
52. Oguz A, Tuzun D, Ozdemir E, Ersoy R, Yazgan
AK, Cakir B. Importance of ectopic thyroid tissue
detected in the midline of the neck: single center
experience. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;60:231–5.
53. Bayat MR, Vawda F, Campbell H.Dual ectopic thyroid. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:821–5.
54. Perdoni C, Eustaquio ME.Ectopic thyroid presenting as a submental mass: a case report. Otolaryngol
Case Rep. 2017;4:9–11.
55. Thomas G, Hoilat R, Daniels JS, Kalagie W.Ectopic
lingual thyroid: a case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac
Surg. 2003;32:219–21.
56. Gu T, Jiang B, Wang N, Xia F, Wang L, Gu A, etal.
New insight into ectopic thyroid glands between the
neck and maxillofacial region from a 42-case study.
BMC Endocr Disord. 2015;15:70.
57. Willi SM, Moshang T Jr. Diagnostic dilemmas.
Results of screening tests for congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatr Clin N Am. 1991;38:555–66.
58. Kocova M, Zdraveska N, Zdravkovska M,
Anastasovska V, Pop GD.Submental thyroid ectopy
might cause subclinical hypothyroidism in early
childhood. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2016;4:1–5.
59. Long RT, Evans AM, Beggs JH. Surgical management of ectopic thyroid: report of a case with
simultaneous lingual and subhyoid median ectopic
thyroid. Ann Surg. 1964;160(5):824–7.
60. Ling L, Zhou SH, Wang SQ, Wang LJ.Misdiagnosed
ectopic thyroid carcinoma: report of two cases. Chin
Med J. 2004;117(10):1588–9.
61. Wang YJ, Chu PY, Tai SK. Ectopic thyroid papillary carcinoma presenting as bilateral neck masses. J
Chin Med Assoc. 2010;73:219–21.
62. Balalaa N, Megahed M, Al Ashari M, Branicki
F.Thyroglossal duct cyst papillary carcinoma. Case
Rep Oncol. 2011;4(1):39–43.
63. He B, Li P, Yang K, Shan Y.Ectopic thyroid tissue
surrounding the right laryngeal nerve: a case report.
Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(8):5313–8.
64. Cabibi D, Cacciatore M, Guarnotta C, Aragona
F. Immunohistochemistry differentiates papillary
thyroid carcinoma arising in ectopic thyroid tissue
from secondary lymph node metastases. Thyroid.
2007;17(7):603–7.
65. Deshmukh SD, Khandeparkar SG, Gulati HK, Naik
CS. Microfollicular adenoma of ectopic thyroid
gland masquerading as salivary gland tumor—a
diagnostic and therapeutic challenge: a case report. J
Med Case Rep. 2014;8:270.
66. Lim-Dunham JE, Feinstein KA, Yousefzadeh DK,
Ben-Ami T.Sonographic demonstration of a normal
thyroid gland excludes ectopic thyroid in patients
with thyroglossal duct cyst. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
1995;164:1489–91.
67. Karakoc-Aydiner E, Turan S, Akpinar I, Dede
F, Isguven P, Adal E, etal. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of thyroid dysgenesis by thyroid ultrasonography and scintigraphy. Eur J Endocrinol.
2012;166(1):43–8.
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
204
M. Sakr
68. Batsakis JG, El-Naggar AK, Luna MA. Thyroid
gland ectopias. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol.
1996;105(12):996–1000.
69. Mussak EN, Kacker A. Surgical and medical management of midline ectopic thyroid. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:870–2.
70. Neinas FW, Gorman CA, Devine KD, Woolner LB,
Lingual thyroid. Clinical characteristics of 15 cases.
Ann Intern Med. 1973;79(2):205–10.
71. Yeung VT, Loong EP, Cockram CS.Cretinism and
lingual thyroid presenting in an adult. Postgrad Med
J. 1987;63(744):881–3.
72. Ward GE, Cantrell JR, Allan WB. The surgical treatment of lingual thyroid. Ann Surg.
1954;139(5):536–46.
73. Lim LX, Kwok G, Wong E, Morgan GJ. Dual thyroid ectopia with submental thyroid excision using
Sistrunk procedure: a case report. Ind J Surg Case
Rep. 2021;82:105909.
74. Moon WK, Han MH, Chang KH, Im JG, Kim HJ,
Sung KJ, Lee HK.CT and MR imaging of head and
neck tuberculosis. Radiographics. 1997;17:391–402.
75. Nalini B, Vinayak S.Tuberculosis in ear, nose, and
throat practice: its presentation and diagnosis. Am J
Otolaryngol. 2006;27:39–45.
76. Williams RG, Douglas-Jones T. Mycobacterium
marches back. J Laryngol Otol. 1995;109:5–13.
77. Topak M, Oysu C, Yelken K, Sahin-Yilmaz A,
Kulekci M. Laryngeal involvement in patients
with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Arch
Otorrinolaringol. 2008;265:327–30.
78. Kruschinski C, Welkoborsky HJ. Tuberculosis of
the larynx associated with orofacial granulomatosis in childhood. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2005;132:967–9.
79. Singh B, Balwally AN, Nash M, Har-El G, Lucente
LE. Laryngeal tuberculosis in HIV infected
patients: a difcult diagnosis. Laryngoscope.
1996;106:1238–40.
80. Lim JY, Kim KM, Choi EC, Kim YH, Kim HS, Choi
HS.Current clinical propensity of laryngeal tuberculosis: review of 60 cases. Eur Arch Otorrinolaringol.
2006;263:838–42.
81. Lin CJ, Kang BH, Wang HW. Laryngeal tuberculosis masquerading as carcinoma. Eur Arch
Otorrinolaringol. 2002;259:521–3.
82. Shin JE, Nam SY, Yoo SJ, Kim SY.Changing trends
in clinical manifestations of laryngeal tuberculosis.
Laryngoscope. 2000;110:1950–3.
83. Hunter AM, Millar JW, Wightman AJ, Horne
NW.The changing pattern of laryngeal tuberculosis.
J Laryngol Otol. 1981;95:393–8.
84. Smulders YE, Bondt BJD, Lacko M, Hodge JAL,
Kross KW. Laryngeal tuberculosis presenting as a
supraglottic carcinoma: a case report and review of
the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2009;3:9288.
85. Yencha MW, Linfesty R, Blackmon A. Laryngeal
tuberculosis. Am J Otolaryngol. 2000;21:122–6.
86. Rizzo PB, Da Mosto MC, Clari M, Scotton PG,
Vaglia A, Marchiori C. Laryngeal tuberculosis: an often forgotten diagnosis. Int J Infect Dis.
2003;7:129–31.
87. Harney M, Hone S, Timon C, Donnelly M.Laryngeal
tuberculosis: an important diagnosis. J Laryngol
Otol. 2000;114:878–80.
88. Al Serhani AM.Mycobacterial infection of the head
and neck: presentation and diagnosis. Laryngoscope.
2001;111:2012–6.
89. Moon WK, Han MH, Chang KH, Kim HJ,
et al. Laryngeal tuberculosis: CT ndings. AJR.
1996;166:445–9.
90. Moss AA, Gamsu G, Genant HK.Computed tomography of the body with magnetic resonance imaging.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1992. p.381–2.
91. Blumberg HM, Burman WJ, Chaisson RE, Daley
CL, Etkind SC, Friedman LN, et al. American
Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America:
treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med. 2003;167:603–62.
92. Monga S, Malik JN, Sharma AP, Jan S.Cute tuberculous abscess of the larynx—an unusual presentation. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2016;67(1):54–6.
93. Blair RL. Head & neck surgery. In: Cuschieri A,
Steele RC, Moosa AR, editors. Essential surgical
practice. 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.
p.1045.
94. Krukowski ZH.The thyroid gland and the thyroglossal tract. In: Russell RCG, Williams NS, Bulstrode
CJK, editors. Bailey & Love’s short practice of surgery. 24th ed. London: Arnold; 2004. p.776–804.
95. Hilger AW, Thompson SD, Smallman LA,
Watkinson JC. Papillary carcinoma arising in a
thyroglossal duct cyst: a case report and literature
review. J Laryngol Otol. 1995;109:1124–7.
96. Sujatha NM, Rekha A.Thyroglossal duct cyst-more
than just an embryological remnant. Indian J Surg.
2011;73(1):28–31.
97. Mondin V, Ferlito A, Muzzi E, Silver CE, Fagan JJ,
Devaney KO, Rinaldo. A Thyroglossal duct cyst:
personal experience and literature review. Auris
Nasus Larynx. 2008;35(1):11–25.
98. Branstetter B, Weissman J, Kennedy T, Whitaker
M. The CT appearance of thyroglossal duct carcinoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:1547–50.
99. Imhof H, Czerny C, Hörmann M, Krestan C.Tumors
and tumor-like lesions of the neck: from childhood
to adult. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(Suppl 4):L155–65.
100. Schwetschenau E, Kelley DJ.The adult neck mass.
Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(5):831–9.
101. Nakayama S, Kimachi K, Nakayama K, Ikebe T,
Ozeki S.Thyroglossal duct cyst occurring in the oor
of the mouth: report of 2 cases. J Oral Maxillofac
Surg. 2009;67:2690–9.
102. Fang WS, Wiggins RH 3rd, Illner A, Hamilton
BE, Hedlund GL, Hunt JP, et al. Primary lesions
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
9 Midline Cervical Swellings
205
of the root of the tongue. Radiographics.
2011;31:1907–22.
103. Som PM, Curtin HD.Head and neck imaging. 5th
ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2011.
104. Hirshoren N, Neuman T, Udassin R, Elidan J,
Weinberger JM. The imperative of the Sistrunk
operation: review of 160 thyroglossal tract remnant operations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2009;140:338–42.
105. Shah R, Gow K, Sobol SE.Outcome of thyroglossal
duct cyst excision is independent of presenting age
or symptomatology. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.
2007;71:1731–5.
106. Perkins JA, Inglis AF, Sie KC, Manning
SC. Recurrent thyroglossal duct cysts: a 23-year
experience and a new method for management. Ann
Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2006;115(11):850–6.
107. Sistrunk WE.The surgical treatment of cysts of the
thyroglossal tract. Ann Surg. 1920;71(2):121–2.
108. Bennett KG, Organ CH, Williams GR. Is the treatment for thyroglossal duct cysts too extensive? Am J
Surg. 1986;152:602–5.
109. Enepekides DJ.Management of congenital anomalies of the neck. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am.
2001;9(1):131–45.
110. Simon LM, Magit AE.Impact of incision and drainage of infected thyroglossal duct cyst on recurrence
after Sistrunk procedure. Arch Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg. 2012;138(1):20–4.
111. Myer CM, Cotton RT.Congenital thyroid cysts and
ectopic thyroid. In: Falk SA, editor. Thyroid disease: endocrinology, surgery, nuclear medicine and
radiotherapy. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990.
p.381–8.
112. Ostlie DJ, Burjonrappa SC, Snyder CL, Watts J,
Murphy JP, Gittes GK, et al. Thyroglossal duct
infections and surgical outcomes. J Pediatr Surg.
2004;39(3):396–9.
113. Gioacchini FM, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Kaleci S,
Magliulo G, Presutti L, Re M.Clinical presentation
and treatment outcomes of thyroglossal duct cysts:
a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2015;44:119–26.
114. Bennedbaek FN, Hegedus L.Treatment of recurrent
thyroid cysts with ethanol: a randomized doubleblind controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2003;88:5773–7.
115. Del Prete S, Caraglia M, Russo D, Vitale G, Giuberti
G, Marra M, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection
efcacy in the treatment of large symptomatic thyroid cystic nodules: ten-year follow-up of a large
series. Thyroid. 2002;12(9):815–21.
116. Lee SJ, Ahn IM.Effectiveness of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in benign nodular and cystic
thyroid diseases: long-term follow-up experience.
Endocr J. 2005;52:455–62.
117. Zingrillo M, Torlontano M, Chiarella R, Ghiggi
MR, Nirchio V, Bisceglia M, et al. Percutaneous
ethanol injection may be a denitive treatment for
symptomatic thyroid cystic nodules not treatable
by surgery: ve-year follow-up study. Thyroid.
1999;9(8):763–7.
118. Sung JY, Baek JH, Kim YS, Jeong HJ, Kwak MS,
Lee D, et al. One-step ethanol ablation of viscous
cystic thyroid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
2008;191(6):1730–3.
119. Baskin HJ.Percutaneous ethanol injection of thyroglossal duct cysts. Endocr Pract. 2006;12:355–7.
120. Fukumoto K, Kojima T, Tomonari H, Kontani K,
Murai S, Tsujimoto F. Ethanol injection sclerotherapy for Baker’s cyst, thyroglossal duct
cyst, and branchial cleft cyst. Ann Plast Surg.
1994;33(6):615–9.
121. Isselbacher EM. Thoracic and abdominal aortic
aneurysms. Circulation. 2005;1(6):816–28.
122. Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM,
Carr VF, Casey DE, et al. Task Force on Practice
Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic
Surgery, American College of Radiology, American
Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular
Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular
Angiography and Interventions, Society of
Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic
Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine.
Circulation. 2010;121(13):e266–369.
123. Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM,
Carr VF, Casey DE, et al. American College of
Cardiology Foundation. American Heart Association
task force on practice guidelines. Catheter
Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;76(2):E43–86.
124. Mathur A, Mohan V, Ameta D, Gaurav B,
Haranahalli P. Aortic aneurysm. J Transl Int Med.
2016;4(1):35–41.
125. Patel HJ, Deeb GM. Ascending and arch aorta:
pathology, natural history, and treatment. Circulation.
2008;118(2):188–95.
126. Kojima N, Sakano Y, Ohki S, Misawa Y.Rapidly
growing aortic arch aneurysm in Behcet’s
disease. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg.
2011;12(3):502–4.
127. Salameh MJ, Black JH, Ratchford EV.Thoracic aortic aneurysm. Vasc Med. 2018;23(6):573–8.
128. Campa JS, Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT. Elastin
degradation in abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Atherosclerosis. 1987;65(1–2):13–21.
129. Kieffer E, Chiche L, Gomes D. Aortoesophageal
stula: value of in situ aortic allograft replacement.
Ann Surg. 2003;238(2):283–90.
130. Al Kindi AH, Al Kimyani N, Alameddine T, Al
Abri Q, Balan B, Al SH. “Open” approach to aortic arch aneurysm repair. J Saudi Heart Assoc.
2014;26(3):152–61.
131. Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, Bossone E,
Bartolomeo RD, Eggebrecht H, et al. ESC committee for practice guidelines. Eur Heart J.
2014;35(41):2873–926.
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
206
M. Sakr
132. Danyi P, Elefteriades JA, Jovin IS.Medical therapy
of thoracic aortic aneurysms: are we there yet?
Circulation. 2011;124(13):1469–76.
133. Braverman AC. Medical management of thoracic
aortic aneurysm disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
2013;145(3 Suppl):S2–6.
134. Goldnger JZ, Halperin JL, Marin ML, Stewart AS,
Eagle KA, Fuster V.Thoracic aortic aneurysm and
dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(16):1725–39.
135. Davies RR, Goldstein LJ, Coady MA, Tittle SL,
Rizzo JA, Kopf GS, etal. Yearly rupture or dissection
rates for thoracic aortic aneurysms: simple prediction
based on size. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73(1):17–27.
136. Yiu RS, Cheng SW.Natural history and risk factors
for rupture of thoracic aortic arch aneurysms. J Vasc
Surg. 2016;63(5):1189–94.
t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана