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Chapter 32
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Hybrid Techniques for Complex
Aortic Surgery
Radim Brat
1
University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; 2University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
1,2
Chapter Outline
Introduction 373
Division 373
Arch Debranching 374
Principle and Surgical Technique 374
Main Advantages and Disadvantages 377
Results 377
Stented Elephant Trunk 377
Principle and Surgical Technique 377
Main Advantages and Disadvantages 378
Results 378
Frozen Elephant Trunk 378
Principle of the Method 378
Main Advantages and Disadvantages 378
Results 378
Visceral Debranching 379
Principle of the Method 379
Main Advantages and Disadvantages 379
Results 379
Conclusions 380
References 380
INTRODUCTION
Surgical treatment of thoracic aortic diseases belongs to technically most challenging parts of cardiac surgery [1]. Regardless
of the significant advancement in surgical techniques and postoperative care, which have been achieved in the area of cardiac surgery in the course of the last years, these procedures are still associated with very high mortality and morbidity [2].
Thoracic aorta is also an area, which has always been regarded as an interface among individual medical specialties. As of
today, surgical treatment may still be considered the “golden standard.” Nevertheless, due to the trend of introduction of less
invasive methods of treatment, endovascular treatment is being used more often, especially in the area of the descending aorta.
It is clear that surgical, as well as endovascular, treatments are associated with certain technical and medical limitations. These
methods should not stand against each other but should complement each other. The patient may profit from such combination
of surgical and endovascular techniques, namely in the form of lower surgical load, and thus decreased risk of the procedure,
and also with improvement of the long-term outcomes. However, the basic precondition of successful treatment is a very close
cooperation of the teams performing the diagnostic procedures and surgical and endovascular treatment.
The use of hybrid techniques in the treatment of complex aortic diseases is based upon a combination of surgical techniques,
the advantage of which is predictable good long-term results and endovascular techniques, which are associated with a lower risk
of the procedure. This method of treatment is not commonly used yet, and is performed in a limited number of centers only. That
is why it is not possible to find extensive randomized clinical trials in the literature; so far, outcomes of relatively small patient
files have been published, together with metaanalyses. Vast majority of authors assess the patients and treatment results retrospectively, and it is not possible to expect a publication of results of a larger prospective randomized study in the near future either. The
following chapter describes in detail various possibilities of using hybrid techniques in the treatment of complex aortic diseases.
DIVISION
Hybrid procedures combining open surgical and endovascular approach are used for the treatment of aortic aorta diseases
in situations, when part of the aorta with significant branches, as well as adjacent part of the aorta without such branches,
are affected with the pathological process. The most frequently afflicted area is the aortic arch, together with the adjacent
part of the descending aorta, or the descending aorta, including abdominal aorta.
New Approaches to Aortic Diseases from Valve to Abdominal Bifurcation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809979-7.00032-8
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Hybrid procedures on the aortic arch are performed in two different situations. In the first one, we need to perform
a replacement of the aortic arch; however, the procedure of standard open surgical replacement in the individual patient
is associated with a risk, which is too high, i.e., in situations, when circulatory arrest should be avoided. In this case, the
technique of aortic arch debranching may be used. The other situation is associated with the need to deal with a pathology
in the area of the aortic arch, together with the descending aorta, when we wish to combine the advantages of the surgical
approach of the aortic arch disease treatment, and the endovascular technique for treatment of descending aorta pathology.
In these patients, the techniques of stented elephant trunk or frozen elephant trunk are used.
Hybrid procedures in the area of abdominal aorta are further used in cases when we wish to avoid the need to use extracorporeal circulation and eliminate the thoracotomy. In these patients, we may perform extra-anatomical bypasses, which
ensure the perfusion of visceral arteries, most frequently retrogradely from the common iliac artery, which enables us to
perform visceral debranching and implant a tubular stent graft into the abdominal and descending aorta in the second stage.
The most frequently used hybrid procedures for the treatment of the thoracoabdominal aorta are the aortic arch debranching, stented elephant trunk, frozen elephant trunk, and visceral debranching.
Arch Debranching
Principle and Surgical Technique
These procedures include surgical procedures, when, by combining the surgical and endovascular techniques, we manage to
decrease the surgical load significantly, especially due to elimination of the need of extracorporeal circulation and circulatory
arrest. This technique may be used in patients, when the aneurysm or chronic dissection affects a part of the aortic arch and
possibly also extents to the descending aorta and the patient is, due to his/her general condition, not suitable for performance of
a total aortic arch replacement with the use of extracorporeal circulation and circulatory arrest. The principle of this technique
includes performance of bypass, which originates from the ascending aorta, and ensures perfusion of the upper part of the body
and ligation of branches coming out of the aortic arch. In the second stage, we implant a stent graft, which covers the aortic
arch and possibly also the descending aorta. There exist a number of options on how to perform the first surgical stage of the
procedure. Figs. 32.1–32.6 show individual options of performing the reconstruction. The basic modification is to perform the
ascending aorta to innominate and left carotid artery bypass and transposition of the left subclavian artery (Fig. 32.1).
Another option is to perform a sequential bypass from the ascending aorta to the innominate, left carotid, and left subclavian artery (Fig. 32.2), or this procedure may be modified with performance of a transposition of the left subclavian artery
(Fig. 32.3); it is also possible to modify the reconstruction using the technique shown in Fig. 32.4.
In case the aortic aneurysm, which will be treated with the stent graft, is localized only in the distal part of the aortic
arch, and the proximal part of the stent graft will be placed distally from the origin of the innominate artery, it is possible
to perform a reconstruction, which is shown in Fig. 32.5.
FIGURE 32.1 Scheme of branched aortic–innominate–carotid bypass and transposition of left subclavian artery.
FIGURE 32.2 Scheme of sequential bypass.
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FIGURE 32.3 Scheme of modification of sequential bypass.
FIGURE 32.4 Scheme of modification of branched bypass.
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FIGURE 32.5 Scheme of the carotid–carotid–subclavian bypass.
During this procedure, we perform reconstruction using prosthesis connecting all three branches coming out of the
aortic arch and the left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery are ligated at their origin. The advantage of this
technique is an easier performance of the procedure, without the need of sternotomy, and a decreased surgical load. The
least suitable technique of reconstruction is the performance of extra-anatomical bypass from the iliac or femoral artery to
the right common carotid artery, which includes end-to-end anastomosis of the left subclavian artery and the left common
carotid artery (Fig. 32.6).
This reconstruction technique is reserved only as a last option in cases when, due to various reasons, it is not possible
to perform anastomosis to the ascending aorta. The main disadvantage of this type of reconstruction is a worse long-term
patency of the extra-anatomical bypass.
There exist a number of other, less frequently used modifications; nevertheless, the principle of all these reconstruction
techniques is identical—to achieve the perfusion of the upper part of the body following ligation of branches coming out
of the aortic arch, so as to be able to deal with the pathology in the second stage with implantation of a tubular stent graft.
FIGURE 32.6 Scheme of extra-anatomical sequential bypass.
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The selected reconstruction technique depends mainly on the preference and experience of the surgeon and is significantly
influenced by the local finding and patient anatomy.
Main Advantages and Disadvantages
The main advantage of the presented hybrid procedures is decreasing of the surgical load and elimination of the need of
extracorporeal circulation and circulatory arrest, which leads to a lower incidence of especially neurological complications.
In certain types of procedures, it is even possible to eliminate the need of sternotomy.
The main disadvantage is the risk of obstruction and subsequent thrombotization of the bypass of the aortic arch
branches. It may be also complicated to insert the stent graft into the aortic arch, especially in patients with a steep angulation of the aortic arch.
Results
The relatively small number of patient results and namely their heterogeneity complicate evaluation of the outcomes of this
type of hybrid procedures. Contemporary series of hybrid arch procedures with zone 0 (ascending aorta) as the proximal
landing zone in high-risk patients have reported mortality rates of 0%–29.6% [3–8]. Despite the need to perform global
cerebral revascularization, the risk of permanent stroke is low but the rate of perioperative neurological deficit in the form
of transient ischemic attack is as high as 25% [9]. Paraplegia has been reported (0%–7%) and is associated with a more
extensive coverage of the descending thoracic aorta [3]. Careful review of the literature is required because the series published in the literature do not refer only to Zone 0, but also to Zones 1, 2, and 3. As an example, we may list the publication
of Rocha et al. who presented the results in a group of 32 patients with 3.4% mortality, neurological complication in 3.4%,
and the need of reintervention in 3.4% of patients [10]. However, total debranching was performed in 3.4% of patients only,
other patients underwent partial debranching. As far as other published larger patient groups are concerned, Gottardi reports
results observed in a group of 13 patients with total debranching, with perioperative mortality of 23%, neurological deficit
in 7.7% of patients, and permanent neurological deficit in 0% of patients [11]. Metzger, in his group of 18 patients, in 10
of whom total debranching was performed, reports postoperative mortality of 11.1%, and neurological deficit in 11.1% of
patients [12]. Ferrero, in his group of 27 patients, 11 of whom underwent total debranching, reports postoperative mortality,
transient neurological deficit, and permanent neurological deficit in 11.1%, 0%, and 0%, respectively [13].
Stented Elephant Trunk
Principle and Surgical Technique
This method is used in patients with an extensive disease of the thoracic aorta, affecting the aortic arch, as well as the
descending aorta. It was first described by Fann and colleagues [14]. The principle of this method is based upon a combination of the advantage of surgical treatment in the area of the aortic arch, with advantages of endovascular treatment in the
area of the descending aorta. Thus, the surgical procedure itself consists of two parts. During the first part, we perform a
replacement of the aortic arch with a prosthesis using the usual technique, with replantation of aortic arch branches on the
common button, or with the use of branched prosthesis. The standard technique of cerebral protection is used. It is most
advantageous to perform the distal anastomosis using the elephant trunk technique. The free part of the prosthesis, left in
the descending aorta, presents an ideal neck for subsequent anchoring of the stent graft, and this neck may be considered
very stable, without any risk of further dilatation, with a known width, which is constant along its whole length. In cases
when it is not possible to perform the distal anastomosis between the prosthesis and the aorta of the elephant trunk, due
to any reason, we try to leave a sufficiently long segment between the distal anastomosis and the distal pole of replanted
aortic branches. It is also possible to use specially designed prosthesis for the replacement of the aortic arch, e.g., Lupiae
prosthesis (Vascutek Terumo Inc., Scotland, UK) [15].
The second step includes the implantation of a stent graft into the descending aorta and anchoring of the stent into the
prosthesis substituting the aortic arch. The surgical and endovascular part may be performed in any order, or simultaneously. The preferred option is to perform a surgical replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch in the first stage
and to implant the stent graft in the second stage. The advantage of this option is the fact, that we are able to deal with
the pathology of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch first, which is usually more threatening for the patient than the
pathology in the area of the descending aorta. What is more, anchoring of the stent graft into the already sewn artificial
prosthesis is technically simpler than the reverse procedure, i.e., anastomosis of prosthesis into the already implanted stent
graft. Performing of both stages in one phase eliminates the need to perform the second procedure, the precondition of
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this technique is a high-quality hybrid operating theatre and this option also requires a very good coordination of activities
between the group performing the surgical part and the group performing the endovascular part.
Main Advantages and Disadvantages
The main advantage of this technique is decreasing the total surgical load and decreasing the risk of paraplegia with the
use of the endovascular technique in the area of the descending aorta. At the same time, the use of the distal part of the
prosthesis replacing the aortic arch as a landing zone for the stent graft brings about ideal conditions for its anchoring and
reduces the risk of proximal endoleak. A certain disadvantage is the risk of distal endoleak in the area of distal anchoring
of the stent graft.
Results
Results utilizing this technique have been reported, but many of the series are small, containing less than 10 patients [9].
As far as more extensive studies are concerned, Kawaharada et al. [16] reported the outcomes in a group of 31 patients, in
whom replacement of the aortic arch with the distal anastomosis as an elephant trunk was performed during the first stage,
and stent graft was implanted into the descending aorta in the second stage. The interval between the first and the second
stage was 3 months on average. Overall mortality during both stages was 6.4%, a total of 3.2% of patients experienced
stroke, and paraparesis was observed in 6.5% of patients. The 2- and 5-year survival was 84% and 73%, respectively. The
team of Zhao et al. [17] in their group of 24 patients reports hospital mortality of 4.1% and incidence of stroke of 0%.
Very interesting is also the level of hypothermia, which was used (18–22°C). Similar results have been reported also in the
work of Greenberg et al. [18], who report a 30-day mortality of 4.5% among their group of 22 patients. Also in this patient
population, no incidence of stroke or paraplegia was observed. As far as endoleaks are concerned, the authors report five
cases of type II endoleak, one case of type I endoleak, and one case of type III endoleak. Hofferberth and colleagues [19]
report mortality of 5.0% in their group of 19 patients; stroke was observed in 11% of patients. Survival at a mean follow-up
of 50 months in this group of patients was 87%.
When interpreting the results, it is necessary to take into account also indications due to which were the patients in
individual patient groups operated on. The representation of patients with aneurysms, chronic or acute dissections differs
significantly among individual patient groups, which clearly significantly influences the observed outcomes as far as mortality, neurological complications, and long-term survival are concerned.
Frozen Elephant Trunk
Principle of the Method
This type of hybrid procedure is used in patients with diseases of the thoracic aorta, affecting the aortic arch and a part of
the descending aorta. A special hybrid stent graft is used intraoperatively. It is basically a prosthesis, the distal part of which
is supported with a stent, the proximal part is left without a stent. The whole hybrid stent graft is placed in a common introducer. Preoperatively, under circulatory arrest and following incision of the aortic arch, this hybrid stent graft is implanted
into the descending aorta and placed in such a way that the part supported with the stent is expanded in the descending aorta,
and the proximal part, not supported with the stent, is used in order to perform the aortic arch replacement, with the aortic
branches replantation using button technique, or with the use of a branched prosthesis. Standard brain protection is used.
Main Advantages and Disadvantages
The main advantage of using this hybrid stent graft is the possibility to perform both stages at the same time [20–22],
together with decreasing the risk of bleeding at the distal anastomosis between the prosthesis and aorta. Disadvantageous
is the need to introduce the stent graft peroperatively, during circulatory arrest. This technique is suitable for patients
with aneurysm or dissection of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and proximal part of the descending aorta. However, it is
very complicated, or even impossible to use this technique in cases, when the descending aorta aneurysm spans up to the
diaphragm, or under it, and in cases when exact landing of the distal end of the stent graft is required, or special “custom
made” stent grafts are required.
Results
The results of frozen elephant trunk method are best summarized in the metaanalysis published by Tian et al. [23]. This
metaanalysis includes the results of 17 published patient series, with a total number of 1675 patients. Of these 17 published
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series, 7 represented large groups, containing more than 100 patients each, including one multicenter register [21,24–29].
Summary findings of this metaanalysis reported 8.3% mortality (range, 0%–18.2%), postoperative cerebral stroke in 4.9%
of patients (range, 0%–16%), and spinal cord injury in 5.1% of cases (range 0%–24%). Similar results are presented in
the metaanalysis performed by Moulakakis and colleagues [30]. Individual patient groups differ significantly as far as the
frequency of reoperations due to bleeding is concerned. For example, the authors Sun et al. in their series containing 398
patients report the incidence of reoperations due to bleeding of 2.5% [21]; Ius et al. in their group of 131 patients performed
reoperations due to bleeding in 18.3% of patients [27]. Relatively small amount of data has been published concerning midterm and long-term results [31]. Shimamura et al. present the 5-year survival in their group of 126 patients as 63% [24], Ius
et al. in a group of 131 patients report a 5-year survival of 72% [27], and Jakob et al. in their group of 274 patients observed
a 74% 5-year survival [26]. Nevertheless, also with this type of surgical procedure, it is necessary to take into account the
indications due to which the patients in individual patient series were operated on.
Visceral Debranching
Principle of the Method
This type of hybrid procedure was first described by Quinones-Baldrich et al. from the University of California in Los
Angeles [32]. It is a two-stage reconstruction; the first step includes performance of visceral debranching, in the second
step, tubular stent graft is implanted in the abdominal and descending aorta [33]. The first stage, visceral debranching, is
usually performed from midline laparotomy. With this incision, we achieve an approach to all visceral arteries and the common iliac artery. First of all, we perform extra-anatomical bypass to all visceral arteries. The procedure most often includes
a retrograde bypass from the common iliac artery. However, it is also possible to perform a number of reconstructions and it
is necessary to always proceed according to the local anatomic conditions. In order to perform the reconstruction, a number
of direct, branched, or custom-branched prosthetic grafts may be used. After the stent graft implantation, we perform ligation of all bypassed visceral branches, proximally from the reconstruction, in order to prevent endoleaks following stent
graft implantation. In the second stage, we perform stent graft implantation, so as to eliminate the aneurysm. Both stages
may be performed simultaneously, or the second stage may be delayed; however, it is usually performed in the course of
one hospitalization of the patient [34,35]. The advantage of performing both stages at one time is the elimination of the
risk of aneurysmal rupture in the period between both stages, the advantage of the delayed performance of the second stage
includes distribution of the surgical load and enabling patient convalescence, namely of renal functions before the implantation of the stent graft.
Main Advantages and Disadvantages
The main theoretical advantage of this hybrid procedure is based on the fact that it is not necessary to perform thoracotomy,
aortic cross-clamping, and also extracorporeal circulation need not be applied. By this, we are able to reduce the risk of
pulmonary complications, decrease postoperative pain, lower the risk of renal damage and impairment of other organs,
together with decreasing the risk of coagulopathy. The main disadvantage of this technique is the risk of occlusion of
bypasses, with subsequent damage of the target organ [36].
Results
The results published in literature are ambivalent, with large differences among individual patient series, and depending
on a number of factors related to the patient and the surgeon. Most of the published works report results obtained from
relatively small series of patients. Nevertheless, also results obtained in larger groups of patients have been published
[30,37–42]. Rossett et al. in their group of 76 patients, report a 34% mortality, incidence of permanent paraplegia in 11% of
patients, endoleak in 3% of patients, and bypass patency at 30-month follow-up of 99% [37]. These results are undoubtedly
worse when compared to the results of the open repair technique. Tshomba et al. [38], in their group of 52 patients, present
30-day mortality of 14%, incidence of permanent paraplegia in 14%, endoleak in 7.7% of patients, and bypass patency of
93%. On the contrary, the works published by Hughes, Kuratani, and Donas report very good results. The team of Hughes
and colleagues [39], in their group of 58 patients, reports a 30-day mortality of 9%, incidence of permanent paraplegia of
4%, and bypass patency in 95% of patients. Donas et al. [41], in their series containing 58 patients, report 30-day mortality of 8.6%, incidence of permanent paraplegia of 3.4%, and bypass patency of 97%; however, endoleak was observed in
17% of patients. Last but not the least, Kuratani and colleagues [40] in their series of 86 patients report 30-day mortality
of 2.3%, incidence of permanent paraplegia of 0%, and bypass patency in 99% of patients, however, a higher incidence of
endoleak, reaching the level of 17%. From the above stated it becomes apparent that results obtained from large series of
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patients vary considerably and depend significantly on the selection of patients and the used surgical technique a tactic.
Results, which may be considered to be the closest to real-life data, are the ones published by Drinkwater et al. [42]. They
are the results of the largest published patient file, which is the multi-institutional European study, including 107 consecutive hybrid reconstruction procedures; 30-day mortality among the patients was 15%, incidence of permanent paraplegia
was 8.4%, incidence of endoleak was observed in 33% of patients, and bypass patency was 87%. Similar results have been
also published in the metaanalysis published by the team of authors. Moulakakis et al. [30] summarizes the results of 19
clinical trials with a total number of 507 patients. The 30-day mortality in this metaanalysis was 12%, the incidence of
paraplegia was 4.5%, renal insufficiency was 8.8%, and bypass patency was 96%, with an average period of follow-up of
34 months. The incidence of endoleak was observed in 23%, and in 27% of these patients, repeated intervention had to be
performed. However, all these presented results are mid-term at the most. Long-term results remain unclear, namely as far
as long-term patency of bypasses is concerned. Results published by Shahverdyan et al. [43] may provide a certain lead in
this area. The authors, in their group of 46 patients, with a total number of 164 bypass procedures report 5-year patency of
86%. More detailed analysis of the 5-year bypass patency is as follows: right renal artery—69%, left renal artery and upper
mesenteric artery between 87% and 88%, and hepatic artery—100%.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of a combination of surgical and endovascular methods in the treatment of extensive aneurysms and thoracic aortic
dissections is a relatively new method. The principle of these methods is to combine the advantages of both methods, to
reduce associated risks, and to broaden the usability of these methods with their mutual combination due to the fact that
one of the methods removes the limits for the use of the other method. The aim of using these combined methods should be
decreasing the risk associated with the treatment of extensive thoracic aortic diseases, and namely enabling the treatment in
patients the condition of whom could not have been treated with an isolated use of any of these methods.
The most frequently performed hybrid procedures in the area of thoracic-abdominal aorta are arch debranching, stented
elephant trunk, frozen elephant trunk, and visceral debranching.
Due to the fact that long-term results are not known for any of these methods on a representative patient file [44],
these procedures cannot be presently considered as a method of first choice and they do not substitute a surgical resection
procedure. When interpreting the results, it is necessary to take into account also the indications due to which the patients
were undergoing the procedure. Representation of patients with aneurysms, chronic and acute dissections vary significantly
among individual patient groups, which strongly influences the results in terms of mortality, incidence of neurological
complications, and long-term survival.
The basic precondition for successful performance of hybrid procedures in the area of thoracic aorta is a close cooperation of the cardiac surgery team with the team performing the endovascular part of the procedure. This close cooperation
must originate already during the patient diagnostics and should include discussions regarding the most suitable means of
treatment of the individual patient. It is necessary for the cardiac surgeon to be aware of the possibilities, limitations, and
risks of endovascular treatment, and the endovascular team must know these factors as regards the surgical procedure. That
is the only way of ensuring optimal means of the patient treatment. Cooperation of both teams is also inevitable during
performance of the surgical procedure.
In conclusion, it is possible to state that hybrid procedures at the thoracic aorta represent a new and perspective method,
which broadens the possibilities of treatment of thoracic aorta diseases in patients, who are not suitable for a radical surgical management.
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