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Temporal Bone Histology and Radiology Atlas236
https://t.me/med1917
30. Yoon TH, Paparella MM, Schachern PA, Lindgren BR.
Morphometric studies of the continuum of otitis media.
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1990;148:23–27.
31. Paparella MM, Schachern PA, Cureoglu S. Chronic silent otitis media. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2002;
64(2):65–72.
32. Ferlito A, Paparella MM, Rinaldo A, Schachern PA, Cureoglu S. The entity known as chronic silent (subclinical)
otitis media: a common lesion and a forgotten diagnosis.
Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 2003;123:751–753.
33. Cureoglu S, Schachern PA, Rinaldo A, Tsuprun V, Ferlito A,
Paparella MM. Round window membrane and labyrinthine pathological changes: an overview. Acta Otolaryn-
gol 2005;125(1):9–15.
34. Paparella MM, ed. Otitis Media, Surgical Principles Based
on Pathogenesis. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America.
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company Publishers, 1999:
32(3).
35. Paparella MM, Schachern P. New developments in treating otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1994;163:
7–10.
36. deSouza C, Paparella MM, Sperling N, eds. Atlas of Oti -
tis Media–Clinicopathologic Correlations and Operative Techniques. Mumbai, India: Bhalani Publishing House, 2005.
37. Cureoglu S, Schachern PA, Paul S, Paparella MM, Singh RK.
Cellular changes of Reissner’s membrane in Meniere’s
disease: human temporal bone study. Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg 2004;130(1):113–119.
38. Merchant SN, Adams JC, Nadol JB. Pathophysiology of
Meniere’s syndrome: are symptoms caused by endolymphatic hydrops? Otol Neurotol 2005;26:74–81.
39. Paparella MM. The cause (multifactorial inheritance) and
pathogenesis (malabsorption of endolymph) of Meniere’s
disease and its symptoms (mechanical & chemical). Acta
Otolaryngol (Stockholm) 1985;99(3–4):445–351.
40. Lin J, Kawano H, Paparella MM, Ho SB. Improved RNA
analysis for immediate autopsy of temporal bone soft tissues. Acta Otolaryngol 1999;119:787–795.
41. Di Giorgi C, Sialer MF, Lamberti F. Formalin-induced
infidelity in PCR-amplified DNA fragments. Mol Cell
Probes 1994;8:459–462.
42. Williams C, Ponten F, Moberg C. A high frequency of sequence alterations is due to formalin fixation of archival
specimens. Am J Pathol 1999;155:1467–1471.
43. McKenna M, Kristiansen AG, Arthur G, Tropitzsch AS,
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Index
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Note: Page numbers in bold reference non-text material
A
Abercrombie method, 18
Acetic acid, 20
Acoustic neuroma, 53, 90
Acoustic reflex testing (ART), 54
Acute otitis media (AOM), 47, 131, 142–145
Aditus ad antrum, 182, 183, 186, 188, 196
Afferent pathways, 119, 120, 121, 122
Alport’s syndrome, 24
Amira, 223
Aneurysms, 38
Animal models, validation of, 223, 225, 226, 227–229,
229, 230–233
Anti-CD68, 20
Anti-CD163, 20
Anti-IBA1, 20, 22
Anti-neurofilament, 20
Arachnoid granulations, 8
Araldite, 11
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), 38
Asterion, 41
Audiocytocochleogram, 18, 19
Auditory pathways, afferent, 119, 120
Axial CISS MRI sequence, 39
Axial computed tomography, 7
Axial CT image, 33, 34, 35
B
Bacteria, middle ear, 214–216
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), 117,
189, 199
Bill’s bar, 81, 173, 176–177
Bipennate stapedius muscle, 130–131, 138–141
Bisphosphonates, 13–14
Bone marrow transplant, immunodeficiency and, 230
Bony canal, anterior, chorda tympani nerve, 155,
164–167
Bordeaux, 223
Brainstem, afferent auditory pathways at, 120
C
Carotid artery, 154, 155, 156–163, 170–171, 209–210,
212
Carotid canal to eustachian tube, relationship of, 91
Cedarwood oil, 4
Celloidin (Parlodion®), 4, 7, 11, 20
embedment, 20
Central connections, 115–123
Cerebellopontine angle tumors, 38–39
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), 39
Chinchilla model, of otitis media, 226, 229
Cholesteatoma, 173, 178–179, 182, 223, 225, 227
in left ear, 227
Cholesterol granulomas, 40, 188, 232
Chorda tympani nerve, 54, 91, 104
histological sections, 182, 185, 188, 189, 194–195,
197, 199
vertical sections with radiographic images, 125,
126–129, 130, 132–137, 155, 163–169
Chronic myeloid leukemia, 214–216
Chronic otitis media, TLRs in, 223, 225
Chronic silent (masked) otitis media, 229, 230–233
3D CISS method, 38
Clinical application, potential to, 223, 225, 226, 227–
229, 229, 230–233
Cochlea, 115–123
basic components, 115
efferent pathways, 119, 123
histological sections, 173, 174–181, 182, 184, 187,
189, 190–192, 198, 200, 201, 202–203, 204, 209–211,
212
organs of Corti, See Organs of Corti
vertical sections with radiographic images, 131,
150–153, 154, 155, 156–169
Cochlear anatomy, 113
Cochlear aqueduct (CA), 105, 108–109
Cochlear duct, reconstruction of, 15, 16
Cochleariform process, 131, 142–153, 154, 156–159
Cochlear implant surgery, 228
Cochlear otosclerosis, 14
Cochlear pathways, efferent, 119, 123
Cochlear promontory, 131, 146–149, 154, 156–159
Cochleovestibular nerve, 90
Cochleovestibular schwannomas, 90
Cone beam CT (CBCT), 27–28, 28, 36
Congenital aural atresia, 130
Coronal CT image, 36
Cranial nerve (facial nerve), 81
Cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve), 81
Cranial nerve palsy, 80
237
Temporal Bone Histology and Radiology Atlas238
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Cranial nerve V3, 53
Crista, 115, 117, 117–118, 118
Crus anterius, 188, 194–195
Crus posterius, 188, 194–195
CT scans, 27–36
routine CT imaging technique, 28–29
specific ear anatomy and abnormalities identifi-
able, 29, 33–36
Cupula, 117, 118
D
Deiter’s cells, 115, 116
Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, 20
Donaldson’s line, 130–131, 138–141
Dorello’s canal, 80
Double labeling, temporal bone studies, 223, 225
Dual field of view (DFOV), 29
Dural arteriovenous fistulas, 38
Dysplasia, 40
E
EAC (external auditory canal), 125, 126–129, 130–131,
132–153
Eagle syndrome, 48
Efferent pathways, 119, 123
Electron microscopy of human spiral ganglion
neuron, 23
Embalming, 7
Encephaloceles, 8
Endolymphatic duct, 188, 194–195
Endolymphatic hydrops, 234
Endolymphatic sac, 131, 138–141, 146–149, 188, 194–195
tumors, 40
Epitympanum, 173, 178–181, 182, 183
Ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA), 4
Eustachian tube, 8, 131, 150–153, 154, 155, 156–171,
188–189, 196, 197, 201, 202–203
External auditory canal (EAC), 125, 126–129, 130–131,
132–153
F
Facial nerve, 51–58
in anterior portion of IAC, 58
canal on axial temporal bone CT scan, 55, 57, 61
canal on horizontal temporal bone section, 59, 61
histological sections, 201, 205, 211, 212
on horizontal temporal bone section, 56
imaging of, 54, 56, 62
motor, 54
on MRI, 61
nervus intermedius, 51, 53–54
overview, 51
vertical sections with radiographic images, 125,
126–129, 130, 131, 132–137, 142–153, 154, 156–163
Facial palsy, 131, 142–145
Facial recess (FR), 130, 132–137, 188, 189, 194–195, 199,
201, 202–203
and sinus tympani (ST), 109
Fallopian canal, abnormalities of, 130
Fibrocystic granuloma, 232
Fibromuscular dysplasia, 38
Fissula ante fenestram, 112
Footplate, stapes, 188, 194–195
Foramen lacerum, 53
Formaldehyde fixative, 20
Fossa dura pathology, 8
Fossa incudis, 188, 196
Fossula post fenestram, 112
Fundus, 81
Future of temporal bone studies, 213–235
current status, 213
double labeling, 223, 225
3D reconstruction, 223, 226
human temporal bone research, 234
immunohistochemistry, 223, 224
new techniques, 213–222
overview, 213
proteomic analysis, 223
TLRs in chronic otitis media, 223, 225
validation of animal models and potential to
clinical application, 223, 225, 226, 227–229, 229,
230–233
G
Gadolinium, 38, 39
Gasserian (trigeminal nerve) ganglion, 80
Geniculate ganglion, 131, 150–153
Glial-Schwann sheath junction, 90
Glomus jugulare tumor, 47
Glomus tympanicum tumors, 104
Glossopharyngeal nerve, 53, 104, 189, 199
Gomori’s trichrome, 5
Gradinego’s syndrome of otorrhea, 80
Gustatory rhinorrhea, 53
H
Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), 5, 7, 11
Hair cells, 115, 116, 118, 119
Halo sign, 13
Hearing loss, 112
Heidenhain Susa solution, 4
Helical acquisitions, 29
Hematopoietic bone marrow, 173, 180–181, 182
Hensen’s cells, 115, 116
Index
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239
Herpes zoster oticus, 53
Histologic (non-clinical) otosclerosis, 217
Histology sections, thickness, 125
Hitchhiking nervus intermedius fibers, 51
Hitselberger’s sign, 53
Horizontal Section 11, 64–79, 83–89, 96–103, 104,
106–108
Human spiral ganglion neuron, electron microscopy
of, 23
Human temporal bone laboratories, current status,
213
Hydrops, endolymphatic, 234
Hypopneumatization, of mastoid air cells, 234
Hypotympanum, 154, 155, 156–167
I
IAC (internal auditory canal), See Internal auditory
canal (IAC)
Iatrogenic facial nerve injury, 130, 132–137
Immunodeficiency, bone marrow transplant and, 230
Immunohistochemistry
double labeling, 223, 225
human temporal bones, 223, 224
TLRs in chronic otitis media, 223, 225
Immunostaining for ionized calcium binding protein 1
(anti-IBA1), 22
Incudostapedial joint, 189, 201, 202–203
Incus, 130–131, 132–141, 173, 174–175, 182, 183, 186,
189, 199
Inferior vestibular nerve, 154, 156–163
Internal auditory canal (IAC), 1–2, 45, 51, 81, 104, 119,
154, 155, 156–169, 173, 176–177
Internal auditory meatus (IAM), See Internal auditory
canal (IAC)
Intracochlear shearing artifact, 11
Intralabyrinthine schwannomas, 40, 90
Ipsilateral gustatory dysfunction, 54
J
Jacobson’s nerve, 53, 104, 189, 199, 200
Jugular bulb, 131, 150–153, 154, 155, 156–169
K
Kinocilium, 115, 116
Koerner’s septum, 130, 132–137
Konigsmark correction factor, 18
L
Laboratories, human temporal bone, 213
Labyrinthine artery, 81
Labyrinthine surgery, 80
Labyrinthitis, 39–40
Lateral semicircular canal (LSCC), 29, 130–131, 132–145
Lateral skull view, 42
Light microscopy, of human temporal bones, 213,
214–216
LSCC (lateral semicircular canal), 29, 130–131, 132–145
Luxol fast blue, 5
M
Macula, 115, 117, 117–118, 118
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 37–40, 56
routine, for temporal bone, 38
specific ear anatomy and abnormalities identifiable
on, 38–40
Mallear ligament, anterior, 182, 186
Malleoincudal joint, 173, 174–175
Malleus, 130–131, 132–145, 173, 174–175, 182, 185, 186,
189, 199, 201, 204
Mandibular nerve, 53
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary laboratory, 8
Mastoid, 125, 126–129, 130, 132–137, 234
Mastoidectomy, 43
Meckel’s cave, 80
Meniere’s disease, 105, 223, 224, 234
Meningitis
chronic otitis media and, 232
otitic, 227
otogenic, 233
Metal implants, 9
Micro-computed tomography, 105
Middle cranial fossa (MCF), 90
Middle cranial fossa dura
vertical sections with radiographic images, 125,
126–129, 131, 150–153, 154, 155, 156–167
Middle ear, 189, 197, 198, 211, 212
Middle ear, anatomical landmarks, 90–91
chorda tympani nerve, 91
tensor tympani muscle and tympanic facial
nerve, 90
Mid-modiolar section of cochlea, 110–111, 112
Milliamperage (mA), 28–29
Minor’s syndrome, 125
Modiolus, 155, 164–167
MUC5AC (TRITC) gene, 223, 225
MUC5B (FITC) gene, 223, 225
Mucoid otitis media, 223, 224
Mucopolysaccharidoses I (MPS I), 226, 228
Multifocal cochlear endosteal margin, 13–14
Multi-slice CT (MSCT), 27, 28, 29–30
N
Nasopharynx, 53
National Human Temporal Bone Registry, 213
Temporal Bone Histology and Radiology Atlas240
https://t.me/med1917
Nervus intermedius, 51, 53–54
chorda tympani nerve, 53
greater petrosal nerve, 53
lesser petrosal nerve, 53
sensory fibers, 53
Neurons, types, 119
NF-kB p65 protein, 223, 225
Nonsyndromic deafness, cause of, 234
O
Obersteiner–Redlich zone, 90
Olivocochlear bundle, 119
Organs of Corti, 18, 21, 24, 112
crista and macula, 115, 117, 117–118, 118
defined, 115
histological sections, 188, 190
mucopolysaccharidosis and, 228
overview, 115, 116
Osmium tetroxide, 21
Osseous spiral laminae, 112
Ossicular joints, 189, 201, 202–203
Otic capsule bone, 80, 188, 192
Otic ganglion, 53
Otitic meningitis, 227
Otitis media
acute, 131, 142–145
chinchilla model of, 226, 229
chronic, 223, 225, 225–226, 227, 229, 230–233
mucoid, 223, 224
related translational research, 229
Otoconia (otoliths), 117, 118
Otoconial (otolithic) membrane, 117
Otogenic meningitis, 233
Otolaryngology, specialty of, 213
Otolithic macula, 115, 117, 118
Otologic disorders, 7, 20
Otomycosis, 214–216
Otopathology laboratories, 213
Otosclerosis, 8, 12, 13–14, 14, 91, 112, 213, 217–219,
220, 221
Otospongiosis, 14, 112
Oval window, 131, 146–149
P
Paraffin, 11
Pes anserinus, 54
Petromastoid temporal bone, 43, 45, 47
Petrous apex, 80
cholesterol granuloma, 188–189, 196, 209–210, 212
Petrous carotid artery, 155, 170–171
Pillar cells, 115, 116
Pneumatized cells, 173, 178–179
Porus acousticus, 81
Pöschl (or sagittal) reformats, 29, 32
Posterior fossa dura, 131, 138–141, 146–149
Posterior semicircular canal (PSCC), 104, 130–131,
138–141, 146–149
Presbycusis, 23
Prostate carcinoma, otosclerosis and, 218
Proteomic analysis, temporal bone studies, 223
Protympanum, 131, 150–153, 154, 156–163
Prussak’s space, 182, 187
PSCC, See Posterior semicircular canal (PSCC)
Pterion, 41
Purulent labyrinthitis, 232
Pyknotic nucleus, 18
Pyramidal process, 130, 138–141
R
Radiographic images, vertical temporal bone sections
with, 125–171
Radiographic techniques, 27–40
CT scans, 27–36
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 37–40
Ramsey-Hunt syndrome, 53
Reciprocal synapses, 23
Reduced Trautmann’s triangle, 234
Reissner’s cochlear, 91
Reissner’s membrane, 112
Research, human temporal bone, 234
Residual cholesteatoma, 40
Residual mesenchyme, 232
Rosenthal’s canal, 16, 17, 112
Round window, 131, 146–149
Round window membrane (RWM), 104–105
Round window niche (RWN), 104–105
Round window otosclerosis, 221
S
Saccule, 115, 117, 188, 193
Scala media, 112
Scala tympani, 112, 201, 206–207, 208
Scarpa’s ganglion, 90
cells, 119, 173, 180–181, 182
Schirmer’s tear test, 53
Schwannoma, 47
vestibular, 222
Secondary tympanic membrane, 201, 206–207
Semicircular canal (SCC)
crista in, 115, 117, 118
histological sections, 173, 174–181, 182, 189, 200,
211, 212
LSCC, 130–131, 132–145
PSCC, 130–131, 138–141, 146–149
Index
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241
SSCC, 130–131, 138–153
SSCD/SCDS, 125
superior and lateral, 119
vertical sections with radiographic images, 130, 132–137
Semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD), 29–30
Sensorineural hearing loss, 40, 91, 219, 222
Serous labyrinthitis, 222
Seventh and eighth cranial nerve ganglia, 90
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 38
Sinus epitympanum, 182, 184
Sinus tympani, 201, 205
Site-of-lesion testing, 54
Sphenoid sinus, 80
Sphenopalatine ganglion, 53
Spinal fluid leak, 8
Spiral ganglion neurons, 18
Squamous temporal bone, 43
Standard axial computed tomography dataset, 30
Standard coronal computed tomography dataset, 31
Standard light microscopy, slide preparation for, 4–6
Stapedectomy, 12–13, 91, 109
Stapedius muscle, 54, 130–131, 138–145, 211, 212
Stapedotomy surgery, 91, 109
Stapedovestibular joint, 112
Stapes footplate, 188, 194–195
and saccular macule, 91
Stapes prosthesis, 10
Stellite-tipped steel microtome blade, 8
Stereocilia, 115, 116
Stria vascularis, 182, 190–191
Striola, 117
Studies, temporal bone
complete, 173–212
future, See Future of temporal bone studies
Styloid process, 41–42, 47–48
Stylomastoid canal, 51
Stylomastoid foramen, 54, 125, 126–129, 130, 132–137,
182, 185
Subarcuate artery, 80
Subarcuate fossa, 80, 130, 138–141
Subdural hematoma, 41
Superior SCC (SSCC), 130–131, 138–153
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence, 10
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome
(SSCD/SCDS), 125
Superior vestibular nerve, 154, 156–163, 182, 183
Suprameatal triangle, 43
Supratubal recess, 182, 184
T
Tectorial membrane, 115, 116
Tegmen tympani, 29
Temporal bone, removal of, 1–2
extracranial method, 2
intracranial method, 1–2
Temporal bone histology sections, horizontal, 63,
64–79, 83–89, 96–103
Temporal bone histology techniques, 7–24
computed tomography of specimens, 12–14
DNA extraction, 24
electron microscopy (EM), 21, 23–24
histologic processing, 7–9, 11–12
immunostaining, 20–21
quantification of auditory hair cells and spiral
ganglion neurons, 18–20
quantification of vestibular hair cells and Scarpa’s
ganglion neurons, 18–20
two-dimensional reconstruction of the cochlea and
the spiral ganglion, 14–16
Temporal bone osteology
lateral skull and base of skull, 41
ossification of temporal bone, 49
petromastoid temporal bone, 43, 45, 47
squamous temporal bone, 43
styloid process, 47–48
temporal bone overview, 41, 43
Temporal bone overview
petromastoid temporal bone, 43, 45, 47
squamous temporal bone, 43
styloid process, 47–48
tympanic temporal bone, 47
Temporal bone study
complete, 173–212
future, See Future of temporal bone studies
Tensor tympani muscle, 131, 142–153, 154, 155, 156–
169, 182, 184, 187, 188, 189, 191, 198
and tympanic facial nerve, 90
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, temporal
bone studies, 223, 226
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in chronic otitis media, 223,
225
Toluidine blue, 5
Toluidine blue stain, 10
Translational research, otitis media-related, 229
Transmastoid facial recess, 130, 136–137
Trautmann’s triangle, reduced, 234
Trichloroacetic acid solution, 4
Tunnel of Corti, 112
Tympanic membrane
histological sections, 189, 199, 201, 204, 206–207,
209–211, 212
vertical sections with radiographic images, 130–131,
138–141
Tympanic temporal bone, 47
Temporal Bone Histology and Radiology Atlas242
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Tympanomeatal angle, anterior, 131, 150–153, 154,
156–159
Tympanostomy tubes, 8
U
Utricle, 115, 117
V
Validation, of animal models, 223, 225, 226, 227–229,
229, 230–233
Vasculopathies, 38
Vertical crest, of internal auditory canal, 173, 176–177
Vertical temporal bone sections, with radiographic
images, 125–171
Vertigo, 222
Vestibular aqueducts, 40, 105, 108–109
Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), 188, 193
Vestibular ganglion cells (Scarpa’s ganglion cells), 173,
180–181, 182
Vestibular hair cell loss, 20
Vestibular nerves, superior and inferior, 154, 156–163
Vestibular pathways
afferent, 119, 121, 122
efferent, 123
Vestibular schwanomma (acoustic neuroma), 39, 53,
81, 222
Vestibules, 115–123
basic components, 115
CT scan image, 173, 174–177
Vestibulocochlear anastomosis, 123
Vestibulocochlear nerve, 182, 185
Vestibulo-ocular fibers, 119, 121
Vestibulo-spinal fibers, 119, 122
Vidian nerve, 53
Visualization Sciences Group, 223
W
White laser interferometry, 105
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