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13 Suction-Assisted Lipectomy
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Arin K. Greene, Jeremy A. Goss, and Håkan Brorson
Summary
Chronic lymphedema results from a protein-rich fluid
accumulation in the interstitial tissues and presents as a
soft tissue swelling of the extremities. The accumulation
of protein-rich fluid causes an increasing fibrotic alteration and enlargement of the subcutaneous tissue compartment. Once these morphological tissue changes have
occurred, the only way to reduce size and volume of the
affected extremity is to resect the hypertrophic tissue.
Preoperatively, all accumulation of free fluid must be
eliminated by maximizing manual lymphatic drainage
and compression. Patients that undergo suction-assisted
lipectomy are educated that the procedure will not cure
lymphedema. Therefore, a prerequisite to maintaining
the effect of suction-assisted lipectomy is the lifelong
continuous use of compression garments to reduce the risk
of recurrence. Patients who are not compliant with compression therapy are not candidates for surgery. Suctionassisted lipectomy can be performed using a tourniquet or
with tumescent solution. Custom made compression garments (class 3) need to be ordered in advance based on
the measurements of the healthy leg/arm.
Keywords: adipose tissue, excision, ext remit y, fat,
lipectomy, lymphedema
13.1 Indications and
Contraindications
In primary and secondary lymphedemas, the highprotein fluid causes the production of subcutaneous adipose tissue and fibrosis and enlarges the subcutaneous
compartment.
occurred and chronic lymphedema in the end stage, the
only way to reduce the size and volume of the arm or leg
is to resect the overgrown tissue.
In addition to a standalone technique as it has been successfully applied, suction-assisted lipectomy nowaday s is
increasingly a surgical tool in conjunction with preceding
lymphoreconstructive procedures to improve the reduction
of volume (see Chapters 8, 10 and Subchapter 15.2).
In the present chapter, the technique of suction-assisted
lipectomy is illustrated as standalone technique.
The preferred lymphoablative technique to remove
excess fibro-adipose tissue is lipectomy (suction-assisted
lipectomy). This procedure is equally effective for both
primary and secondary disease. It was popularized by
Brorson who performed the first lipectomy in severe lymphedema in 1987.
can be reduced by 70% to 100% or more.
pared to staged skin/subcutaneous excision, lipectomy can
1,2,3
Once fibro-adipose deposition has
1,4,5
The excess volume of the extremity
1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Com-
be often performed on an outpatient basis and in one stage
and is associated with fewer surgery-induced complications (e.g., dehiscence of surgical wound, skin necrosis,
iatrogenic injury to deeper structures, bleeding). The procedure has been shown to increase blood flow to the
extremity,
the incidence of erysipelas by 87%.
of the subcutaneous tissue by fat accumulation and hypertrophy and fibrosis. Patients must be symptomatic
(e.g., lowered self-esteem, infections, difficulty fitting
clothing, limited activities of daily living, social stigmatization) despite being compliant with compression therapies. Liposuction is not used for patients with penile or
scrotal lymphedema; these patients are treated with resection of the excess skin and subcutaneous tissue since
excess volume consists of accumulated lymph and fibrosis only and not fat (see Chapter 14).
11
does not injure the lymphatics,13and reduces
Liposuction can be used for mild to severe overgrowth
12
13.2 Preoperative Evaluation and
Planning
Approximately 95% of patients with lymphedema are successfully managed using conservative treatments (e.g.,
compression garments, pneumatic pump, complete decongestive therapy).
failed and there is significant morbidity, then the patients
are candidates for operative intervention. Potential surgical candidates undergo lymphoscintigraphy to definitively
determine whether they have lymphedema (25% of referrals to a lymphedema program have another disease).
A color Doppler investigation is recommended to rule
out any perforating veins or deep venous insufficiency.
Patients undergo MRI to assess the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue. If minimal fat is observed and the
extremity is primarily enlarged because of free fluids, the
patient is counseled to further maximize his/her compression regimen (see Chapter 6). It is relevant for the indication for suction-assisted lipectomy to clinically estimate
the amount of fluid with the pitting test. “Pitting” refers to
the depression formed after pressure is applied to the
edematous tissue. A thumb is pressed as hard as possible on
the affected extremity for at least 1 minute; sometimes 3 to
4 minutes are needed if the extremity is very congested.
The amount of depression is estimated in millimeters (see
Chapter 4 and Fig. 4.1).
Edema that is mainly characterized by hypertrophied
adipose tissue and/or fibrosis shows little or no pitting. In
the authors’ experience, it usually takes at least 5 years
following the onset of edema for significant subcutaneous
adipose to develop, but the deposition of fat starts within
the first year after lymphedema begins.
16
When nonoperative therapies have
2
16,17
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Prior to the surgery, patients are educated that:
●
the procedure is not a cure for lymphedema;
●
patients must continue compression postoperatively to
reduce the risk of recurrence of adipose tissue; and
●
patients who are not compliant with compression
preoperatively are not candidates for surgery.
Even subjects with severe overgrowth will have adequate
skin retraction postoperatively and usually do not require
resection of excess skin. Patients with bilateral arm or
lymphedema of the leg undergo treatment of one
extremity followed by a procedure on the contralateral
extremity 6 to 12 weeks later.
Note:
Performing surger y on both extremities simultaneously
significantly affects the course of postoperative
recovery. In the event of simultaneous surgery of the
lower extremities, ambulation will be significantly
hindered, increasing the risk of postoperative deep
vein thrombosis.
13.3 Surgical Technique
Suction-assisted lipectomy can be performed using a
tourniquet or with tumescent solution, or a combination
of both. If tumescence is used, 35 mg/kg of lidocaine is
not to be exceeded. If a tourniquet is applied, tumescent
solution is injected only where the tourniquet has been
applied, and this area is aspirated after completing the
rest of the limb.
the extremity, 10 to 15 incisions measuring 4 to 7 mm
are made. The direction of the lipectomy is strictly longitudinal due to the course of the lymphatics. For the
upper ext remit y, 3- or 4-mm cannulas are used and 3to 5-mm cannulas for the lower extremity. Powerassisted lipectomy can preferably be used for both the
upper and lower extremity because it is faster than conventional suction-assisted lipectomy. As much subcutaneous adipose tissue as possible is removed, and t he
limb undergoes circumferential suctioning from the
wrist/ankle to the shoulder/hip.
Note:
Neither hands nor feet need to be treated, because
these anatomical areas do not develop significant
deposition of adipose tissue.
15
In the relaxed-skin tension lines of
either left o pen to drain or closed loosely wit h one suture each. A sof t ace-wrap dressing is applied or a
custom-made flat-knitted compression garment (compression class 3), which has been previously ordered
based on the measurements of the healthy leg/arm.
Patients undergoing leg lipectomy are admitted for at
least 1 night to ensure they are ambulating and have
adequate pain control before d ischarge. Patients having
arm lipectomy can be discharged on the same day as the
procedure. Alternatively, compression garments are
ordered 2 weeks before surgery based on the measurements of the healthy extremity and put on at the time
of surgery. W hen the arm distal to the tourniquet has
been treated, a sterilized made-to-measure compression sleeve is applied (compression class 2) to the arm
to stem bleeding and reduce postoperative edema. A
sterilized, standard interim glove, in which the tips of
the fi ngers have been cut to facilitate gripping, is put on
the hand. The tourniquet is removed, and the most
proximal part of the upper arm is treated using the
tumescent technique. This involves infiltration of 1 liter
of tumescence solution.
Finally, the proximal part of the compression sleeve is
pulled up to compress the proximal part of the upper
arm. The incisions are left open to drain through the
sleeve. The arm is lightly wrapped with a large absorbent
compress covering the whole ar m (e.g., 60 × 60 cm). The
arm is kept at the level of the heart on a large pillow. The
compress is changed when needed. On the following day,
a standard gauntlet (i.e., a glove without fingers, but with
a thumb, compression class 2) is put over the interim
glove after the thumb of the gauntlet has been cut off to
ease the pressure on the thumb. If the gauntlet is put on
straight after surgery, it can exert too much pressure on
the hand when the patient is still not able to move the
fingers after the anesthesia.
13.4 Intraoperative Position
Patients being treated for both upper and lower extremity lymphedema are placed in supi ne position. The entire extremity is prepped and draped. Antithrombotic
prophylaxis is typically given to reduce the risk of deep
venous thrombosis, especially in pat ients with obesity.
Pneumatic compression can be used after surgery to facilitate r emoval of postoperative edema. Perioperative
antibiotics are given. An assistant is needed to help position the limb intraoperatively to allow circumferential
lipectomy.
If only tumescent solution is used, the procedure is
stopped once the aspirate becomes significantly bloody
and/or when the aspirate volume equals the amount that
was infused (“superwet technique”). The incisions are
172
13.5 Postoperative Management
Patients are mobilized immediately after the procedure
to reduce the risk of thromboembolism. The operative
dressing is removed in a few days postoperatively, and
the patient may sh ower. The patient continues ace
13.6 Patient Education
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bandaging for 4 to 6 weeks postoperatively while the
edema resolves and skin retraction occurs. Once the patients achieve their new steady-state volume, they are
re-fitted for new, smaller compression garments. Full
activity is encouraged as the patient’s recovery allows.
The patient undergoes repeated volume measurements
and photography to assess the improvement 3 months
postoperatively.
18
Alternatively, garments are removed 2 days postoperatively so that the patient can take a shower. Then, the
other set of garments is put on and the used set is washed
and dried. The patient repeats this process after another
2 days before discharge. The standard glove and gauntlet
are usually changed to the made-to-measure glove at the
end of the hospital stay.
The patient alternates between the two sets of garments (one set =one sleeve and one glove) during the 2
weeks postoperatively, changing them daily or every
other day so that a clean set is always put on after showering and lubricating the arm. After the 2-week control,
the garments are changed every day after being washed.
Washing “activates” the garment by increasing the com-
pression due to shrinkage.
Rare major complications from suction-assisted
lipectomy include deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary
embolism, fat embolism, and lidocaine toxicity. Minor
complications include infection, bleeding requiring
transfusion, and localized area of skin loss. Patients are
informed that there may be contour abnormalities and
decreased sensation that improve in time.
Patients undergoing suction-assisted lipectomy for
severe lower extremity lymphedema have a higher likelihood of skin loss or bleeding when only tumescent
lipectomy is used. For these patients a tourniquet is recommended which minimizes blood loss.
15
A prerequisite to maintaining the effect of suc tionassisted lipectomy is the lifelong continuous use of
1,4
compression g a rment.
Compression therapy is crucial, and its application is therefore thoroughly described and discussed with the patient at the first clinical
evaluation.
Note:
If the patient expresses any doubt about continued
compression therapy following surgery, they should
not be considered a candidate for suction-assisted
lipectomy.
During the visit in the third month, the arm is measured
for new custom-made garments (two sets). This procedure is repeated at 6, 9, and 12 months. If complete
reduction has been achieved at 6 months, the 9-month
control may be omitted. When the excess volume has
decreased as much as possible and a steady state is
achieved, new garments can be prescribed using the latest measurements. In this way, the garments are renewed
three or four times during the first year. Two sets of
sleeve-and-glove garments are always at the patient’s
disposal, one being worn while the other is washed. Thus,
a garment is worn permanently, and treatment is interrupted only briefly when showering and, possibly, for formal social occasions. The life span for two custom-made
compression garments worn alternately is usually 4 to 6
months. Furthermore, the patient is informed about the
importance of hygiene and skin care, as all patients with
lymphedema are susceptible to infections, and keeping
the skin clean and soft is a prophylactic measure.
1,4
After the first year, the patient is seen again after 6
months (1.5 years after surgery) and then at 2 years
after surgery. Then the patient is seen once a year only,
when new garments are prescribed for the coming year,
usually four garments and four gloves (or four gauntlets). For very active patients, six to eight garments and
the sam e amount of gauntlets/gloves a year are needed.
Patients without preoperative swelling of the hand can
usually stop using the glove/gauntlet after 6 to 12
months postoper atively.
For legs, up to two, sometimes three, compression garments, on top of each other, are used depending on what
is needed to prevent pitting. A typical example is a panty
with a leg-long garment of compression class 2. After
complete reduction has been achieved, usually by around
12 months, the patient is seen once a year when all new
garments are prescribed for the coming year. After complete reduction, the panty with a leg-long garment can
be changed to one without a panty. During night, only
one leg-long garment is used.
13.6 Patient Education
Patients are advised that suction-assisted lipectomy does
not cure their lymphedema and that they must continue
their preoperative compression regimen postoperatively.
Patients do not exhibit significant recurrence of subcutaneous adipose tissue after the procedure, which might be
explained by improved lymphatic function because of the
operation.
hand and foot are not operated on, they may experience
reduced swelling in these after the procedure.
are advised to exercise the extremity and maintain a normal body mass index (BMI) to prevent worsening of their
disease. Patients with a lymphedema of the leg who have
a high BMI, when the excess volume in kilogram has been
deducted from the weight, are encouraged to lose weight
before the operation since it is difficult to get optimal
compression when the diameter of the leg is large according to Laplace’slaw.
14
We also advise patients that although the
14
Patients
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13.7 Clinical Cases
13.7.1 Lymphedema of the Lower
Extremity
An adult female with adolescent-onset primary lymphedema was unhappy with the appearance of her extremity
and was having difficulty in fitting clothing despite being
compliant with her compression regimen (▶ Fig. 13.1).
Prior to her procedure, she underwent lymphoscintigraphy to confirm her disease and MRI to ensure she had
enough subcutaneous adipose tissue to benefit from
suction-assisted lipectomy. Intraoperatively, 15 to 20
incisions measuring 1 cm were made along the limb in
relaxed skin-tension lines and joint creases. Tumescent
solution (1-liter saline + 50-cc 1% lidocaine + 1-cc epinephrine [1:000]) was infused circumferentially throughout the extremity not exceeding 35 mg/kg of lidocaine.
Standard lipectomy was used for the upper extremity (3to 4-mm cannulas) while power-assisted lipectomy was
employed for the lower limb (4- to 5-mm cannulas). The
aspirate typically equals the volume of the tumescent
solution that is infused. The incisions were closed loosely
with one suture to allow drainage, and the limb was
dressed with gauze and an ace wrap. Large lower extremity operations often require a short inpatient hospital
stay; patients ambulate immediately following the procedure. The saturated operative dressings were changed in
the office 2 to 3 days postoperatively. The patient then
showered each day and wrapped the extremity with ace
wraps. Pneumatic compression was resumed approximately 2 weeks following the procedure. In 6 to 12 weeks
postoperatively, when the limb had obtained a new
steady-state volume and the skin had contracted, the patient was measured for smaller custom-fitted garments
and discontinued the ace wraps.
13.7.2 Lymphedema of the Lower
Extremity Preceded by Conservative
Treatment
The patient is a 27-year-old man who underwent surgery
as a newborn because of congenital left-sided chylothorax (▶ Fig. 13.2). At the age of 12, he had an incipient
swelling in the left leg and 2 years later, in the right leg.
He received conservative treatment with elastic bandages
that had some effect. When he was 22 years old, he had
surgery because of seminoma of the left testicle followed
by radiation therapy. Then there was a rapid progression
of the edema in the left leg. At the age of 26, he was
referred to the plastic surgery clinic. He showed pronounced edema, elephantiasis, with severe pitting edema
of several centimeters. The excess volume measured by
plethysmography was 14,310 ml. Since the edema was
dominated by lymph, conservative treatment was started
using compression garments that were decreased in size
regularly by taking in the garments using a sewing machine as well as ordering of new compression garments.
The edema decreased from 10,120 to 4,190 ml (71%
reduction) after a year. Persistent swelling consisted of
clinical adipose tissue and fibrosis. For the first time in
many years the patient could buy a pair of normal pants.
After 2 years of conservative treatment, suction-ass isted
lipectomy was performed to decrease adipose tissue and
complete reduction was achieved. He now works full
time as a fitter.
13.7.3 Lymphedema of the Upper
Extremity
Typical outcome after lipectomy of lymphedema of the
arm is shown in ▶ Fig. 13.3. The patient is a 74-year-old
Fig. 13.1 Operative treatment of lymphedema of the leg using lipec tomy. (a) Preoperative appearance. (b) Lymphoscintigram shows
absence of radiolabeled tracer in the left inguinal lymph nodes confirming the diagnosis of lymphedema. Magnetic resonance imaging
demonstrates an increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue. (c) Intraoperative view. (d) Lipoaspirate. (e) Appearance at 6 weeks
postoperatively. (Reproduced with permission from Greene AK. Operative Management of Vascular Anomalies. Thieme; 2017.)
174
13.8 Pearls and Pitfalls
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Fig. 13.2 (a) Before treatment with controlled compression therapy, significant excess volume of approx. 14,000 ml. (b) After 2 years of
complete decongestive therapy and before lipectomy, a 75% reduction of the excess volume was achieved. (c) Complete reduction was
achieved 4 years after surgery: Excess volume was -865 ml, i.e., the treated leg was somewhat smaller than the contralateral (106%).
(d) He can now wear jeans, which was impossible before treatment. (Reproduced with permission from Brorson, H. et al., Controlled
Compression and Liposuction Treatment for Lower Extremity Lymphedema. Lymphology 41(2); 2008, pp. 52–63.)
woman with a nonpitting lymphedema of the arm for 15
years following breast cancer treatment including radiotherapy. The edema started 5 years after surgery. She
received conservative treatment for 15 years, including
combined decongestive treatment and pneumatic compression, without any effect due to adipose tissue deposition. Measurements were taken 2 weeks before surgery
for compression garments based on the healthy arm.
Preoperative excess volume was 3,090 ml. After 1 year of
suction-assisted lipectomy complete reduction was
achieved with a remaining excess volume of –110 ml, that
is, the treated arm became somewhat smaller than that
of the nonaffected arm.
Fig. 13.3 (a) A 74-year-old woman with a nonpitting lymphedema of the arm for 15 years. Preoperative excess volume was
3,090 ml. (b) Postoperative result after 1 year. The treated arm
is smaller than the healthy one: –110 ml.
13.8 Pearls and Pitfalls
Prior to performing suct ion-assisted lipectomy, it is
critical to ensure the patient will benef it from t he pro cedure by documenting increased subcutaneous adipose tissue with the clinically negative pitting test and
proven by MR I. As much fat as possible is removed during the operation because repeat resec tion is more difficult after additional interstitial scar tissue has been
developed. Patients with long-standing, severe disease
remain candidates for suct ion-assisted lipectomy,
although more effort may be required to remove the
tissue because of increased fibrosis in the lower extremity. Patients must be educated that lipectomy does
not cure their disease, and that they must remain compliant with postoperative compression to limit recurrent adipose de position.
References
[1] Brorson H, Svensson H. Liposuction combined with controlled
compression therapy reduces arm lymphedema more effectively
than controlled compression therapy alone. Plast Reconstr Surg.
1998; 102(4):1058–1067, discussion 1068
[2] Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Nilsson M. Adipose tissue dominates
chronic arm lymphedema following breast cancer: an analysis using
volume rendered CT images. Lymphat Res Biol. 2006; 4(4):199–210
[3] Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Karlsson MK. Breast cancer-related
chronic arm lymphedema is associated with excess adipose and
muscle tissue. Lymphat Res Biol. 2009; 7(1):3–10
[4] Brorson H, Svensson H. Complete reduction of lymphoedema of the
arm by liposuction after breast cancer. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg
Hand Surg. 1997; 31(2):137–143
[5] Brorson H. Liposuction in lymphedema treatment. J Reconstr
Microsurg. 2016; 32(1):56–65
[6] Greene AK, Slavin SA, Borud L. Treatment of lower extremity
lymphedema with suction-assisted lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg.
2006; 118(5):118e–121e
Suction-Assisted Lipectomy
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[7] Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Svensson B, Svensson H. Controlled
compression and liposuction treatment for lower extremity
lymphedema. Lymphology. 2008; 41(2):52–63
[8] Greene AK, Maclellan RA. Operative treatment of lymphedema using
suction-assisted lipectomy. Ann Plast Surg. 2016; 77(3):337–340
[9] Lamprou DA, Voesten HG, Damstra RJ, Wikkeling OR. Circumferential
suction-assisted lipectomy in the treatment of primary and secondary
end-stage lymphoedema of the leg. Br J Surg. 2017; 104(1):84–89
[10] Stewart CJ, Munnoch DA. Liposuction as an effective treatment for
lower extremity lymphoedema: a single surgeon’s experience over
nine years. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2018; 71(2):239–245
[11] Brorson H, Svensson H. Skin blood flow of the lymphedematous arm
before and after liposuction. Lymphology. 1997; 30(4):165–172
[12] Lee D, Piller N, Hoffner M, Manjer J, Brorson H. Liposuction of
postmastectomy arm lymphedema decreases the incidence of
erysipelas. Lymphology. 2016; 49(2):85–92
[13] Brorson H, Svensson H, Norrgren K, Thorsson O. Liposuction reduces
arm lymphedema without significantly altering the already impaired
lymph transport. Lymphology. 1998; 31(4):156–172
[14] Greene AK , Voss SD, Maclellan RA. Liposuctio n for swelling in
patients with lymphedema. N Engl J Med . 2017; 377(18):1788–
1789
[15] Wojnikow S, Malm J, Brorson H. Use of a tourniquet with and
without adrenaline reduces blood loss during liposuction for
lymphoedema of the arm. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg.
2007; 41(5):243–249
[16] Maclellan R A, Couto RA, Sullivan JE, Grant FD, Slav in SA, Greene
AK. Management of primary and Secondary lymphedema: analysis
of 225 referrals to a center.Ann Plast Surg. 2015; 75(2):197–200
[17] Schook CC, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Alomari AI, Grant FD, Greene AK.
Differential diagnosis of lower extremity enlargement in pediatric
patients referred with a diagnosis of lymphedema. Plast Reconstr
Surg. 2011; 127(4):1571–1581
[18] Brorson H, Höijer P. Standardised measurements used to order
compression garments can also be used to calculate the arm volume
in order to evaluate lymphoedema treatment. J Plast Surg Hand Surg.
2012; 46(6):410–415
176
14 Excisional Procedures
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Vincenzo Penna and Nestor Torio
Summary
Modern surgical management of chronic lymphedema
requires local excisional and lymphoablative surgery in
selected cases of mid to end stage lymphedema (stages
II–III). While highly invasive and often mutilating surgery,
such as Charles’ or Homans’ procedures, is rarely indicated today, especially for genital lymphedema (stage II)
or local fibrotic, dermal bulging can be functionally and
effectively treated with local dermolipectomies followed
by lifelong conservative therapy and compression. While
lymphedema with a high degree of adipogenesis can be
approached by suction-assisted lipectomy alone, lipectomy can be used in conjunction with local dermolipectomies for lymphoablative surgery to improve weight
loss and wound healing. Experience is re quired for preoperative planning and marking with repetitive pinch
tests. Patient education must include the noncausal
character of the procedure, successfully addressing form,
function, weight, quality of life, local infection control,
and aesthetics.
Keywords: Charles’ procedure, debulking, dermolipectomy,
genital lymphedema, Homans procedure, lymphoablative
surgery, lymphede ma-related papilloma, scrotal
lymphedema, suction-assisted lipectomy, Thompson
procedure
14.1 Lymphoreductive Surgery
Light and moderate stages (stages I and II) of lymphedema
can be successfully treated conservatively by complete decongestive physical therapy (CDT) (see Chapter 6) and/or
lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) (see Chapter 8) or vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) (see Chapter 10) in
the event of refractory to conservative therapy. In severe
cases (stage III) the conservative treatment is limited with
regard to its efficacy, and often reconstructive or diverging
procedures such as LVA and VLNT may not be indicated, so
these patients require more invasive treatment options.
These excisional procedures that have been described in
the early 20th century aim at reducing excess skin and
subcutaneous tissues that often present with morphological changes such a fibrosis and scaring.
Charles described excision of the affected tissue (skin,
subcutaneous tissue) with consecutive split-thickness
skin grafting
tion of the Charles’ procedure that preserved the overlying skin
by excision of the subcutaneous tissue, followed by closure of the wound with trimming of the skin flap surplus.
If needed, this procedure can be staged to avoid skin
1
(▶ Fig. 14.1). Homans described a modifica-
2
(▶ Fig. 14.2). Skin flaps were elevated, followed
necrosis. The Homans’ procedure is mainly used for the
calf. Thompson modified these techniques for the upper
extremity by using de-epithelialized dermal flaps as dermal bridges for lymphatic fluid transport enhancement
(▶ Fig. 14.3). To establish a connection between the superficial and deep lymphatic systems the de-epithelialized
dermal flaps were fixed to the deep fascia around the
muscle or even buried into the muscle after fascial incisions prior to wound closure.
The above-described lymphoablative techniques are associated with a high rate of complications, such as wound
dehiscence, skin necrosis, nonhealing and chronic wounds,
infection, lymphorrhea, worsening of lymphedema distal
to the excision, etc.
niques and there modifications should be considered historic and outdated and indicated only in very specific cases
that present a very advanced stage of the disease and/or
where “sophisticated” surgery such as LVA or VLNT is not
available.
Modern approaches to lymphoablative surgery include
local dermolipectomies and lipectomy instead of the
above-mentioned techniques. It is paramount for these
techniques to work that patients are adequately treated
for their lymphedema. CDT is a crucial step for tissue preparation prior to surgery, as edematous tissue lacks a
respectable surplus and due to high tissue tension, it is
prone to postoperative wound healing problems. In addition, chronic edema causes fibrotic tissue reactions,
which makes lipectomy hard, if not impossible.
Local dermolipectomies are indicated based on functional limitations and prognosis, and mostly per formed
at the upper arm, thigh region, genital region, and abdomen, while lipectomy are reserved for the upper and
lower extremities.
Patients with stage III lymphedema always present with
enlargement of the affected area—sometimes even with
elephantiasic changes such as Papillomatosis Cutis Lymphostatica (see ▶ Fig. 14.8 and ▶ Fig. 14.9). Presentation of
stage III patients is not uniform but can involve fatty degeneration (treatable with lipectomy on) or massive edema (adequate CDT results in skin surplus that can then be
approached by an lymphoablative procedure).
4
Thus, these originally published tech-
5,6,7
14.2 Indications and
Contraindications
Dermolipectomies is mainly reserved for stage III lymphedema patients presenting with tissue surplus resulting after
adequate decongestion of the tissue through CDT. Often the
skin surplus leads to hygienic problems and reduced mobility. Dermolipectomies should not be performed in patients
3
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Fig. 14.1 Charles’ procedure: Skin, subcu-
taneous tissue, and deep fascia are excised
circumferentially in the affected area and
then covered with skin graft.
Fig. 14.2 Homans’ procedure: Skin flaps in the affected area are
elevated; subsequently, the subcutaneous tissue in the same
region is excised, and the skin flap trimmed and closed.
with pitting edema and without sufficient skin surplus
following intensive CDT. If a postoperative CDT treatment
cannot be guaranteed, the decision for dermolipectomy
procedures should be thoroughly reconsidered. In patient
with genital lymphedema, lymphoablative operations can
be recommendable even in early stages (e.g., stage II), as
these patients often present with recurrent erysipelas, lymphatic cysts, and chronic lymphorrhea.
Indications and Contraindications
Indications:
●
Mainly stage III lymphedema (stage II in genital
lymphedema)
●
Tissue surplus after adequate decongestion of the
tissue through CDT
●
Hygienic and mobility impairment due to tissue
surplus
●
Recurrent erysipelas, lymphatic cysts, and chronic
lymphorrhea with genital lymphedema
Contraindications:
●
Pitting edema patient
●
Absence of skin surplus
●
Impossibility to perform conservative treatment
postoperatively (lifelong need of CDT)
14.3 Preoperative Evaluation and
Planning
Patient management is always an integrated surgical and
conservative lymphological strategy. Prior to surgery—
which is a general recommendation in all patients
undergoing surgery for lymphedema—patients undergo
intensive CDT at a specialized lymphological clinic for 3
weeks. This therapy involves manual lymph drainage
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14.4 Surgical Technique
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Fig. 14.3 Thompson procedure: After excision of the affected subcutaneous tissue, a de-epithelialized skin flap is formed, buried, and
sutured to the deep fascia in order to establish a connection between the superficial and deep lymphatic system.
Fig. 14.4 57-year-old male patient with stage III lymphedema to the right distal lower extremity (calf) secondar y to a bilateral lipedema
associated with hypotesteronemia. Initial suction-assisted lipectomy yielded moderate success. Due to anticipated high degree of
fibrosis and functional impairment, the patient was scheduled for a local debulking procedure by excision with dermolipec tomy and
deep tissue thinning. The excision to the calf (a) was performed with multiple pinch tests and incision with repetitive adjustments with
resection of the fibrotic tissue (b) and final excision (c). (Courtesy of Christoph Hirche.)
twice daily, compression bandaging, physical exercises,
and skin care. This results in reduction of tissue volume,
softening of the skin, and partial recovery of skin elasticity, thus facilitating and improving surgery (▶ Fig. 14.5).
Patients who suffer from concomitant conditions (diabetes mellitus, hypoproteinemia, cardiac and respiratory
diseases, etc.) are treated by the medical team and are
prepared for anesthesia and surgery.
14.4 Surgical Technique
14.4.1 General Remarks
There is no standard planning of skin resection and markings in lymphedema patients. Thus, a good preoperative
evaluation of the skin sur plus by pinch test is paramount
and intraoperatively the amount of resection must be
carefully per formed in order to avoid the risk of wound
complications. Patients who undergo dermolipectomies
without pre- and postoperative CDT have a higher risk for
complications.
ized lymphedema rehabilitation center is recommended
for a period of around 3 weeks in cases of lymphoablative
lymphedema surgery.
6
Pre- and postoperative CDT in a special-
Following disinfection and sterile covering, a thirdgeneration cephalosporin is administered intravenously.
Then, the tissue is infiltrated with a diluted solution containing a local anesthetic (e.g., prilocaine) and epinephrine,
for example, 50 ml of prilocaine with 1,200,000 epinephrine in 1,000 ml of saline. Skin incision is done with scalpel;
further preparation is undertaken with electrocautery.
It is often required to ligate dilated vessels; meticulous
coagulat ion is mand at o ry.
14.4.2 Dermolipectomies in
Extremities
In extremities, excision is performed starting ventrally,
and then preparing the dorsal aspect of the tissue surplus. The dissection plane is down to the deep fascia. The
amount of skin resection is determined by pulling the tissue surplus ventrally and pushing towel clamps, which
are fixed at the dermis of the anterior wound site, dorsally and transcutaneously. This step prevents over- and
under-excision (▶ Fig. 14.4a–c and 14.6 a–c).
Multiple Charrière (Ch) 18 drains are inserted, and the
wound is closed with Donati single stitches (2–0 nylon).
An elastic compression is applied.
Excisional Procedures
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Fig. 14.5 Patient with a severe stage III
primary lymphedema on the left lower
extremity. (a) Result after 4 weeks of
intensive complete decompression therapy.
(b) Tissue surplus on the lower leg, which
must be surgically resected in order to
avoid further accumulation of lymphatic
fluid. (Courtesy of the Földi Klinik.)
Fig. 14.6 36-year-old patient with stage III secondary lymphedema after mastectomy and lymphadenectomy to the upper extremity.
Volume before complete decompression therapy was 7,100 ml (a), after complete decompression therapy (b), and extremity 1 year
postoperatively (c) after dermolipectomy on the upper arm. Weight of excised tissue: 1.5 kg. (Courtesy of Christoph Hirche.)
14.4.3 Scrotal Dermolipectomies
In cases of less pronounced scrotal lymphedema, a median incision of the scrotum and, if necessary, the penis,
is performed, allowing sufficient exposure of the scrotal
contents during debulking. The incision lines are
marked laterally at the border of elephantiastic an d
normal skin, taking care to preserve enough skin for
closure. The lateral incision lines meet dorsally at the perineum. If excess skin is present at the mons pubis, a
fishtail-shaped excision is planned to include a transversal
dermolipectomy of this region (▶ Fig. 14.7). The dissection
plane is directly underneath the dartos fascia, and
lymphedema-related papilloma are included in the excision pattern. It is important to quickly identify spermatic
cords and the testes. These structures are dissected bluntly
and preserved (▶ Fig. 14.8). If encountered, a hydrocele is
180
released and resected. Following meticulous hemostasis,
easy flow drains are inserted, and lateral flaps are joined
in the midline. The wound closure is achieved using 3–0
and 4–0 nylon interrupted sutures.
In patients with the penis skin affected by multiple lymphatic cysts, this tissue cannot be preserved. A reconstruction of the skin can be performed using the preserved and
unaffected foreskin as a foreskin flap (▶ Fig. 14.8).
14.4.4 Vulvar Dermolipectomies
The affected areas of the labia are marked—excision patterns and drawings are similar to reduction plasty of labia
majora—and excision is performed just at the border between the affected and healthy skin. Care must be taken
not to over-resect and thus risk distortion of the vulva.
After thorough coagulation, drains are normally not
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